Question 01: What are principles in surveying?

 Survey from or work from “whole to the part”.

Land

Dividing

Fig 0.2.1

This should be done for minimized the errors.

 Unknown point always surveying with two known independent points.

Question 02: What are the obstacles in linear measurements?

There are three obstacles in linear measurement.

a) Obstructions to ranging only { Cannot align but can tape}

b) Obstructions to measuring only {Can align but cannot tape}
c) Obstructions to both measuring and ranging {Cannot align and cannot tape}

1) Obstruction to ranging only { Cannot align but can tape}

On hilly ground very often, due to undulations of some size, the last station point cannot be
seen from the first, yet intermediate poles must be positioned for lining in the chainmen. The difficulty may be
resolved by tying two poles together, although this is not very accurate or satisfactory.

 In Fig 0.2.2 A and B are the two stations seen in the plane, with the hill between them (as
shown by the section). Two assistants with poles take up positions, one on each side of the hill,
at C1 and D1 and facing each other so that the observer at C 1 can see the pole at station A and
observer at D1 can see the pole at station B. By successively directing each other into line, their
positions will be altered until finally they finish at C and B exactly on the line AB and then poles
are inserted.

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 Fig 0.2.2

C1

A B

(1) Start D1

A C1 B

D1

(2) C ranged in with D and B

A D1 B

C1

(3) D ranged in with C and B

A C1

D1

(4) C ranged in with D and B

The process is repeated until A, D, C and are in line.

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2) Obstructions to measuring only {Can align but cannot tape}

When the obstructions cannot be measured as like this type of lands. Lakes, ponds, marsh and
railway cross. That time we must handle these methods to get measurements.

a) At the marsh or ponds (Rectangle method)

AB = AC + EF + DB

E a

a D

Fig 0.2.3

b) 1) At the marsh or ponds(Triangles method)

CD=√ (DE2-CE2)

AB=AC+CD+DB

A C D B

Fig 0.2.4
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 2) At the railway crosses or rivers

E G

A C F

D B

Fig 0.2.5

∆ CDF Ξ ∆ FEG, Therefore,

EG = CD

AB = AC+CD+DB

3) Obstructions to both measuring and ranging {Cannot align and cannot tape}

This type of measurements is done for highest lands. As like mountains, buildings and forest.

Line FI and line AB are parallel to each one.

The figure shows a typical situation, where
survey line is interrupted. Therefore,

FI//AB, Then EH | , = HD

Therefore EHDC is a square.

AB = AC+EH+DB

Fig 0.2.6

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Question 03: What are the errors in linear measurement?

Errors in linear measurements are depending on men, chaining instruments or environmental

surroundings. They are given below,

 Erroneous length
 Non horizontality
 Non verticality of signal
 Sag
 Non straightening
 In correct holding marking
 In correct align or ranging
 Variation of temperature
 Variation of pull or tension
 Miscounting chain lengths
 Misreading
 Miss registering

Question 04: What are the criteria in selecting survey lines for a chain
surveying?

To locate a suitable stations and chain lines, a reconnaissance of the area

should be undertaken by walking around the area required to be surveyed.
Any obstacles should be noticed. The selected stations should produce well
formed linked triangles or braced quadrilaterals.

The principles to be considered are:

1. Few long lines should be used. Fig 0.2.7

2. Avoid any obstacles to ranging or chaining.
3. Well conditional triangles (Angles should be > 30 o & <120o).
4. Make check lines when possible to detect errors when plotting.
5. The lines should be closed to the details (Avoid long offsets (>10m) and ties.
6. Base line
 Select longest line
 Select point wherever
7. Check lines for each triangle.(for accuracy checking)
8. Lines to be fairly offset or close to details.
9. Select fairly even ground
10. Have stations on the same side of a road (mainly avoid the traffic problems).

After selection of the framework you should draw sketch of the area and mark the stations by wooden pegs or
marker paints, and give a number for each station.