Name………………………………………………………………………….Index Number…………………………..

231/2 Candidate’s Signature………………………………………………

BIOLOGY Date………………………………………………………………………….

Paper 2

(THEORY)
2 Hours

The Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

Instructions to the Candidate

 Write your name, index number, sign and date of the examination.
 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
 Non-programmable electronic calculators may be used.
 ALL working must be clearly shown where necessary.
For Examiner’s Use Only

Questions Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
7 20
8 20

Grand Total 80

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 A Plus Examinations series Trial 1

This paper consists of 9 printed pages

1. a) What is sex linkage?

(1 Mark)
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b) Give an example of a sex linked trait in humans on Y-chromosome. (1 Mark)
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c) Most recessive genes are disadvantageous. Give an example of a disadvantageous dominant

gene. (1 Mark)
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d) Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If colour blind woman marries a man
with normal vision, i.e. gene present in a man is N.
i) Give the genotypes for both parents (1 Mark)
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ii) Make a cross and give the phenotype ratio of the children. (2 Marks)

iii) What is the probability that their son will be colour blind? (I Mark)
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 iv) Male are more likely to suffer from colour blindness than females. Explain. (1 Mark)
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2. The figure below represents a structure obtained from the ileum of a mammal.

(a) Give the identity of the structure. (1 mark)

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(b) What is the importance of the structure named in (a) above? (1 mark)

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(c) Name the parts labeled A, B and D. (3 marks)

A ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

D ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) (i) Name the juice secreted by the part labeled C. (1 mark)

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 (ii) List two enzymes present in the juice named in d (i) above. (2 marks)

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3. The diagram below represents three types of neurons found in a mammalian body.

M
X

III
I II

(a) Name the neurons I, II and III. (3marks)

I…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

II……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Name the chemical substance responsible for the transmission of an impulse across the gap
labelled X. (1mark)

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(c) State two functions of the part labelled M. (2marks)

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(d) In which part of the spinal cord is neurone II located? (1mark)

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(e) Using arrows indicate on the diagrams the direction followed by nerve impulse leading to a
response. (1mark)

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4. Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follow.

D B

C
E

a) Name the parts labelled (3marks)

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B……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

D……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) State the functions of part B. (3marks)

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 c) Removal of the ovaries after the 4th month of pregnancy does not terminate pregnancy. Explain
(2marks)

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5. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Sodium
Chloride on human red blood cells. Equal volumes of blood were added to equal volumes of salt
solutions of different concentrations. The results were as shown below:-

Set up Sodium Chloride Shape of red blood cells Number of red blood
concentration at the end of cells at the end of
experiment experiment

A 0.9% Normal No change in number

B 0.3% Swollen Fewer in number

a) If the experiment was repeated with 1.4% Sodium Chloride solution, state and explain the
results you would expect with reference to:-
(i) Number of red blood cells. (2 Marks)

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(ii) Appearance of red blood cells when viewed under the microscope. (2 Marks)

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b) Account for the fewer number of red blood cells in 0.3% Sodium Chloride salt solution.(3 Marks)
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c) Give the biological term which can be used to describe 0.9% Sodium chloride solution. (1 Mark)

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SECTION: B (40 MARKS) Question 6 is compulsory then answer either question 7 or 8

6. The percentage germination of certain seeds at different temperatures was determined as

follows.
Temperature (C) 0 10 20 30 40 50
% Germination 0 30 40 50 20 0

a) Using a suitable scale, plot a graph of % germination against temperature. (5 Marks)

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 b) Account for % germination at
i) 0C (2 Marks)
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ii) 30C (2 Marks)
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iii) 50C (2 Marks)
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c) What is seed viability? (1 Mark)
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d) Explain the role of the following during germination
i) Hormones (2 Marks)
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ii) Enzymes (2 Marks)

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e) State two differences between epigeal and hypogeal germination. (2 Marks)

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f) State why secondary growth does not take place in tomato plants. (1 Mark)
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g) State one difference between a seed and a fruit. (1 Mark)
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7. Describe how mammalian heart is adapted to its function. (20marks)

8. a) State three aspects of light that are important in photosynthesis. (3marks)

b)Describe how the leaves of plants are adapted to carry out photosynthesis. (17marks)

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