Histology of tissue cells.

Types of tissues/ cells seen in human body.

Epithelial cells. The skin tissues, lining of
organs.
Smooth muscles.
Skeletal muscles.
Cardiac muscles.
Connective tissues.
Nervous cells (neurons).
Blood cells.

Principle behind EIS (electromagnetic impedance spectrography).

Cells are considered as closed volume of electric charges, with following general features.
- The cell membranes are bilipid layer (two layers of lipids with proteins) which are impermeable
to charges. They generally don’t allow charges to pass (except cell mediated cases like the
Na+/ K+ ATPases).
- There are ions, or charges within the cytoplasm of cells and in extracellular fluids, which are
conducting.
When you apply an electric charge of known frequency of a particular wave form, say sinusoidal
waves, the shift in the angle between capacitance and resistance, is due to the total impedance.

The injection of a constant current into tissue at different frequencies and measurement of the
resultant voltages – the transfer impedance calculated – gives the electrical properties of the
tissue.
The tetrapolar impedance probe more superior than bipolar probes.
Challenges - component tolerances and stray capacitances (stray capacitances might be
reduced using negative impedance converters).
The Geselowitz theorem – the sensitivity distribution beneath the tetrapolar probes.
The EM waves when interacted with the substance may be transmitted, absorbed or else
scattered. The frequency (and energy) decides the level of absorption. The very high frequency
radiation is ionising, But the waves below UV ranges are non – ionising.
Energy = 6.626 x 10 (-34) x frequency, where it’s planck’s const.
Energy in eV, 1eV = 1.6022 x 10 (-22) kJ.
The absorption pattern of EM waves – the spectroscopy.
The cellular structure of tissue decides the level of absorption of EM waves in the alternating
electrical fields.
EM waves of known frequency over tissues - observe the resulting current or voltages.
Usually, the sinusoidal stimulus is employed (sin waves). The multi-frequency current is applied.
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A specific tissue is charaxterised by the electrical impedance, admittances, impedance modulus
(Z) and the permittivity which is the function of the frequencies.
Tissues (cells) made to an equivalent electrical circuit which describe parameters which
characterize a particular impedance spectrum.
Types of tissues.

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Cell membranes: the lipids on outer and inner part (lipid bilayer), the double-layered membrane
composed of proteins and lipids.
Tissue cells – both conductors (free charges) & dielectrics (bound (fixed) charges). The collection of
membranes separating intracellular and extracellular spaces