BIO 30
up and pass it to the next generation
GENETICS
- The science of heredity and variation
- Etymology(Greek): GEN – to become or
grow into something (William
Bateson;1905)
- A branch of biology that studies heredity
and variation
HEREDITY
- Transmission of traits from parents to
offspring
- Similarity of parents and offspring
VARIATION
- Differences between parents and off
springs
- Differences among individuals in the
population
- The most INTERESTING and
FASCINATING
GENES
- Principal determinants of life processes
CELL FUNCTION
- Dictated by the genes
- Example: RBC vs. Epidermal Celle
- Naka depende sa proteins na
nagseserve as signals
Others that are dictated by the genes
ADAPTABILITY; ORGANISM APPEARANCE;
BEHAVIOR; ARRANGEMENT of PETALS,
INTELLIGENCE, REPRODUCTION.
THREE KINDS OF GENETICS
1. TRANSMISSION
- Mendelian
- Gregor Mendel
- Encompasses the basic principles of
genetics
- Traits are passed from 1 generation to
the next
- Relationship between chromosomes
(carrier of genes) and heredity
- CHROMOSOME 1-23 are MAPPED
through MAPE
- P is the short arm and q is the long arm
- How individuals inherits its genetic make
2. MOLECULAR GENETICS
- Focused on structure
- Chemical nature of the gene
- How genetic information is encoded,
replicated and expressed
- Replication – Transcription – Translation
– protein (encoded)
3. POPULATION GENETICS
- Studies the genetic composition of
groups of individuals of the same
species (population)
- Now composition changes over time
- Study of evolution (genetic change)
BRANCHES OF GENETICS
1. MOLECULAR
- Structure and functions of gene at the
molecular level
- Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Replication (DNA) – Transcription
(RNA) – Translation (protein;
polypetides)
2. CYTOGENETICS
- Behavior of the chromosomes
- Carries of the gene
- The line in the chromosome (divides p
and q arm) dictates the position of the
centromere
- Example of disorder: Trisomy 21 –
Down syndrome- but there are other
types since it is familial
- Mother at the age of 35 and above will
have the risk of having a child with
trisomy 21
3. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS
- Gene regulation during development
- Gene: it must be turn on/off at the right
place and time
- Switching off and on of genes
- Egg cells gives cytoplasm to the zygote
4. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
- Genetic change within or between
species
 - Results to variation Behavioral Psychology
Biochemistry
5. BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS
- Role of enzymes or proteins
Before Gregor mendel
- Product of genes
- Albinism – (malfunctioning of tyrosinase - heredity as a blending process
which is responsible for melanin - offspring are intermediate between the
production) parents
- not true if offspring resembles either one
6. BEHAVIORAL GENETICS parent
- Behavioral traits are inherited
Golden Age of Greek Culture
- Example: schizophrenia manic
depressive happiness alcoholism - attention was given to
psychosis and criminality o reproduction
o heredity
7. POPULATION GENETICS - Aristotle
- Fate of genes in the population o Theory of pangenesis
- Factors affecting gene frequencies o All structure and organs of the
- Example: migration may affect pop gen body contribute copies of
themselves to sex cells
8. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
PANGENESIS
- role of genetics and environmental
factors - According to the pangenesis, genetic
- inheritance and expression of information from different parts of the
quantitative traits body
- controlled by genes highly affected by - Travels through reproduction
the environment
JEAN BAPTISE de LAMARCK
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF GENETICS THAT
ARE DEPENDENT ON OTHER FILEDS - Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristic
Molecular Physical - Acquired body modifications are
Chemistry inherited
Biophysics
Biochemistry AUGUST WEISMANN
Cytogenetics Physics (optics)
- Germ plasm theory
Staining technology
acetocarmine (plant - Plans of entire body are contributed only
chromosomes) by the sex cells
fluorescent stains - All the thing we need are in the sex cells
Population Ecology KOLREUTER; GARDNER; NAYDIN; CHARLES
Math DARWIN; DZIENSON
Statistics
Quantitative Math - Uniformity in F1 (First filial offspring)
statistics o The same genotype -> same
Evolutionary Ecology genes
Math - Variations in F2
Statistics o F1 parent
Biochemistry o There will be segregation,
Developmental Physiology
different set of genes
Morphoanatomy
Biochemistry BEGINNING of CLASSICAL GENETICS
Biochemical Biochemistry
 - 1865; Gregor Mendel (Father of regarding the intelligent genes of the
Genetics Africans being inferior to the ones of the
- Developed concept of genes Americans/ whites.
- Presence of discrete hereditary units
APPLICATION OF GENETICS
- Explains similarities; differences among
parents and offspring 1. Microbial, plants and animal
- Tawag niya sa gene before ay “factors” improvement
(hereditable) a. Triploid Bananas – cannot
- Responsible for two important principles produce seeds
of genetics b. Corn
- Principle of Segregation c. Cow production of milk
- Principe of Independent Assortment d. Pig – low fat content, higher
meat
CARL CONEN (Germany); ERICK VON
e. Chicken – egg varies
TSCHERMAK (Austria); HUGO DE VRIES
f. Green Revolution (50’s-60’s)
(Netherlands)
– developed traditional rice by
- Duplicated Mendel’s experiments on genetic techniques
other plants 2. Identification of diseases and
- Rediscoverers of the work of Mendel abnormalities
a. Metabolic disorders
WILLIAM BATESON, SAUNDERS, LUCIEN
i. Phenyl ketonuria;
CUENOT
Galactose mia
- Observed Mendel’s principles on b. Detection of genetic disorders
animals from NEWBORN
SCREENING
WALTER SUTTON (USA); THEODOR BOVERI 3. Genetic Counseling
(GERMANY) a. Inheritance of undesirable
- Chromosome Theory of Inheritance units
b. Pedigree analysis of
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN and CALVIN prospective traits
BRIDGES i. Trisomy 15 – lethal
- Association between specific gene and mutation in
specific chromosome chromosome (for
o Chromosome – behavior of women); short life span
chromosomes is same with of the new born baby
genes EUGENICS
o Ex: if chromosomes are in pairs
the genes are also in pares - Coined by FRANCIS GALTON in 1883
in England
OSWALD AVERY; COLIN MACLEOD; Maclyn - Application of genetic knowledge in the
McCarty improvement of human race
- DNA as hereditary material EUPHENICS
- “What is the transforming Principle”
- Radical/ genetic intervention designed
ELUCIDATION OF DNA STRUCTURE to reduce the impact of defective
- Double helix DNA aerotypes on individuals
- 1953 James D. Watson and Francis - Ex : insulin for diabetes; dietary control
Creek - Crispr – china; editing of the embryo of
- James D. Watson got his Prizes on the genes of the twins
auction because of his statement
 o The genes that were edited were
the ones responsible for the
detection of HIV
o BRCA1 – genetic tests can point
the disorders but that doesn’t
mean cure will always be
provided
4. Legal Application
a. Blood type analysis
b. DNA fingerprinting
i. Paternity testing
ii. Disputed parentage
iii. Identify criminals
5. Genetic engineering or rDNA
technology
a. Genetically modified organism
b. BT corn, cotton, soybean
c. Transgenic papaya with
delayed ripened genes
d. Products of rDNA tech –
Human insulin
e. Transgenic tobacco with
LUCIFERASE gene
i. Responsible for the
glow or light of firefly
f. Golden Rice – rich in
provitamin A
i. Betacarotene from
daffodils
g. Transgenic papaya with gene
against ring spots
h. High in anthocyanin
(tomatoes)
i. High in betacarotene (vit A) –
Folate (folic acid) building
cells – Ascorbate (ascorbic
acid; vit C)
j. Transgenic mice – extra gene
of HGH
k. Drugs
i. Anticoagulants
ii. Colony – stimulating
l. Erythroprotein
m. genesurgery
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