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AGRICULTURE PAPER 1MARKING SCHEME

1. Shortage of farm labour
-Increase cost of living of patients and relatives 11. (a) Is a situation in which least possible cultivation operations
-How living standards leads to despondency are carried out in crop production
-Low food supply and poverty
-Money and other records time used which could have been (b) Cleaning the land/bush clearing/slashing
used in agricultural production. -Using herbicides to control weed
-Uprooting needs
2. (a) Temperature -Cover chopping
-Relative humidity -Mulching
-Light intensity -Timely cultivation
-Oxygen supply -Restricting cultivation to planting area.
-Chemical treatment
-Leaf area 12. Calcium
-Magnesium
(b) For easy facilitation of nursery management practices. -Sulphur

3. Inheritance 13. High yield after first planting

-Compensation -Has 100% germination percentage
-Buying land elsewhere -Free from pests
-Gifts/donations -Free from defects
-Repayment of debts -True to type

4. Increase speed of ensiling 14. Replenish soil nutrients

-Add succulent materials -Increase herbage yield
-Increase rate of compaction -Improve nutritive valve
-Sprinkle/add water -Correct/amend both physical & chemical properties
-Enable soil micro-organism to breakdown organic residues
5. Transmit crop disease
-Expose crops to secondary infection by injuring them 15. Remove extra suckers/thinning
-Increase production cost -Remove & dim/diseased leaves
-Lowers quality and quantity -Weeding
-Propping/staking
Area of land -Pest control
6. Plantpopultion  -Fertiliser application
Spacing of crop -Irrigation

Area of land = 400cm x 400cm ( ½ mk) 16. Provides market for industrial growth
Spacing = 75 x 25cm -Source of income/capital to establish new industries

400cm  400cm
-Local industries employ people
 plantpopulation 
75cm  25cm 17. Many seedlings can be raised from one superior plant

 85 plants
-High yielding plants can be obtained
-Cheaper to import and transport
-Disease free plants are obtained
7. Seed inoculation -The plantlets developed maintain parental characteristics
-Seed dressing
-Seed cleaning 18. French drains
-Chitting -Perforated pipes
-Breaking dormancy -Mole drains
8. Formative pruning
-Pegging 19. Slows down the speed of surface run-off hence increasing the
rate of infiltration
9. Soil analysis -Collected surface run-off may be used for irrigation of food
-Leaf analysis crops and use by livestock
-Can be used as a strategy for afforestation in arid and semi-
10. Colour arid areas
-Texture -Can be used to reclaim land to improve food production in
-Structure arid areas.
-Suitable for establishing vegetation parts and road rest areas.
 -Done before onset of rains/during dry season
20. Anthracnose -Firm the seedbed using rollers (any 3 x 1 = 3 days)
-Sooty stripe
-Loose smit (i) Planting is done before the onset of the rains
-Head smit -Select seeds of high germination percentage, free from
impurities/use certified seeds/healthy seeds.
21. Master roll -Apply phosphatic fertilizers at planting at appropriate rates
-Labour utilization analysis -Methods of sowing are direct sowing, undersowing or
-Payroll oversowing.
-Drill or broadcast seeds evenly on the seedbed
22. (a) (i) Bund (1 x ½ = ½ mk) -Use a recommended seedrate for the variety chosen
-Planting depth of 3-5 times the diameter of seeds
(ii) Slows down speed of surface run off -Lightly cover the seeds with soil
-Collected water periolates into the soil -Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing/planting seeds
-Put trapped water into productive use (5 x 1 = 5 mks)
-Reduces silting in dams (2 x ½ = 1 mk) (ii) Control weeds by uprooting or applying appropriate
herbicides and slashing
(b) Establish contour line -Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination
-Dig the soil and throw it down the slope to make a bund in split applilatone/apply manures
-Construct before rain-on-set (3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks) -Re-seeding or gapping is done
-Avoid grazing when pasture is too young
23. (a)(i) Tea -Irrigate in dry season
-Cut back/practice light grazing in initial phase of
(ii) Individual hooked peg method establishment to encourage lateral growth.
-Control pests e.g. moles by trapping, use of pesticides,
(iii) To encourage development of lateral branches biological methods etc
-To establish convenient plucking table (2 x 1 = 2 mks) -Use the correct stocking rate to avoid over grazing
-Topping – removal of stemmy fibrous material left behind
(iv) Its time consuming after grazing (1 x 6 = 6mks)
-Its tedious practice as each branch must be pegged down
-Require many pegs which might turn out to be expensive (b) Facilitate penetration of chemical spray
(2 x 1 = 2 mks) -Reduce overbearing/improve quality of produce
-Create way for farm machinery
(b) Use of rings and hooked sticks -Machinery picking and honesting
-Use of parallel fitos and hooked sticks -Control spread of pests and diseases
(1 x 1 = 1 mk) -Allow adequate light penetration into centre of crop/increase
airling of plant avoiding micro-climate
24. (a) (i) Smut disease -Remove undesirable parts/leaves/suckers/branches
-Enables economic use of chemical spray
(ii) Severe dwarfness -Give the plant required shape e.g. coffee, tea
-Increased tillering (2 x 1 = 2mks) (6 x 1 = 6 mks)

(b) Planting resistant varieties 27. (a) Proper supervision of land

-Use of certified seeds -Economic use of time and saving of transport cost
-Field hygiene -Agricultural advice by the extension officers
-Crop rotation (3 x 1 = 3mks) -Sand planning and adaption of crop rotation
programmes
25. A - Gutter ( ½ mk) -Soil conservation and land improvement
C - Top/lid ( ½ mk) -Weed, pest and disease control is enhanced
-Construction of permanent structures such as fencing
(a) Roof catchment and buildings
-If there is legal ownership title deed can be used to
(b) To remove sediments and solid dirt obtain loans
-Economical operation of activities (Any 6 x 1 = 6mks)
(c) Painting
-Repair if leaking/welding (2 x 1 = 2 mks) (b) Ownership of land within a specific area is established
-Land is surveyed/measured
26. (a) (i) Cleaning the land and remaining slumps -Detailed maps showing existing boundaries of the land are
-Primary cultivation drawn by surveyors.
-Secondary cultivation to a fine tilth because the seeds are -The land is recorded against individual owners
very small.
 -The maps and record of land are submitted to the district land Availability of capital/economic factors - some programmes
registry are expensive and uneconomical to small scale farmers.
-The land is registered Personal taste and preference of farmer - Enables farmed to
-Title deeds/land certificates are issued (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) decide the range of crops to grow in order to satisfy his/her
(a) Explain how various practices carried out in the field needs.
help to control crop disease. Soil type and soil conditions - enables the farmer to grow
Crop rotation – helps to break the life cycle of disease causing suitable crops in the area.
organisms (statement – 1 mk) Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks Explantions = 1
-Rogueing/destroying infected crops – stops disease from mk
spreading
-Planting disease free plants plants/use of certified seeds
-Close season – helps to break life cycle of pathogens
-Early planting/timely planting – helps crop to establish faster
before attack
-Proper spacing – creates unfavourable microclimate for some
pathogens
-Weed control – prevents harbouring of some pathogens by
weeds.
-Use of resistant varieties – prevents attack by pathogens
-Application of appropriate chemicals to kill the pathogens
-Use of clean equipment – Reduce chances of contamination
with disease causing organisms
-Quarantine – prevents introduction of pathogens in the farm
-Heat treatment – kills micro-organisms
-Prunning – creates unfavourable microclimate for some
pathogens
-Proper plant nitrent – to make plants withstand disease
attack/control deficiency diseases
-Control vectors – to control spread of pathogens
-Destruction of crop residues – kills pathogens
(any ½ mk for point and ½ mk for explanation

28. (a) Use of open ditches/channels/farrows

-Use of underground perforated pipes
-French drains use
-Cambered bed use
-Mechanical pumping
-Sub soiling (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
(b) Rainfall amount
-Altitude
-Expected yield/yield potential
-Maturity period
-Farmers preference and choice (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)

(c) Routing characteristics - Deep rooted crops should be

alternated with shallow rooted crops
Crop nutrient requirements – Heavy feeders/crops with high
nutrient requirement should be grown first in a new piece of
land/virgin land.
Pests and disease control – Crops attacked by the same pests
and diseases should not follow one another to prevent build
up of pests and diseases.
Rest season – A farrow season should be included for a
duration of 3 to 6 years to improve soil structure fertility and
pests and diseases control
Weeds associated with specific crops – crops associated with
specific weeds should be rotated with crops not attacked by
these weeds.
Leguminars crops – include legumes to improve soil fertility
through nitrogen fixation.