Bookstore Database
Historical Data Models
DEFINITION OF DATA MODELS
Data models contain the data elements
that are organised into paterns that
allow them to hav relationship to one
another.
One of the factors that affect the type of
data model used is the prohramming
language. The models define the data
connection and how the data is stored
within the computer systems.
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History of Data Modeling
Data modeling took place from the 1960-
1999, in this phase was the database
management systems (DBMS) which
used the hierachical, etwork and during
the 1990s, there was an object orieted
databe.
The second phase of data modeling
included the use of SQL and no-SQL
products.
Other Database processing include OLAP
which was developed in the 1990.
No SQL was developed in 2008.
 Data Storage
Data Storage Models
There are many data storage models are
available, including the Cloud Storage
like Amazon Web Services.
There are other formats such as using
no-SQL nad Oracle.
Oracle provides automatic data strage
that simplifies the relationship
betweenn the storage and the databse
which ensures the best IO performance
meanwhile sigificantly reducing the
costs and complexity of data.
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Oracle Partitioning
The Oracle partitioning enhances data
manageability and the applications that
allows tables and indexes, and the
indexed tables to split into smaller
tables.
Oracle uses advanced compression to
help business manage data growth in a
cost effective manner that maximizes
the resource utilization.
There is also Oracle Hybrid Columnar
Compression that makes it possible to
use SAN and NAS storage that reduces
the size of the data warehousing.
 Cloud Computing

﹡ There are many databse

solutions availbale in the cloud
computing.
﹡ In the cloud computing the
databse users do not need to set up a
physical
data center.
﹡ One Example is a AWS and tha
offers Dbaas (Database as a
Service).
The Database management systems means that there is
a distributed databse that provide users with the access
to the database.
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Personel and roles in Databse
.

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Personnel and Roles
• Database Helpdesk
• End User Support manager
• Data manager
• Data Rank and file manager
• System Development manager
• Software development manager
 Database Lifecycle

The Database Lifecycle

include:
﹡Requirements Analysis
﹡ Logical Design
﹡Physical Design
﹡ Implementation
﹡Modification and
maintenance.

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 Database Normalization
The database normalization includes reduction of redundancy in a
database. The process may include splitting tables into many and
addition of primary and foreign Keys

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 Database Normalization
1NF 2NF 3NF
In the first normal Each of the fields in 3NF means that if
form, each field in a the second Normal there is a duplicate
table should form is that they information such as
when the two tables
contain different should not include a ssn filed,
information. determine the other table details
For example in a content of a nother such as the author will
Library data, each table. The table can be contained ina
different table.
table would contain be a function of a
only one serial field. nother table. Any chane in the ssn
table will result does
not result into the
change in another
table.

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 Database Constraints
The database constraints include the
following:
Null constraints: Each value in the
database must not have a null value
Foreign Key: The values in the foreign
keys must reference some values in
the primary key column in another
table.

Unique: The unique constraints Each Check: The Expression must be true
value in the database must not have a for the expression to be satisfied.
null value.
Primary Key: The values given in the
columns must be unique in the row.

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 Backup and Recovery
Recovery
Backup Data recovery is the
Database backup means having a copy of a process of ensuring that
database, the data could be replicated to other the company gets back
locations using tapes and other types of data to its feet should a
mirroring processes. disaster occur.
The process includes
the software
reinstallation and may
be server needs to be
replaced.

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 High Availability of data
High Availability systems use a design that is designed to continue working even if
there is hardware and software failures. To ensure data replication, the data is
replicated across the data centers to minimize the downtimes.

An example of availability is the use of the Databae availability Group that provide upto
20 Exchange servers that are installed within the Database server that is a member of
DAG.

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 Transaction Concurrency

The database concurrency ensures that many users can access

data in a database at the same time. The most important element
of data concurrency is data consistency which means that the
database ensures that the view of the data is consistent and there
are no visible changes that can be seen by the viewers.

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 Database security

These are the collective measures that are used in data protection. The database
security is used in ensuring data security and protects it from malicious and attacks. The
broad term database security include tools, methodologies and processes that are used I
securing database.
The following are the database security measures:
• Physical security
• Web application Database security
• Data encryption
• Minimizing the database value
• Managing the access of data tightly
• Monitoring and auditing the database activities.
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 Performance tuning

Database performance tuning means the steps that can be taken in optimizing the database
performance with the goal of utilizing the system resources and having greater efficiency.
Database fine-tuning includes refining query structure, the use of data models, system
configurations, which all can have impacts in the application performance.

One example of database tuning is using Mongo DB that has been deployed for high scale
deployment, many companies in the fortune 100 have used it for database management.
Database optimization include the following:

Amazon EC2
File system and storage optimization
Index configurations
Schema and the application patterns
Hardware, application patterns, design and indexing

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