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BIOLOGY Marking scheme- 231/1 paper 1

1. help to know how to use natural resources more efficiently; environment management;
medicine;improve agricultural yields through scientific research; improve on home
management techniques;

2. - Liver/gall bladder;
- pancrease;

3. III

- uterus/uterine cavity;
IV
- cervix;
I – diploid;
II- haploid

- I are somatic cells while II is a sex cell; (1mks)

4. - it is a natural process of excessive enrichment of water with nutrients; by which large

amounts of living organic materials grow in the water; slowly develop large concentrations of
aquatic plant life which eventually decay; (3 mks)

5. (a) it the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere in form of vapour;
(1 mark)

(b) high temperatre; high light intensity; wind; a lot of water; low relative humidity;

first two. Rej temperature, light intensity, water, humidity. (2 marks)

6. - diffusion; cytoplasmic streaming/ cyclosis; cell movement and special organelles

microfilaments; endoplasmic reticulum; (4 mks)
.
7. (a) counter current flow; (1mk)
(b) it maintains a steep concentration gradient; ensuring maximum gaseous exchange;
(2 mks)

8. (a) - are autotrophic; have vascular bundles; Show alteration of generation; (2mks)

(b). - sori; sorus. (1mk)

9. (a) -to propel egg/ovum zygote to uterus; (1mk)

(b). -Trachea/wine pip.; (1mk)

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10. -amylase; lipase; trypsin; nuclease; (3 mks)

11. (a) -a co-enzyme is an organic substance that enable the enzyme to function
effectively e.g vitamins.
A co-factor is an inorganic substance that enhance performance of the enzyme e.g mineral ions.
(2 mks)
(b) - vitamins/ water/ mineral ions/ glucose; (1mk)
12. Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Animalia
Chordata
Mammalian(3 mks)

13. B- cell wall; (2 mk)

C- nucleus

-serves as continous bounding envelope for the entire cell; (1mk)

- it plays an active role in controlling and regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the cell;

14. (a)- short sightedness/ myopia; (1mk)

(b)- long eye ball; (

(c)- concave/ diverging lenses; (1mk)

15. (a) - occurrence of gene on sex chromosomes hence transmitted together with those
that determine sex; (1mk)

(b) - it is because are located on Y chromosomes that is exclusively found in men;

(2mks)

16. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.

(i) Name the bone drawn above. (1mk)

- femur;

(ii) Which part articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle? 1mk
- part 1/ head;

(iii) State one function of an animal skeleton apart from support. (2 mks)

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- protection of soft/delicate organs; formation of red blood cells in bone marrow;

movement;

17. .

Xylem Phloem
1.- are lignified -not lignified
2.- are dead tissues - are dead tissues
3. – no cytoplasmic filaments - have cytoplasmic filaments
4. – lack companion cells - have companion cells(4mks)

18 .- coronary artery and renal artery; (2mk)

19. (a) - it is the process of moving CO2 and O2 to and from the respiratory surfaces; (1
mk)

(b) cell membrane; skin; alveoli; gills; (2 mks)

20. (a) antidiuretic hormone; (1mk)

(b) Fresh water fish.

- ammonia;

Birds.

- uric acid; (2 mks)

21. (a) - Treponema pallidium; (1 mk)

(b) - use of condoms; screening of blood before transfusion; abstinence from sex;
(2mks)

22. - Temporary stoppage/ceasation of growth process; in an organism/part of it; during

which metabolic activities fall to level sufficient/to keep cells/organisms alive; (2mks)

Significance (1 mk)
enable organism to survive periods of unfavourable environmental conditions e.g.
cold/heat; without exhausting food reserves; enable maturation of seeds/ production of
some growth hormones;

23. - these are structures of different embryonic origin; modified to perform similar function
due to exploitation of similar environments; this points towards convergent evolution. e.g
wings of birds and insects are modified for flight, (3 mks)

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24. (a) - by not exposing stomata to environmental factors; (1 mk)

(b)- Reversed stomata rhythm; Shedding of leaves during drought; (1 mks)

25. -Requires more oxygen to oxidize

-Takes longer to release energy; (2mks)

26. -Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body-Secretion is the
removal of substances from a cell where it is formed and transfer to other ports where it is used;
(2mks)

27. (a) (i) Clip P – Closed to prevent exhaled air from entering into tube A/ when open
allows
atmospheric air to enter into tube A; (1mark)
(ii) Clip Q – When closed prevents sucking in of the bicarbonate indicator/when open
allows exhaled air to enter into tube B; (1mark)
(b) A-bicarbonate indicator turns to orange-red; conditions are less acidic due to low
concentration of carbon (1marks)
B-bicarbonate indicator turns to yellow; showing high concentration of carbon (iv) oxide
in exhaled air. (1marks)
NB: Colours of bicarbonate indicator must be specific.
(i)

28. - For pathogens e.g HIV; and compatibility; (2 mks)

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