10/6/2018

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

COMPOSITE BRIDGES
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus COMPOSITE BRIDGES

COMPOSITE BRIDGES

Bridges made of different materials in Deck slab and • Most commonly used composite bridges employ

girder  Composite Bridges steel girders cast-in situ RC slab

 RCC slab with • In composite Bridges  composite action is must

(i) plate girder • For the composite action  Shear connectors are

(ii) rolled I-section, provided

(iii) pre-cast concrete girders, • Composite bridges are recommended for span 10-

(iv) prestressed girders 20 m

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Analysis Stages Shear Connectors in Precast Slabs

 Steel beam
 Permanent loads applied before the slab has hardened,
are carried by the steel section.
 Short-term composite section
 Transient loads (such as live loads) are assumed to be
carried by short-term composite action. The short-term
modular ratio, n, should be used.
 Long-term composite section
 Permanent loads applied after the slab has been
hardened are carried by the long-term composite section.
The long-term modular ratio, 3n, should be used.
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Shear Connectors in Cast-in-Situ Slabs Role of Shear connectors

controls End Slip and provides composite action

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Comparison of Non-composite &

Composite Girders
Steel beam and concrete Steel concrete composite
slab are not connected beam

• The beam and the

concrete slab are
• They share the load connected by shear
(each take a part from the connectors eliminating
total) the slip on steel-concrete Transverse Longitudinal
• The deformation of both interface Sect. Sect.
is the same – equal to δ1 • The deformation is equal
to δ2 < δ1
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Lateral Torsional Buckling in

Composite Bridges Vs RCC Bridges Steel girder with out concrete slab
• Steel is stronger in tension but weak in compression
due to buckling of steel
• Concrete is strong in compression and weak in Tension
• In Composite Sections, Concrete slab on Steel I-girder,
concrete restricts the buckling of girder
• Composite sections found Strong in Tension (due to
steel) as well as strong in compression
• Due to the composite action
– area of effective compression flange increases
– No buckling problem since steel girder flange is
embedded in concrete
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Advantages of Composite Bridges

over the non-composite bridges
• Strength of composite girder > plain steel girder • Speedy erection of bridge and better quality control,
 results in Lesser depth requirement of • reduction in cost of formwork due to steel/precast
bridge girder
• Due to lesser depth • Non-composite bridges:
• Reduction in self weight of the bridges • Steel-girder and concrete-slab bridge without shear
• Reduction in embankment cost connectors
• Reduction in steel cost (8-60% due to reduction in
• Reduction in cost of approaches slabs
quantity of steel) (victor)
• More ultimate load carrying capacity than RCC
• reduction in deflection, and
bridges due to steel in tension and concrete plus • reduction in vibrations
steel in compression
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Design of Shear Connectors Design Aspects of Shear Connectors

• Shear connectors are designed for following: • Shear connectors are provided to resist the horizontal
– Strength at Ultimate Limit State i.e. design for shear force between points of maximum moment
Ultimate Loads and point of zero moment.
– Serviceability requirement (i.e. Fatigue) • Horizontal shear force developed at the junction of slab
• Moreover, all the shear connectors should be capable of and steel/precast girder is resisted by mechanical shear
resisting uplift of slab from steel section connectors
• Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to • Bond at the interface of slab and girder, if any, must be
provide sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear ignored.
connection is subjected to direct tension in which case • Design value of shear connector is taken 67% of actual
they should be supplemented by anchoring devices. strength or a FoS of 1.5 is used.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956 BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Design of Shear Connectors

Shear Connectors are Designed for:
Factor of safety for structural steel at ultimate = 1.25 • Limit State of Serviceability
Factor of safety for shear connector = 1.25 • Check for stresses
• Check for Deflection at service stage
Factor of safety for concrete = 1.5 • Concrete crack width not exceeds prescribed limit
• Slip at the interface between steel & concrete not
exceeds permissible limits
• No excessive Vibration are developed in bridge
specifically in overhang portion
• Check for Fatigue Strength
• Stresses in the section not exceeds permissible stress
limit for fatigue
• Limit State of Collapse
• Check for Moment of Resistance (Strength) at ultimate
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Effective Width for Inner beam

X B1 B2
Beff

GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF Outer

Girder
Inner
Girder

COMPOSED SECTION L0 B1  B2
beff  
4 2
L
• For equal spacing of the girders B1 = B2 = B beff  0  B
Where, 4
L0 = Distance between points of zero moments (L0 = span for
simply supported girder)
B = Center to center distance of transverse spans of inner slabs
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Effective Width for Inner beam Cont….. Effective Depth for outer Edge beam
• Thus, the effective width for interior girders is to be L0
beff  X
taken as the smallest of: 8
– One quarter of the effective span L B B
Where, 0  and X 
• For Simply supported bridges, 8 2 2
Effective span= Span of bridge B1 B2
X
• For Continuous bridges, Beff
Effective span = distance between points of inflection
(permanent load)
Outer Inner
– Average center-to-center spacing. Girder Girder

Effective Width for Composite Beams

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Design of Composite Section for Serviceability Limit

Determination of sectional properties for Limit State of Serviceability
The modular ratio at stage (after i days, i <28 days) may be
For calculating stress and deflection, modular ratio (m) to
convert concrete into equivalent steel is calculated as
calculated as
Es m  Es Eci
m  7.5 For short  term effect of loading
Ecm Eci = Modulus of Elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete at i
Es days (i< 28 days)
m 15 For permanent or Long  term Loads
kc Ecm • Long term values include the effect of creep, shrinkage for
Where, which no separate calculations may be needed
kc = creep factor to include long term effect (=0.5 as per code) • The equivalent area of concrete at any stage is determined
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of steel = 2.0x105 Mpa by dividing the effective width of concrete slab by the
Ecm = Modulus of Elasticity of cast-in-situ Concrete at 28 days
(= 5000fck) relevant modular ratio ‘m’.
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Determination of NA Depth determination of when dc > ts …… Cont.

b b/n
(i) When Composite NA in Girder i.e. dc > ts
Ase  t s 2  As  t s  d 2
t t
yt
Full Concrete slab in compression dc 
Actual area of concrete in slab Ase  As yb

Ac = bd
As  area of steel girder Original section Transformed section
Equivalent steel area (Transformed area) of slab,
Ase = Ac/m Ase  equivalent area of concrete slab) slab
Total Composite area of transformed section ts = Thickness of Concrete Slab
A = As + Ase d = Overall depth of steel girder (for symmetric girder)
Let the CG of composite section is at distance dc from
the top flange of the actual concrete section

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Determination of NA Depth Elastic Analysis of Composite Section

(ii) When Composite NA is within slab i.e. d c < ts When NA Lies in Web of Girder Myt
In this case concrete above the Composite NA will be f ct 
mItr
assumed effective (as concrete below the NA will be b b/m
b/n
cracked). If distance of NA from top fiber is dc, then t t
Actual concrete area Ac = bdc yt
Concrete in terms of equivalent steel, Ase = bdc /m
Ase  d c 2   As  t s  d 2  yb
dc 
Ase  As My b
f sb 
dc 
bd c m   d c 2   As  ts  d 2  Original section I tr Transformed section

Ase  As Similarly, stresses may be determined When NA Lies Slab

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DESIGN OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

• Shear connectors are provided to transfer the
Longitudinal Shear Force between the concrete and
DESIGN OF SHEAR structural steel are provided
• Natural bond between concrete and steel, if any, is
CONNECTORS ignored
• Shear Connectors may be provided in the form of
Stud, channel, Tee, Angle

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Notes on LSD of Collapse

• Shear Connectors may be either of • shear connectors are checked for
(i) Mild Steel , and • Strength, and
(ii) High-strength Steel • spacing separately for all the limit states using
appropriate factored load combinations and
• Flexible Shear connectors (mild steel) are preferred
factored strengths.
due their better performance • All the shear connectors should be capable of resisting
• Channel, Tee and Angle type shear connectors are uplift of slab from steel section
made of Mild steel, • Channel type connectors provided adequate safety
• However, Stud type shear connectors may be made against uplift
of Mild steel or of High-strength Steel • Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to
provide sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear
• Shear Connectors are Designed for FULL connection is subjected to direct tension in which case
TRANSFER of Longitudinal Shear force they should be supplemented by anchoring devices.
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Design for serviceability

• For the verification for Ultimate Limit States, the shear Assumptions
connectors may be kept uniform (shape, size and • Normal elastic analysis is to be used for finding design
spacing) over any length, where the design moment and stresses under various load combinations with
Longitudinal shear force per unit length NOT appropriate load factors
EXCEEDS the design shear Resistance by more than
• Concrete is assumed as un-cracked and un-reinforced
10%.
• However, over every such length, Total Design
Longitudinal Shear Force should not exceed the Total
Design Shear Resistance.

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Types of Shear Connections Design of Shear Connectors For Full Shear Connection
• When a beam is designed with full shear connection it means that
• In composite beams, longitudinal shear force that has to sufficient connectors are present and failure occurs either in
be transferred between the steel beam and the concrete concrete in compression or in steel section in tension but not in
flange is designed by two shear Transfer Mechanisms: shear connector
• In the full shear connection, shear connection is not critical part
• Full shear connection of the composite beam and failure occurs either in steel girder or in
• Partial shear connection concrete slab (i.e. strength of composite bridge is governed either
by steel girder or by concrete slab)
• This is the preferable way of design
• Shear connectors are designed to transfer the horizontal force
equal to compressive strength of concrete or tensile strength of
steel whichever lower.
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Strength of Stud Type Shear Connectors Strength of Channel Type Shear Connectors
Design resistance of Stud Type Shear Connectors Assuming that web of the channel is vertical and shear is applied
0.8 f u d 2 4  0.29  d f ck cy  Ecm
2 nominally perpendicular to the web, design resistance of channel
Qu   (in N ) Shear is give as Connectors (in N)
v v

  0.2h d  1 for 3 
hs
4 Qu 
20 b h 
34
f ck cy  
13 Length = b

d v
 1.0 for hs d  4 b  Length of channel in mm width
γ v  partial safety factor for stud connector  1.25
h  Height of channel in mm h
d  diameter of shunk of the stud in mm
 v  partial safety factor for stud connector  1.25
f u  Ultimate tensile strength of stud material  500 N/mm2
f ck cy   Characteristic cylinderic al strength of concrete  0.8 f ck
h s  nominal height of stud
1. The width of channel should not exceed 300 mm
f ck cy   Characteristic cylinderical strength of concrete  0.8f ck 2. The height ‘h’ of the channel should not exceed 20 times the web
E cm  Secant Modulus of concrete (from Table III.1of annex. III of IRC 22 thickness or 150 mm which ever less
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Types of Shear Connectors Connector Ultimate Static Strength in

Material kN per connector for
concrete strength fck (Mpa)
25 30 40 50
Stud Type Connectors fy = 385 Mpa,
Recommendations to use the shear connectors: Nominal Overall Height fu = 495 Mpa
Diameter (mm) (mm) Elongation = 18%
1. The underside of the top flange of the channel 112 125 149 156
25 100
should not be less than 30 mm clear above the 87 97 115 120
22 100
72 80 95 100
bottom reinforcement. 20 100
68 76 91 100
2. The leg length of the weld connecting the channel to 20 75
46 51 61 64
16 75
the plate should not exceed half of the plate 26 29 34 36
12 65
thickness. Channel 150 mm Long (min.) IS:2062
ISMC 125 244 259 285 307
ISMC 100 206 219 241 260
ISMC 75 166 176 194 209
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Notes on Design Strength from Table Notes on Design Strength from Table Cont…..
• The above provisions of stud connectors are not applicable to
• For channels of lengths different from those quoted
composite slab using profiled deck. Static strength of shear
above, the capacities are proportional to lengths for connectors in such cases can be established experimental
lengths greater than 150 mm push-out tests.
• For rolled steel angle and Tee shear connectors, the • The number of shear connectors given by the above table
values given for channel connectors are applicable shall be distributed in the zone between the maximum and
provided height is at least equal to that of channel zero moment sections.
• For stud connectors of overall height greater than • The number of connectors required from the fatigue
100 mm the design static strength should be taken consideration will generally exceed the requirement from
flexural strength.
as the values given table for 100 mm high
• However, if flexural requirements exceeds the number
connectors required for fatigue point of view, additional shear connectors
should be provided to ensure that ultimate shear strength of
section is achieved.
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Notes on Design Strength from Table Cont…..

• In order to avoid underside slip, the maximum
interface shear per unit length due to
superimposed dead load and live load under
service conditions at any point in the beam Design of Shear Connectors
should be as specified in clause 606.4.1.
based on Strength of Shear
Connector

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Horizontal shear force at Slab & Girder

Interface at Limit State of Collapse
• Consider a beam segment of length dx. For the horizontal equilibrium of forces,
• Let, the moments on this segment are M and (M+dM),
• Shear force dV will develop in this segment due to change in F x  0  dq. b.dx   x  d x bdy   x bdy
 M  dM  y My 
moment
• Let, at any section along span of beam, VV is the vertical shear dM y bdy
(bdq ). dx    bdy 
force due to working loads, the shear stress developed at the  I I  I
interface of concrete slab bottom and steel girder topmay be
dM y b dy b ydy V b y dy
calculated by considering the equilibrium of forces (bdq )  V  b  dq  bq  
dx dx I I I
x b dy dy (x+dx) bdy
y b dy  
V VAy dx

Ib 
y q x b dy dy (x+dx) bdy
M
(dq b dx)
M+dM
Ib y
(dq b dx)
M M+dM

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The horizontal shear stress at the interface of concrete slab and The horizontal shear force developed at the interface of slab per
steel girder developed by applied loads may be calculated as meter span over the girder of width bf will be

q
VV Aec y
I bf
kN m2   VL  q  b f 1m
VV Aec y
I bf
 b f  V ec kN m span 
V A y
I
Where,
Aec = Transformed Compressive area of concrete slab • Above expression may be used to calculate horizontal
I = Moment of Inertia of the composite section shear force due to superimposed DL as well as due to LL
y = distance of the centroid of the equivalent concrete area
V A y
Ase from the neutral axis of the composite beam Longitudinal shear due to DL, VL, DL   V ec 
bf = width of steel girder flange  I  DL
 V A y
Longitudinal shear due to LL, VL, LL   V ec 
 I  LL
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If Qi is the ultimate strength of one shear connector and

there are m shear connectors in a row (i.e. along width
of flange), the strength of shear connectors in each row
will be
m Design of Shear Connectors
Strength of shear connectors in each row  Q
i 1
ui
To Transfer Full Shear
VL
No. of required to resist VL shear force per meter span  m

Q
m

1
Q
i 1
ui
i 1
ui

Spacing of Shear connectors, S L1  m


Q
VL
VL ui
i 1
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Design Shear Force for Full Shear Connection Horizontal Shear Force Carrying Capacity of Steel in Tension

For the Full shear Transfer Mechanism, the design Maximum Longitudinal Tensile Force carrying capacity of steel
longitudinal shear force is taken as girder over the shear span (from zero moment location to
VL  H (minimum of H1 & H 2 ) Maximum moment location) (due to bending) is calculated as
Where, 1
H1 = Hor. Force carrying capacity of Steel in tension H1  Asl f y 10 3 (in kN )
H2 = Hor. Force carrying capacity of concrete in compression m
Where, Asl = Area of tensile Steel in Longitudinal direction
m = Partial Safety factor for steel

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Design of shear Connectors based on

Horizontal Shear Force Carrying Capacity of Concrete in Compression Full Shear Transfer Criterion, Cont…..
• Maximum Longitudinal compressive force carrying • The ultimate flexural strength of composite section will
capacity of Concrete Slab over the shear span (from zero be governed either by steel or concrete whichever
moment location to Maximum moment location) (due to minimum.
bending) is calculated as • Hence, Horizontal Shear Force, ‘H’ to be transferred by
H 2  0.36 f ck Aec 10 3 (in kN ) shear connectors based on full shear transfer criterion
will be as,
Where, Aec = Effective Area of concrete (mm2) H = Minimum of (H1 and H2)
= beff . xu (for neutral axis within web) • Horizontal shear force per meter span will be H/Lc
= beff . ds (for neutral axis in steel section where, Lc = shear span i.e. distance between zero moment
ds = overall depth of concrete slab location to maximum moment location

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Design of shear Connectors based on

Shear Span Full Shear Transfer Criterion, Cont…..
• If there are ‘m’ shear connectors on a girder flange in
transverse direction, and nL is the number of rows per
meter span, then for safe design
m
nL  Qui  H Lc   nL  m c
H L 
i 1
 Qui i 1
And the spacing of shear connectors along the span may be
calculated as m m

Note: Full shear Transfer 1 meter

Qui  Q ui
For Simply supported beam, shear span Lc = L0 (eff. span)/2 Design is based on sL 2   i 1  i 1
Lc
strength of slab and girder nL H Lc  H
and not depends on Loads
applied on girder (Where Lc = shear span)
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Design of Shear Connectors for

Limit State of Serviceability: Fatigue
The Longitudinal Shear force per unit length, VLr at the
interface of girder and Slab due to Live Load for the Fatigue
(load reversal) criterion is calculated as

 V A y
VLr    R ec 
Design of Shear Connectors  I  LL
Where,
For Fatigue VR = Vertical Shear force difference between maximum and
minimum shear in the Shear force envelop due to Live
Load and Impact

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Design of Shear Connectors for Limit

State of Serviceability: Fatigue Cont…. Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors
• If there are ‘m’ shear connectors on the girder flange Design shear Stress Limit of Shear Connector for Fatigue
15
in transverse direction, then the No. of rows of shear  5  106 
 f  fn  
connectors required per meter span (along the span) Where,  N SC 
will be fn = Normal shear fatigue stress range given in Table 5 (IRC 22
VLr
No. of rows, nr  m 2015) for various details for 5105 cycles
Q
i 1
ri = 67 Mpa for stud connectors (Table 5 of IRC 22 2015, Detail
Category-67).
Spacing of shear connectors along span Strength of 25 mm  shear connector for fatigue for 2106 cycles
15
m  5  106 
1 meter 
Qri  f  67     80.5 N / mm 2
6 
 2  10 
Sr   i 1 (in m) 
nr VLr Shear force carryingcapacity   252  80.5  39.5 kN
4
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Spacing of shear Connectors based on

Strength of Shear Connectors For Fatigue, Qu (kN) Strength & Full Shear Transfer Criterion
The nominal fatigue strengths of some standard shear connectors • As per code, Spacing of the shear connectors , ‘s’ for the ‘Full Shear
have been indicated in Table 8 of IRC 22: 2015. Connection’ ‘s’ will be taken as Maximum of
Types of Shear Connector N = No. Cycles • sL2 (based on full shear transfer criterion) and
Connectors Material • sL1 (based on strength criterion of shear connector)
1105 5105 2106 1107 1108

Headed Struts 25 fy = 385 Mpa, 71 52 39 28 18

• sL3 (based on Fatigue)
fu = 495 Mpa i.e.
Headed Struts 22 Elongation =
55 40 30 22 14
s  Maximum of (sL1 , sL 2 and S L3 )
18% 46 33 25 18 11
Headed Struts 20
Headed Struts 16 29 21 16 11 7 • Moreover, the spacing between shear connectors, ‘s’ should not
Channel 150 mm Long IS:2062 109 79 60 43 27 be more than four times the slab thickness.
i.e.
s  4  Slab thickness (d s )
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Limit State of Collapse: Design of Shear Connectors For

Vertical Separation of Concrete Slab Partial shear connection
• In the Partial shear connection case, shear connection,
To avoid the vertical separation of concrete slab from steel
limits the resistance of the composite beam
girder,
• Partial shear connection may be provided if all the
– Distance between edge of shear connector and components of the girder are in Class 1 (plastic) or
edge of plate or flange should not be less than Class 2 (Compact)
25 mm
• Shear connectors are designed by taking into account
– Vertical height of shear connector should not be deformation capacity of shear connector
less than 50 mm.
• If plastic moment of resistance of composite section is
‘Mp’ and Plastic moment of resistance of steel section
alone is ‘Mps’ , then for ‘full connection’ shear
connectors are designed for resisting the shear force
‘Fcf ’ due to moment ‘Mp- Mps’,
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Example on Design of Shear Connectors in

Composite Bridge
• Determine the spacing of shear connectors in a composite
• For Full Shear Connection bridge based on (i) strength of shear connector, (ii) full shear
• If plastic moment of resistance of composite section is transfer criterion, and (iii) fatigue criterion with following data:
‘Mp’ – Span of Bridge = 15 m
• And Plastic moment of resistance of steel section – No. of Longitudinal girders = 4
– Spacing between longitudinal girders = 2.5 m
alone is ‘Mps’ ,
– Live Load on Bridge = Class AA tracked vehicle
• For ‘full connection’ shear connectors are designed for – Thickness of slab with = 240 mm
resisting the shear force ‘Fcf ’ due to moment ‘Mp- Mps’, – Thickness of Wearing coat = 0.08 m
• Let the number of shear connectors required to – Grade of Concrete = M25
develop shear resistance to produce moment of – Depth of web = 1000 mm
resistance of (Mp-Mps), is ‘nf ’ – Thickness of web = 10 mm
– Width of flange = 300 mm
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
– Thickness of Flange = 20 mm

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Solution
Design of shear connector for Loads at ultimate
• Modular ratio, m = Es / Ec
= 2x10 5 / 500025 = 8
(>7.5 for short term loading OK)
• Area of concrete slab, Ac =240x2500 = 60000 mm2
• Area of girder = 2x(300x20)+1000x10 = 22000 mm2
• Depth of NA from top fiber of concrete slab
ycs = [(Ac /m)yc +As ys ]/[(Ac /m)+As]
= [( 600,000/8)x120 +22000
x(240+500+20)]/[(600,000/8)+22000]
= 173 mm
Since, ycs < Df  NA Lies in Flange
• Considering stud type shear connectors of diameter
25 mm and overall height 100 mm.
• For M25 concrete ultimate strength of shear
connector = 103 kN
• Providing 4 shear connectors in each row,
• Spacing of shear connectors,
• SL1 = Qu/VL
= (4x103 (kN)/2.167 (kN/mm) )
= 190 mm C/C
Spacing of shear connectors based on
Fatigue Criterion (serviceability)
• Vr = [(VR Aec Y)/I]LL (Considering impact as 1%)
= [175x103x1.1x432500x(173/2)]/11567x106
= 622.6 kN
• Spacing of shear connectors, for fatigue
SR = Qr/Vr = (4x27/622.6) = 0.174 m =174 mm C/C
10/6/2018
• Moment of Inertia of steel beam about its CG
Is = (10x10003 /12) + 2x[300x203/12+
300x20x(500+20/2)2 ] = 3955 x 106 mm4
• Moment of Inertia of transformed section
I = (2500/8)x1733/3 + 3955 x 106
+ 22000x(240+500 – 173)2 = 11567 x 106 mm4
• Area of concrete in compression
Aec = beff xu = 2500 173 = 432500 mm2
• Longitudinal shear force per unit length
VL = (V Aec Y)/I
= [536x103x(432500/8)x(173/2)]/11567x106
= 2167 N per mm length
= 2.167 kN per mm length
Design of shear connectors based on
Full Shear Connection criterion
• H1 = Asl fy 10-3 / m = 22000 x 250x10-3 /1.1
= 5000 kN
• H2 = 0.36 fck Aec 10-3
= 0.36x25x(432500)x10-3 = 3892.5
• H = Minimum of H1 and H2 = 3892.5 kN
Spacing of shear connectors based on strength,
• Shear span, L = distance between zero shear to
Maximum shear location = L0 /2 for simply supported
beam = 15/2 = 7.5 m
• SL2 = (Qu/H)L = (4x103/ 3892.5)x7.5 = 0.793 m
= 793 mm C/C
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