1.

Prokaryotic

 Cell Wall - The cell wall is an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell
and gives it shape.
 Cytoplasm - Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water
that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic
molecules.
 Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane - The cell
membrane surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of
substances in and out of the cell.
 Pili (Pilus singular)- Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that
attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria
attach to surfaces.
 Flagella - Flagella are long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular
locomotion.
 Ribosomes - Ribosomes are cell structures responsible
for protein production.
 Plasmids - Plasmids are gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are
not involved in reproduction.
  Nucleiod Region - Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single
bacterial DNA molecule.

Eukaryotic

Organelle Function
The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus
directs cell activities and contains
Nucleus
genetic material called chromosomes
made of DNA.
Mitochondria Make energy out of food
Ribosomes Make protein
Golgi
Make, process and package proteins
Apparatus
Contains digestive enzymes to help
Lysosome
break food down
Called the "intracellular highway"
Endoplasmic
because it is for transporting all sorts of
Reticulum
items around the cell.
Used for storage, vacuoles usually
contain water or food. (Are you are
Vacuole
thirsty? Perhaps your vacuoles need
some water!)
Plant cells also have:
Use sunlight to create food
Chloroplasts
by photosynthesis
Cell Wall For support

2.

Prokaryotes:

Bacteria- Escherichia coli bacterium

Archaea - Sulfolobus acidocaldarius archeobacterium

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a major group ofprokaryotes.
Eukaryotes:

Single celled organisms like yeast, paramecia and amoebae are all eukaryotes. Grass,
potatoes, and pine trees are all eukaryotes, as are algae, mushrooms, and tapeworms. And,
of course, moles, fruit flies, and you are also examples of eukaryotes.
3.
You could measure the growth rate. Eukaryotic microorganisms have substantially longer
doubling times than most prokaryotes. If your bug requires anaerobic conditions or extreme
conditions, it is almost certainly a prokaryote. You could analyze the composition of the
membranes by gas chromatography. Prokaryotes have no cholesterol in their membranes
and thee are other differences. You could expose colonies to various antibiotics and
measure the lethality. You could do the same thing with lysozyme. Antibiotics and lysozyme
won't have much effect on eukaryotes. You could test your lysosomal digest for
peptidoglycan if it's there it's bacteria. You could analyze digests for histones using
antibodies. If there are no histones it is a prokaryote. If there are histones it's either a
eukaryote or one of a handful of Archaea.
4.
A tropism is generally an involuntary orienting response of an organism to a stimulus. It is
often associated with the outcome on growth rather than on the movement of an organism.
This makes it different from taxis, which is a behavioral response of an organism to an
external stimulus resulting in the movement of an organism either towards or away from
the source of stimulation. In the same way, tropism may also be positive or negative. A
positive tropism is one in which the movement or growth response of the cell or organism is
towards the stimulus and negative if away from the stimulus. Tropisms are usually
associated with the growth or movement responses of plants to varying exogenous stimuli.
Tropism should not also be confused with kinesis, which is a movement response to
a stimulus but the direction of the movement is rather random than directional as in taxis.
5.
Energy

1. Phototrops:
 Those bacteria which gain energy from light (purple sulfur bacteria, rhodoferax, heliobacteria)
 Phototrops are further divided into two groups on the basis of source of electron.
 Photolithotrops: these bacteria gain energy from light and uses reduced inorganic
compounds such as H2S as electron source. Eg. Chromatium okenii
 Photoorganotrops: these bacteria gain energy from light and uses organic compounds
such as succinate as electron source.

2. Chemotrops:

 Those bacteria gain energy from chemical compounds ( Hydrogenovibrio

crunogenus)
 They cannot carry out photosynthesis
 Chemotrops are further divided into two groups on the basis of source of electron.
 Chemolithotrops: they gain energy from oxidation of chemical compound and reduces
inorganic compounds such as NH3 as electron source. Eg. Nitrosomonas
 Chemoorganotrops: they gain energy from chemical compounds and uses organic
compound such as glucose and amino acids as source of electron. eg. Pseudomonas
pseudoflava

3. Autotrops:
 Those bacteria which uses carbondioxide as sole source of carbon to prepare its own food.
(Rhodophyta, Cyanobacteria, green algae)
 Autotrops are divide into two types on the basis of energy utilized to assimilate carbondioxide.
Ie. Photoautotrops and chemoautotrops
 Photoautotrops: they utilized light to assimilate CO2. They are further divided into two
group on the basis of electron sources. Ie. Photolithotropic autotrops and
Photoorganotropic autotrops
 Chemoautotrops: they utilize chemical energy for assimilation of CO2

4. Heterotrops:
 Those bacteria which uses organic compound as carbon source (parasites, saprophytes,
symbionts)
 They lack the ability to fix CO2
 Most of the human pathogenic bacteria are heterotropic in nature
 Some heterotrops are simple, because they have simple nutritional requirement. However
there are some bacteria that require special nutrients for their growth; known as fastidious
heterotrops.
Oxygen

obligate aerobe - are organisms that need oxygen to survive and multiply.; energy generated
by oxidative phosphorylation (produces 32 ATP / glucose)

example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nocardia asteroids, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

obligate anerobes - are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where
the oxygen concentration is lowest; oxygen intolerant (have an oxygen sensitive
biomolecule) ; energy generated by fermentation

example: Clostridium tetani, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella bivia

Facultative aerobes - can grow with or without oxygen but growth is better with oxygen ;
can create energy by both oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation ; are organisms
that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic types of metabolism

Example:

Microaerophiles - They require oxygen at 21% concentration (have an oxygen mildly

sensitive biomolecule) ; A microaerophile is a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive,
but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

Example: Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus oralis

Aerotolerant/Facultative anaerobes - do not require oxygen but does not have a oxygen
sensitive biomolecule so it can grow in an oxygen rich environment) ; produce energy
by fermentation ; An aerotolerant anaerobe is an organism that tolerates the presence
of oxygen but does not require it for growth.

Example: E.coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, staphylococcus aureus

6. pH

Neutrophiles - grow optimally at a pH within one or two pH units of the neutral pH of 7 (E.coli,
Erwinia caratovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Acidophiles - grow optimally at pH less than 5.55 (Sulfolobus spp. ,
Ferroplasma, Lactobacillus acidophilus)
Alkaliphiles - microorganisms that grow best at pH between 8.0 and 10.5 (Vibrio cholerae,
Bacillus firmus, Natronobacterium)
7. temp

 Hyperthermophile - those thriving in extremely hot environments (60 degrees C and

upwards) pyrococcus abyssi, Pyrococcus furiosis (100oC) Pyrolobus fumarii (113)
 Thermophile - an organism that lives and thrives at relatively high temperatures (optimal
growth between 55-85) Thermus aquaticus (70 C), Bacillus
stearothermophilus, Thermoplasma acidophilum
 Mesophile - is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor
too cold, typically between 20 and 45 °C; Listeria monocytogenes,Pesudomonas
maltophilia, Thiobacillus novellus, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus
 Psychrotrophs (will survive at 0 degrees C, but prefer mesophilic temperature;
Psychrobacter immobilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter sp.
 Psychrophiles - Organisms that prefer cold environments (-15 and 10 degrees C or
lower); Arthrobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp., Chryseobacterium greenlandensis