sJaunuralacl :€ uoEJa!

UNIT 3.1-
DETERMINER GROUPS

Section 3 introduces a term, determiners, which you mav not be familiar h'ith but which .
useful to help you understand the role of such words as the, some, many, all, etc. Determiner.
are worc-ls which come before nouns and are used to identifl' them and give the range ,-

reference of the nouns. For example, determiners can make a noun specific (the child) .
general (a child), indicate quantity (many children) or possession (my children), etc.
Determiners always come before nouns and, according to their position before a noun, the
are classified into three groups: predeterminers, central determiners and postdeterminers
These groups are examined in detail in Units 3.2-3.17. For reference, below is a chart of tl--,
three groups of determiners with some examples in each category:

Predeterminers Central determiners Pos tdeterrni ners

all, both, half, etc. Articles; a, an, the
once, twice, double, etc Demonstratives: this, these,
that, those
Possessives: my, her,
your, etc.
Quantifiers: some, any,
no, even., each, much,
either, neither, enough
Wh- determiners: wh.rt,
nhich, w.hose, whatever,
whosever, whichever,
Cardinal numbers: one,
two, three, etc.
Ordinal numbers: first
second, etc.
Ceneral ordinals: next,
last, further, other, etc.
Quantifiers: more, many,
less, few, little,

There are t'rvo thines to understand about these lists

1. Determiners alwavs corne before the noun
2. If we use more than one determiner before a noun, then n'e must put them in this order
(.r) predeterminer
(lr) cenhal determiner
(c) postdeterminer.
Look nt these exnmples:
All the contestants rvill receive prizes.
The first prize vvill be a gold medal.
He trains once a clav.
WARNING BOX

It is important to remember th.it in English every singular countable noun must have a
determiner unless it is in a special idion.r.rtic phrase (see Units 3.3,3.1 and Appendix 1).

158
69i
'sauo qsl)rl1f
aruos ueqJ rapirLu aJe soJ)Eqol erurSJrn sorJluno:) .{ueur ur uraor8 sr o)Jeqol
'sauo paJ
uelll aArsuJdxa aroLu aq c)l pual saurM airqM 'auIM alILI,\{ s.raya.rd aqs
'se'zzrd ur Pasn are sasaaq) uPrlelJ 'asaaq) uPsaurrPd a)rl I
alqelunoJ alqPlunorurl
:alLl'.upxaro1 'sadll r() spurl ol .ra]ar
iaql uaqrnr sunou 1o ad,{i srLll jo II'J lsor-uJv
alqeluno) se pasn aq ueJ unou alqplunof,un
'olleqol 'aur,M'asaaq)
are asar{l ;o saldurexg aneq .{oql Surueau
relnrrlred leq.^,r uo Surpuadap 'a{qelunoJun ro olqeluno) raqlra aq u€f sunou aruos
raqlPaM aJualor^
uorleuodsueq llJJerl aulqsuns Sulddoqs .{rauars
fiayes r{JJeaseJ ,{1nr1qnd ssarSord .{r1aod
.{qderSoloqd Sugred smau ,{raurqretu uoqeruJoJur
{roMaruoq arnJrurru luaudrnba uoue)npa aSernot
lJnpuo) 3urq1o1r rnorlPqaq Jague aJrlpp
:alduexa roC 'uorsnJuoJ asllEJ uel srql pue sa8en8uel ral{}o.{ueru ur alqplunoJ arE LI)rr{^i\
qsrlSuE ur sunou alqEluno)un aq ol paraprsuof, alp leL{l sunou Jo raqunu e are ar€LII
sproM tualqord
'Suruealu uoutLuoJ .rraql qlr.t.l
pasn are .{aql uaq.tt r-u.ro; 1e:n1d ou aAeLI daql lreln8urs aq iluo ueJ sunou alqelunoJufl
'ue8,{xo 'p1o8 'rale,ra 'ra11nq 're8ns
:alduexa ro{ 'qlnrl ro ,{lneaq se qlns sldaJuoJ ro sarlrlenb
aruPu lPql sunou l)Pqsqe aq .{eur .{aql rg }run e turo] tlJIq^r asaaq) ro lallnq se q)ns
sassEru prlos ro 'plnoJ aM Jr uana Luaql ]unoJ ol luP^\ lou plnol\ a^ lPql sllun IIetus qf,ns
1o pasodr.uor pues ro re8ns sp q)ns sprlos 'sprnbrl ro sase8 sp qf,ns seJuElsqns fllensn
are ,{aq1 'palunor aq louup) }pr{l sgulql ol JaJaJ leql sunou alP sunou alqElunoJun
ruroJ Iprnld e pue reln€urs e r{loq a^eq s^e^.rle sunou alqplunoJ
slooq ualAooq auo
:aldr.uexa ro{
auo ueql aroru ol Ja;ar ol urro1 Iprnld aql ul
pue auo ol raJar ol urroj reln€urs aql ur pasn Jq ueJ ler{} sunou asorll arp sunou alqEluno]
'(sunou luno)-uou puE luno) ro sunou
lrun pue sspru sE ol parralar saurlauros) sunou olqeluno)un pup alqPlunoJ Jo lda)uoJ
aL{] si poo}srapun aq ol spaau leql eapr lsrrJ ar{l ilrPlap arou uI sal)urP le lool al\4 aro]ag

sunou alqPluno)un pue alq€luno] 'I

'asaaq) uesarurEd a{rl I
'asEald seaJJor o1|^l a^Pq ILI

:I
salJlu€ Jo asn aql
SU:INIWUIIIIC fVUINlIf,
Z'E IINN
Unit 3.2 Central cleterminers 1

Noil look nt these nt'tuns:

difficulty, experience, failure.
Abstract nouns like these are usuallr. uncountable brrt thev can be used as countable
nouns when they refer to an instance or example. For exarr,ple:
Uncountable Countable
You won't have much difficulty v,,ith He experienced one difficulty aiter another
this.
Experience is the best teacher. She totd of their experiences in the Amazor
exPeolrron.
If you work hard vou needn't fear He felt he was a complete failure.
failure.
Other nouns can be used as countable when they reier to a unit or portion. For example
coffee, tea, chocolate.
Uncountable Countable
Coffee in the cafeteria is cheap. I'il have two coffees please.
A great deal of tea is exported from They ordered three teas.
Sri Lanka.
Chocolate is produced from cacao. Our chocolates are made from the fines:
ingredients.

2. Aoran?
The rule about choosing a or an is that we use a before consonant sounds and an befor.
vowel sounds. This means that we use a before such words as the follorving:
boy, cat, dog, fish, garden, year, unit (although unit is spelt with an initial vowel, it r.
pronounced with the same initial consonant sound as year), European (althous
European is spelt with an initial vowel, it is pronounced with an initial consonant sounc
like vear).
We use an before such words as the following:
egg, X-ray (although X-ray is spelt with an initial consonant, it is pronounced with th-
same initial vowel sound as egg), interruption, outing, hour (although hour is spelt nir-
an initial consonant, it is pronounced with the same initial vowel sound as outing
opener, honest (although honest is spelt with an initial consonant, it is pronounced u.it-
the same initial vowel sound as offer), ultimafum.
Some words beginning r,r'ith the letter h can be pronounced in two ways. Before these r,,

Llse a or an depenrling on how' we pronounce them. For example:

a hotel or an hotel.
a histoncal novel or an historical novel.

3. When not to use a determiner

Although rve have saicl that every singular, countable noun must have a determine:
there are some idiomatic phrases that do not have an article or any other determiner rvire'
tfrey are used with certain rneanings or in certain ways. Examples of this usage inch-r.:
the following:
institutions of life and society, means of transport and communication, times of day anc
night, seasons, meals, illnesses, fixed phrases lvith prepositions.
You will find examples of these in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.
160
t9r

real la)iseq radedalse,!r plrqr lerrralsdq

luaulluroddE ra>lrqLI)1il.I lool ln]asn >1ooq ,,Uo1srr-1
ueJf,raAor{ aldurexa urlrJ rorJor.{ lua^a IPnsnun
radPds^1au aueldorp.^.r.l aurqJPru luarJrJJa ueur lsauoq
:slltom Suunoilo/ aLIl ]o lltorJ ul uE t0 e lncl
oM+ {sPI
lsaz AJAUA)S JrSol lqStu
,,-4,,
L{o rf aBenBuel ,--.,-a---
rdduLoud
Ieaz +

rea{ uJsrleaJ ]ouI ,ftorr1rala

u P,{ 1a;renb s)IlaulI &np
)iro.^4 ,,ftr1enb dtun{ uorsrJap
ralP.M raad a{ol JIUIEJAJ
r,-,,- ^ raded ,{.r1snpur qse)
UP uorldo a)uapuadapur leueJ
lrsualn arrJJo adoq ureJq
urnlpturlln alnpou ,{-ro1sn1 )iueq
lqBnoql .,.4-.,
+YoLu dnorB aJuelPq
lunrPa+ .i(auotu la1seB IIE
lIIS aueqlauJ ]intJ aJrApE
'alqelunolun pue alqplunor qloq auo-,,{1ua,tr1 lalqptunol
uaalrq8ra lalqeluno)un uaayn{} :raq1a3o}1e spro,r om1-.{UrJ arp araql :nof dlaq o1 anlJ V
'fiu,n 4tua u pasn
aq ual sp,to0t a7l noLl srl.o4s tn4t tltua to{ Jtualuas l.tolls a alltoz apalunoJun ltua apulunoJ \loLl
aq Ltar sptoil a4l lultll nort fi 's8uryaa4 l)at.Lo) a4l npLtn waW lsll tLa4l. Sutuuatu a41 uo Swpuadap
'ta4ln )q uut /ia41 talla\ol )o alqLl]ut1o)un )o eflDJutlo) ))D sp)oin tutmolloJ J4] .tJ4]arlm Jlr)a(l
auo {sel
sxsvl - I sraunuralap IP4uaJ z, E llun
 UNIT 3.3 A new technique allows molecular
CENTRAL DETERMINERS
biologists to find one DNA molecule in a
2: a and an million and then multiply the target
molecule more than a billion times.
A group of physicists has pioneered a new,
and potentially more accurate, technique.

1. Non-specific reference
The most common use of a or an is as the indefinite article with singular countable
nouns. It indicates that the noun is not specified or identified as a particular one. Fo:
example:
A group of physicists has pioneered a new, ancl potentially more accurate technique.
We do not know which particular group of physicists this refers to or what particula:
technique they have used.
Look at these examples:
T IS MUCH safer to be underground dunng a
If major eanhquake than in a buildiug on the
surface according to a seismologist from the
University of Southern California at [-os
Angeles.

D)HYSICISTS at Heriot-Watt University

I have developed a new tlpe ofacoustic
sensor that is capable of locating the direc-
sources through 100 metres
lilr""l,i3lro
In the first example, u.rf and any building is referred to, not a specifr.
"u.ti',quake
earthquake or a specific building. In the second example the new type of acoustic sensc-
is simply one of manv types. The scientists are not identified in either sentence.

2. In complement position
A very common use of a or an is in noun phrases in a complement position, followir.
such verbs as to be, to seem, to become, etc. For example:
The editor of each volume is a person of high standing rvith substantial experience . '
the discipline.
Each author is a specialist in one aspect of the field.

162
i9I

r^rurp) aJE slp]

:aldruexa roc 'sseJf, aloq,{4
e ol rarar aLIl Jo ruroJ lErnld ar{l asn ol Jallaq r{Jnru sr lI sraleads a^rlPu roJ ua^a
ol unou
'sa)ualuas snonSrqrue aJnpoJd ualro up) puP JaurPaJ e roj lJnrr]Jrp aq uPJ asuas srql ul
uP ro P Jo asn aql 'aldoad ro sleurrup 'slralqo Jo ssPI) eloqM e ol raJar ol aql Jo asn aql€Ir'I
'AJaAa
ro {uE JoJ a}nlr}sqns e aroraraql sr pue ssell aql ,o Jaqueru a^qeluasardar e ol sJaJar
lr arar{./r\ ur fluo pasn aq uP) ll 'asn slr uo suorlJulsar uleua) aJP aJaql 'pasn aq
a)ua}uas P
upJ urJoJ lernld aql pue aql ler{l fe.tr {-rana ur pasn aq louueJ uu ro p 'rana,\ oL{ 'asn slr{l ul
'aro^tuJeJ E sr IEJ v

:alduexa roC 'paureu aldoad ro slpurrup 's1rafqo to ssEIJ aloq,lr aql

ol Jarar ol asuas leraua8 p ur pasn aq ueJ ue pup p'sunou Jo ruJoJ prnld aql pue aql a)r'I
'rla 'sl)alqo Jo ssul) 'S

'rftana ro rad sueaur E 'aJaH

IUJJ ]
'JBA,{ E
peqsFnou I
rad t,{lreeu lE 8uL'r\oJA 3JE qUEE uo suolleu
,{1rood lso(u aql Jo ,{ueur Jo SNOIIVIndOd !IH. I ,

:aldurexa JoC sluauraJnseaur

:o salrrd 'sorleJ 'saleJ ol ra;ar a1r uaqm parnseaur Suraq su:a1r aql lo rlJpa o1 {1dde
slrun duetu moq .{es ol 'sproM raqlo ul :1uar rad ur s€ rad prom aql luasardar uef, ue ro V
{rana ro rad Supelday 'f
'selull uollllq
e u€ql rrour alnJalotu laAJBl:ql
,{1dr11nu ueql puP uorl[qr e ul
r Z
elnJ)loru VNCI ruo puu ol slsrirololq t.7
rplnJoloru s,tro11e anbruqJrl A,JN V
'sarlatuolrl puPsnoql E
lsrellop parpunq e
laJu to olr>l s
:alduexa ro4 auo raqrunu aq] luasa:dar ol sr up ro p Jo asn raqlouv
auo reqrunu aql SuDulday '€
z sraururralap lerlua] €'€ llun
Unit 3.3 Central determiners 2 - TASKS
Task one
Underline the indefinite qrticles (a or an) in the followitlg terts. Then zurite them, zttith the nouns
the7 ref er to, in thc correct column in the chart belout. One ernmple hns been utritten .f or you.

For decacles. phvsicists havc knonn that

thc ne utnrn is stable in an atonric r.ruclcus.
but unstablc on its oun. It cle cars into a
l]r-{,lr rn. iilt L ler'l r, rn irn\l :tn iIll in..t;lIi n,
I.

In Amsterdam and Brussels it rains, on average, 206 davs a vear but there are over, 1,550 hours
of sunshine a vear.

A BRIIISH c,t1111,,1111 llits L(rnlu ul'\\itll

-f-\.r .lerieu ultielt rlr'rtrrrt. ttsutl tttr'rllus
:ut(l \\ t ittlt\'\.:rr,,iLIittr- tlri ri.k (\l :r-Li\lr tllill
transmissron of blood-bornc viruses such as
HIV. The invention is a box r.r'hich can con-
tain thc firc $'hcn its contents arc burncd.
The t'rox is rnaclc of corrugatccl card-
lrourcl. with an insulutccl lining.

The idea of progress is a fundamental tenet of modern Western thought.

More than a dozen books have been published on the subject in the past two years.

Non specific reference In complement position One Per

dn al,owric n ucleus

164
99r

'ur lo Jo 'aldulPXa
roJ 'r.lllr\{ SuruurSaq ase:qd e lq pamolio] sr unou aql 'asP) slrll ul 'ellurJaP .ro rrlrlads
Surqlauos o1 Surrralar aJe a,ll pue dno.r8 unou aql ur par;nads uaaq seq 1r asneraq (q)
'para]Jo locl lune auo aql sp larupJ
aures aLIl sr lr asneJaq aur] p.rrl{l pue puo)as al{l laweJ aqi ol JaJaJ ol pasn sI aql 'araH
'alu roj laure:)
aql rou /laueJ arll roJ arpJ lou plp I ' ' ssel4J q8rpl uror; urnlar raq uo Ieurlup
srrll urorJ ur!\op paqurlJ aqs se 'locl lune ,{u pres ,'reap '1auer .i{tu a>ie1, (r)
:alduexa rog uos:ad ro Ierurup '1ralqo rryrrads
leqr or {rp q rar3'
"' lff t,:i,i:;:f :T', ;il":i:, J:]
aarql are araql leql aas uer aM 'raulluJalap 8u1r(;1rads p sp eql Jo asn ar{} aunuexa a,/r tl
""ll;:"T-;il,5:1,^l",T,,'r*
'aIJLUE alruuap aql s)iooq
reuruer8 leuorlrperl ur pall€) .{11ensn sr aq} {q.tt sr srr{l pue asn uotutuoJ lsoru ari} sI slql
'aldoad ro slerurue 's1ra(qo ;o dnorS e ro uosrad ro Iewrup 'qrafqo relnrrlred e ,{;nads o1
pasn aq up) lI 'unou relnrrlred e fyuuapr.ro fynads ol sI aql alrrup aq] Jo asn puoras aql
uoneJrJrJeds 'z
'sluared-opnasd se sraumo ueurnq sll saas 8op u '1er e a1r1
',A.e,u a,rrlea:r e uI ' ' ' a8en8uey asn ol sarlrunlroddo uanr8 aq plnoqs raurpal V
:alour€xa
roC alJure alrurJapur al{l asn plnoJ a^{ '(ue/e uo € € flun aas) suorlrulsar uIeUaJ qll^^ 'rO
'sluared-opnasd se srau.rto ueurnq rraql aas sSop 'sler a1r1
'paleJrlsawop 11ny dpea.rlp ara.{^ sler o8e srea,{ ggg'E }eql ur€tral roI -l,roul al1
'de.,u a.r.rlearl e ul ' ' a8en8uel asn ol sarlrunlroddo uallS_aq plnoqs sJeurea'I
:aldurexa rog .(aq1 lnoqllm)
al)rup up tnoqlrl\ unou aql Jo urroJ 1ernld aql 3ursn,{q aldoad ro 'slpr-urue 's1ra[qo Jo ssel)
aloqm E ol raJal ol Iensn aroru sr lr pup aJer ,,{1a,,rr1e1a.r sr allrlre alrulJap aLIl Jo asn srr{I
'sluared-opnasd se srau.uo upunq slr saas 3op aql 'lp) eql a)r'l
'palef,rlsaruop 11n1 ,{pearle sp.ta leJ aq1 o8e sread 969'E ler{} urpuar roJ MouI aM
'du.na. a.lrlean e uI ' ' aBen8uel asn ol sarlrunlroddo uanrB aq plnoqs rauleal aql
:aldtuexa rog reln8urs aql uI sI unou ar{t 'asn s1{l u1 aldoad
'.{lleuorserro 'ro sleLurup 's1ra(qo Jo sselJ a[oqm e lnoqE asIIEJauaB ol pasn aq uEJ aql
uoqPsrlPrauac 'I
'unou Jelnlrlred e ,{;nads o1 .ro
unou p lnoqp asrleJaua8 o1 pasn aq ueJ lr :suorlJunJ lJullsrp lnq ur€ur o.ul spt{ aql alJrue aql

'aru roJ
/laruE) aql roJ arP)
IaurE) aql rou lou prP I
'pale)qsaruop {lln, ,{pearle spM lpr
aq1 o8e srea.{ 009'€ lpql urElral ro} MouI aM
',{em a,rrlean € ul ' ' ' aBen8uel asn o1
aql:€
saplunlroddo uaarS aq plnoqs raurPel aqI SUENII IUIITC lVUIN:If,
V'g IINN
 Unit 3.4 Central determiners 3

Look at these examples:

(ii) From the heart of London to the heart of paris.
(iii) The production of rice in Japan has gradually increased since 1979.
In (ii), it is the heart of London and the heart of Paris that are being referred to: the
phrases of London and of Paris specify which hearts the writer means.
In (iii), of rice specifies what kind of production the writer is referring to. If the writer
had written the following:
Rice production in Japan has gradually increased since 1929.
then there would be no need to use a specifying the because production is
uncountable and does not need a determiner.
(c) because it is specified in the context.
The context can be a global context which is known to all people: For example:
(iv) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Here, the writer can assume that everyone who reads the sentence shares his
knowledge of which sun he is referring to since there is only one sun in our solar
system.
With superlatives we need to use the because our global knowledge tells us that a
superlative form indicates a unique, and therefore, specific reference. For example:
(v) Steve Cram decided yesterday that the quickest way to recover from losing a
race was to win another. . . .

Or it can be a local context which is understood by the group of people who are
addressed. For example:
(vi) Please clean the blackboard.
In a classroom, the blackboard, the door and the windows are all specific obiects
in the locai context and instantly identifiable.
It may seem that there is no need to use any article at all when you are referring to
something which is specified in the local or global context. This is certainly true if the
nouns are in the plurai. For example:
(vii) Stars shine at night.
But in English, every singular countable noun must have a determiner unless it is in one
-
of a group of idiomatic phrases (see Appendix 1, Appendix 2). with singular nouns,
therefore, the choice is not between using and not using a cleterminer but 1if you do not
use any other determiner, such as my or her or this, etc.) between rvhether to use a or the.
So if you are specifying you must remember to use the and if you are not specifying then
you should use a.
If you are using plural nouns, then the choice is between using no article if vou are
making a general statement and using the when you mean a specific group. For example:
(viii) Stars shine at night.
(ix) The stars are very bright tonight.
In (ix) the speaker is referring to the specific stars that can be seen on that particular
nisht'

166
 ( Z xtpuaddv aas ''rla 'stadudsmau
'suotlni\sut Jtlqnd'saw\)u p)tllda8oa8 'sawbu luuostad sa sunou 4)ns qll,n aql Jo asn dry nl)

(xr) srels oql

(rn) .uopur.u eq1
(ra) roop aq1
(r,r) preoqpelq aq1
(^) ,{ertr lsaprnb aql
(nr) lsazvr aql
(^1) lsea aql
(1\1) uns aql
(rrr) aru
3o uorlrnpord aq1
(rr) sue4 Jo Ueaq aql
( I1)
uopuo'l Jo ueaq aql
(r) Iauer atfl

IEqOIS IEro-I
dnorS unou aroJaq
lxaluor z(g aq1 ur par;nadg pauoquatr l

:1reqr Surrraoliot aql ur u-44or{s se /aql

alrlue aql Jo asn ar{l dq palerrpur 'sde.tr aa.rql ur rr;rrads apeu are sunouo;d ro sunoN
freuurng 'i
€ sraunuraiap I?rlua] t € llun
 nit 3.4 Central determiners 3 - TASKS
Task one
Fill in the blsnks in the f ollott,ing text with the, a or an, or put A if there should be no article

(a) ...... National Trust is to spend f72.5m over...... next four years on......
(b) conservationand restorationin...... LakeDistrict,...... nationalpark.
(c) Launching ...... public appeal for f2rn recently, ...... Trust said that
(d) growing pressures on ...... area posed ...... severe financial problems.
(e) With...... area of only justover8S0 squaremiles...... LakeDistrict
(0 attracted ......12 million visitors...... yearwith inevitable pressures
(g) ot'r...... parkingfacilities....... woods andhedgerows,...... habitats for
(h) manyof ...... rareanimalsand flora of ...... Lakes, werebeinglost.
(i) ...... recent reportby...... Nature Conservancy Council revealed that
(k) nearly...... haif of ...... naturalbroad-leaved woodlandsrecorded in......
(l) 1940s have now been lost.
(m) Meanwhile,......enormoustaskfacing......LakeDistrictPlanningBoard
(n) in looking after . . . . . . area's public rights of way has been outlined by
(p) ......JohnCapstick,...... board'sheadof ...... parkmanagement....... major
(q) surveyhas shown thatmore than...... €1m wouldneed tobe spenton......
(r) outstandingprojects.

Task two
Read the following passages and underline all the examples of the. Then write these examples in the
chart opposite. The first one has been written for 11ou.
Various people have managed to sell tht Eiffel Tower over the years, but nobodl, has managed
to steal the thing itself. In Uruguay the police are on the trail of the first burglar-engineers
who sound capable of going for the big one. They unbolted the 160ft-long iron bridge over the
river Santa Lucia Chico in the town of Florida, and removed it overnight. No one is quite sure
how, or what they have done with it.
The Smiths are arriving on Sunday.
The world possesses nearly two billion hectares of tropical forest.
Since the turn of the century, over half of the world's tropical rain forests have been lost and as
the destruction continues, it brings in its train an increase in floods, droughts and barren land
prone to desertification. . . . The irony of rain forest clearance is that it is all for nothing.
Tropical jungle grows on the poorest land in the world.

168
69r

'a)eld puoJas € urlrr lq8rur aq 1eq1 adoq uI arer {)erl unr ol asor{l
lnq uoqlereu uolsog ur puoJas Surqsrury rarye auo5 ur uoqleJeur Jot palJalas uaaq pELI sauol
'sdrqsuordureq) plrom le luala puof,as e ro1 uollJalaq
Surlaas drqsuordtueqJ sarlaru 000'0I )n ur uer aL{ uaqM paraJJns sluaue8rl uro} Jo asne)ao
.{epra1sa.{ urpal r{srlrrg urorJ .4 arpr{lr,lr 'rauunr uorllereru }salspJ-puo)as s,plrom 'sauo{ alalc

uor{lPrEru etuou Jo lno sauoI

'satald lq9ya u1 etql ppa pyo4s no^'liptattot aBassud alll a+tro:!:
ua1J'alqt ur ynd aau4 p7o1s a4 ataLlm apnap pua a8ussad a7l puall'luayodwr i,usam Jt 143n0ry ;
asnaraq aql lno {a1 otlm ruapnls ssapnJ a rtq tadudsmau a tuot! pardot sam a8assad Sutmo11ol au-
aalrn {sEI

rarv\oJ tr#rr "m

I€qOI9 lPro'I
dnor8 unou aroJeq
lxaguor ,{g aql u1 pagrradg pauoIluatrAl

IseJ_ - € slaurruralap I€rluaf t'€ llun

 UNIT 3.5 You could be in Barbados this summer.
CENTRAL DETERMINERS These conditions are necessary to qualify
4: this, these, that, those for a personal subscription to the journal.
That brand of washing powder is widely
advertised.
Those days are gone.

The demonstratives, this, these, that and those, are used to indicate either position (near or
distant) or place in time (now or then).
This and that are singular determiners and can be used with singular countable nouns or
rvith uncountable nouns. For example:
this booklet/this milk.
that section/that brand.
These and those are plural determiners and can be used only with plural, countable nouns,
not with uncountable nouns. For example:
these conditions/these days.
those days/those moments.
This ancl these refer to things or people which are near in space, position or time.
Look at tht'se exatnples:

Time

Fill in ihe application form in this booklet You could be in Barbados this summer.
and send it to Barclavshare Limited.
A new drama series starts this week on
In this section a process-product experi- ITV.
ment is described.
We get instant news coverage of disasters
This milk is pasteurised. these days.
These conditions are necessary to qualifv
for a personal sulrscription to the jourrral.

170
 LLI

'lL{3Iu IIe uo oB r{Jrq.M sarupd lsrou dlqrrra} a^er{ aldoad asoqa

'alqrssodr,ur sr plrr{) lpr{I

:aldurexa ro{ 'le^orddeslp atEJrpur o1 ro 1rafqn-

aLIl pue raTeads aql uaaMlaq aJuelslp E elEarJ o] pasn aq ueJ asoqlAeql /pupq raqlo aqi uc
'lr ur raq/rurq Surrtlonur .{q uorlr-.
aql olul raualsll aql Suuq ol pue alprpaurur aloru drols ar{} a)eu o+ sr srql Sursn yo }JaJJa aq'
' ' sp.4^ oq.lll ',\ped e;e raaur8ua Srql laru J
:alduexa "rog ',,{11eulo;ur 'a:uauadxa ue alpr:i
o1 aldoad roJ uouiuroJ alrnb sr lI uosrad ro 1rafqo paueu aql tuorJ aurrl ro aJpds ur aJuelsr:
Jo uorldalrad s,ralrrrra ro s,.ra>1eads ar{l uo spuadap asoql4eql ro eseql/slr{l Jo a)roqJ au

'l;o1srq uorsrlala] 'raunuer{ lPql atu ssPd

a{etu l€r{} sluauour asoql Jo auo se1\{ }l 'pasrlJaApP
'auo8 a.re s.{ep asoql ^,{1aprr* sr rapr*od Surqse.tr Jo puprq lpql

a)PId

:saldwaxa asa4l ]a \
'aLurJ ur ro uorlrsod ro areds ur raqlra luplsrp a:e lpql aldoad .ro s8urq] ol raral asoql pup lpl:

t slaurruralap Ierlual g'€ llun

 nit 3.5 Cenkal determiners 4 - TASKS
Task one
(a) Rcad the f olloiuirtg texts nnd untlerlirtt the demotrstrntit,es.
(b) Thenutritethenrinthecorrt'ctcolumnsinthetablelteloza.Anexnmplehasbeenurittenforyou.
(i) This action kit provides simple and clear instructions on how to buv and sell shares.
(ii) This series is designed to improve the reading performance of students and
professionals.
(iii) These changes come about as new movements grow and others decline.
(iv) One reason why efforts to transfer technologv to Thircl World countries have often
been inept and destructive is an assumption that these countries have no significant
technological traditions of their own
(v) In that case historical studies served as examples to illustrate a sociological point.
(vi) During the nineteenth century those princip.rles provided the basis of their historical
studies.

Time reference Space reference

Exnntple: \r) [J.,is ac[io]4 kit

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(r'i)

Task two
Dratu ttt,o plnns of an empttt rootil dnd label tltem (a) nrrd (b).
Imagine yolt are sitting in the rttom and mnrk the spot with an X on plan (a).

Next, imagine you just mooed into the house nnd durirg tlte moae you slipped and ttt,isted your nnkl,
so you are unable to tttoae aroutttl. Ttuo friettds haae uoluttteevgfl fo ltelp you.

First, drnw on plan (a) where VoLt want the pieces of furnrture to go and then tell your .friends, loht
and Andreu,, where yolt want the t'urniture and other things to be plnced in the room.
Of course, it toould be easier just to show then your plart, but the three of vou are learning Euglis;
and yctu all want to practise using demonstratiues, so euerythittg rrtust be dotre ornlly.
Decide uthat you would tell them to do to get the room to end ttp looking the ir)aV you want it.
lf r.1ou art'zuorking zt,ith a partner, giae him/her your blorrk plan (b) and ask hintiher to drait, rlor'
iurniture and otlter things on it in the ltositions you dcscribe.
You and Vow partner should not look at each other's plans utttil qou haue f inished, wherL you shoui.
check thttt thetl are the same.

772
€LL

',{e,u rno.{ asol ol alqrssodtur sr 1r 'uor8a; .raddn aql ur ')JoA .4{aN ur 'd1aleun1.rog

:smolloJ se aJualuas aql promar o1 .{1a1r-

aroru aq plnom a.tr ',{epo1 '0lgl ul saue{ d;uag ,{q ua1lrr.u Ialou e uroq saruoJ afua}uas srr{f
'de,u s,auo asol ol alqrssodur sr 1r 'uor8ar raddn aql ur /)iro1 .llaN uI 'd1a1eunlrog
:aldwaxa srql la 40o-
'aq ol pasr
lr uPrl] ,{epo1 pasn .{luouuroc ssal qJnru sr 11 'qsr13uE IPrurOJ uI pasn sr s,auo leuosradur aq1
'slsrluar)s ar{l o} sraJal rraql 'alduexa srql ul

'auro)1a.41 lsorx sr ssa)Jns rIatII 'snrr^ aql SullPlosl uI papaaJf,ns a^eq slsIluaIJS

',{ueduor }Eq} roJ >lro.M or{.lr aidoad aql Jo aJuarradxa 1o srea,-

aLIl pue .{ueduror aql ol SuuraJar lnq rapear e Surssarppe ute8e sr rasrualp€ aq} '}xat slr{l u:

'Surppnq ur aluarradxa 1o srea.{ .,{ueu s1r Jo }IJauaq aql no.{ a,tr8 uer .{uedr,uor rng
'pooqrnoqq8rau s,rappar aql sr o:
parraJar pooqrnoqq8rau aql leql .\rou) ala os pue Japear aql ol passaJppe sI aJIApe aql 'araF'

'.{1re1n8a.r uaill llsl^ o1 ful 'pooqrnoqq8rau rno{ ur Surari aldoad plo are ararll JI
'lp^rlsal Ipuor]pulalul aql 1o rea.{ qlxrs aq] st lr lPLil 1\/\ou) a,M'arJF

'.rea.,{ qlxrs str ur .t,rou sr suv aq} Jo le^rlsal IeuoIleuJalul s,mo8sel3

'ol parraJal are l€LIl ]nqaP s/Iueqsl)rnr-

Ma.rpuv pue la^ou lsJr] ,sJallnJJIAJ uosrP) sI lr ]€q] .41oul a.{l 'a^oqP saJua}uas aql u'
'ottd4lo;o uorl:npord
e ui 0€6I ur uopuo'I ur arlpaL{I ,{one5 aqt le lnqap srq ap€l.u ]ueqsl)tnl] Marpuv
'Ia^ou lsilJ rar{ alorM sralln]rl^l uosreJ '91 p a3e aql iv
:saldwuxa dsa4l la 40c
'passarppe uosrad .ro 1ra[qns ar{l pu.
s^ olloJ r{Jrr{/\{ unou aLIl uaa-^ laq dlqsuorlelar e a}EJrPur ol pasn are sJaurtuJalep e^rssassod

'otPtllo;o uo4rnpord
e uI 0€6I ur uopuo'I ur aqeaqa {oaeg
aql le lnqap srq epPru )Iueqsl)rruJ Marpuv rlaql'rno's,auo'slr /srq
'la^ou lsrrJ
raq alorm sraIInJrW uosreJ 91;o a8e aq1 1y 'raq'rnoz('fur :sanrssassod :S
'reaf qlxls sl! ul Mou sr SUlINIT\IUIIAC -IVUIN!I)
sUV aql Jo IP^IlsaC leuoHPuraluI s,MoBseID
9'€ IINN
 Unit 3.6 Central determiners 5

You may have iearnt that such words as each, every, any/ etc. are singular determiners an4
that they must be followed by a singular possessive determiner. So the correct form of the
possessive in older grammars would be his in the following sentence:

Everyone who applies will receive . . . own copy of the instruction booklet
However, his is considered by many people to be offensive since it has a gender bias. There is
a general tendency in English today to avoid sexist language. Two ways of avoiding it are
either to use both the feminine and the masculine (her or his, or his/her) or to use the plural
(their). In informal speech and writing, the second alternative, the use of their, is the most
usual way to deal with the problem. In formal writing, the first alternative is more common.
Probably the best way to avoid the problem altogether is to put the subject into the plural. For
example:

All applicants will receive their own copy of the instruction booklet.

Or you can use a neutral a. For example:

Everyone who applies will receive a copy of the instruction booklet.

WARNING BOX

Note that the possessive its has no apostrophe. Ifls with an apostrophe is a contraction
that stands for It is. The only possessive determiner to have an apostrophe is one,s.

174
9Ll

panurll.to)

'rar{laaolJE
asrnoJ aql Jo lno dorp uana ,{etu ag 'sselJ uI uolluauE Suried dols
11rrut aq pue Surureal;o
ssarord aloqm aql ur lsaralur asol dlprder IIIM aq'1.ro.n BurBua11eqr uaarB lou sI slerral€ur
Mau qJosqe o1 ptnb sr or{^{ raureal aql JI raureal lse; aLI] loJ salllnll)e 3ut1e,tr1ou
pue Surlsaraqui Surprno;d se 11a,lL se slurod uleua) Surdser8 alqnorl seq aq uaqm
rauJeal .\\ols aql 3ur3e;norua suealu srr{J 'sraurPal raq sPreMol aPn}IllP antltsod e ldope
pue aruarled asrJraxa isnur ar{S 'srule srq IIJInJ o} pue .1erlualod sIq a^aIqJe ol lauJPaJ aL{l
alpArlour ol alqE aq lsnur aqs luaua8eueul ruoorsselJ sI rar{)eal e JoJ IIr>ls 1uel.rodr.ur uy
:satq pnxas aLF aaouat o1 lxaq Sut,noUo] aW aluila>I (q)
'slrodar asr)uo)
pue r€all alrr.A ol alq€ aq pue aleralll-Ja]nduroJ aq o] paau llllr,r aH s.,{a.trns puE sllsIA alls
alplu pup sluarlr qll^^ sgullaaur puatle ol a^eq IIII* aq pue dlqeraprsuol .{.re.t uPf, lro,ll
;o uralled aqI 'a^eq plnoqs sraleur-uoIsl)ap ]pt{l aJIApp paJlpnfardun 'punos aq] apr.tord
ol silr{s srq dolaaap ol anurluoJ ol paau 1ltrt raaur8ua JIJr€r} leuorssalord uraporu aql
I lstr as
-uou a4atu 01 Jt altma) nofi plnom moH 'srtl pua aq o1 satuataiat a41 3u6ua4t hq satcl lunxas
il
a4l aaowat oj papnap aaaLl txal Sutmo11ot a4l patnpotd la4i aptn9 Dan) a4l Jo sloypa ,.4I le)
oMl {sEI
's-rea.{

081 Ja^o peq sao8 acuarradxa " "

puv'aruar.tadxa JoJ alnlllsqns ou sI aJaL{} ples sI ll 0)
'arr:d prq aql le sllun peq .{nq o1 uorl)nrlsul '' ' ldacle 11rr* a.u ',{ep
ssaursnq ,{ue uo lsod ro auoqd ,rq lsanba.r " " le 'sllun ' llas oJ qsr^\ no,{ p1noq5
'a)loq) " " Jo punJ aql ur slrun s.{nq.{auoru " 'lsnJl llull E ur lsa^ul no,{ uaqr14 (a1
's096I Pue
sOg6I alel aql ul pallplsur ara.M sarlrr 3rq " ur saruaqJs lr1Jer1 der*-auo aL{} 1o,{ue111 (pr
'la^Prl uo auro)ur,{11aaur.r " " Jo luar rad uaalJIJ lnoqe spuads Ploqasnoq qreE (r1
'sulalqord [ear " "' inoqe aldoad umo ruorJ .reaq nod asnP)aq
sluanlrlsuo) "' qlrM r{)no} ur nor{ daa>1 o1 sdlaq luaruPrFed Jo raqrual^ e Surag iq,
llruey
'sarupurJ 01 .,{11er1ue1sqns a}nqrrluoJ
pue a8erueu "' ' Jo ri)nur lnoq8norql )ro^\ ol anul+uoJ salrm Auplu s.{epe.tlop (e

, r, 1 3 r r,,r, o 1 1 i'.:';i';:l',
ot
auo IsPl

s)svl - I sraururalap [e4ua) 9'€ lrun

 Unit 3.6 Central determiners 5 - Tasks
Task three
Study the follott,ing adoertisements .for product and seruices and note the use of the possessittes

At Barclays we think it's important to help

stLldents in the long terrn, not just the first term.
That's why our student banking package offers more
than a useful bonus to tempt you into our branches.
It provides a full range of services that should help to
keep your finances in order from the frst day of term,
right through to graduation day and beyond.

Now urite yoLtr olon adaertisement for a product or seraice that is auailable in your country (for
example: shampoo, herbal remedies, insurance, a restaursnt, etc.)

176
ILI

'sarlrluEnb
palnurlun ol raJar a.\r uaq-^ pasn sr ,{ue pue sartrlupnb palltull ol raJar a.l,l uar{^{ pasn sr aruos
1eq1 ies ol Jlaslr alnr aLIl puarue ol rallaq sr lr 'suorldarxa saldwexa asaql SurllpJ Jo pealsul
aaaJJor atuos rIrI no.{ p1no1u1
sdnor8 dod uraporu oruos a{rl l,usaop aH
'pooJ rlruarc
Jrluaqlne purJ ue) nol a:aq.r.r Iparluotr l ur sJuernelsa.r poo8 Jo raqrunu fue are araql
'pooJ uerlPll Jo ra^ol z(ue aseald
a)rlras lueseald pue sarrrd alqpuos€ar 'pooy poo8 aJaq.M lupJn€1sa: lue8ala up sI slqf
llr.\.r
:aldruexa JoC 'sJsn Jo raqunu p JoJ ]uno))p l,usaop lr asne)aq
auo aleJnJf,e aJour e uJeal pu€ alnJ aql aururPxa-aj ol Paau nod a8els alerpatuJalur ue ol
]aB no.{ uaqM lnq srauurSaq JoJ alnr In1asn e aq ,{er.u srr{I 'suollsanb roy ro salualuas anrle8au
rot pasn sr ,{ue pue sa)ualuas anr;rsod ro] pasn sr aluos ieq} }q8nPl uaaq a^Pq .{eru no1
jAuE ro atuos
'qluour
aql Jo lsar aql JoJ alqPlaurrl aql uo aprJap o1 Surlaaru e a^€q a,{\ sIaa,^^ o.r.t1 .{ra,ra arug
:alduexa roJ 'sreunuralaplsod aroJaq atuol
lnq sraururralapard mo11o1 .{aq1 }el{l su€au ler{l lsraunuralep Iequa) are srarJrluenb asaql
'ar.utuerSord slql uo l)afqns lpr{l olul oB o1 arurl q8noua l,usr araLII
'ssaursnq ,{1rure1 aq1 3u1u1oI ur pa]saralur se.M rar{}orq uI^.U srLI rou drlrq4 raqlraN
'+Jassap ro] sarJroqMerls ro asaar{J raqlra a^eq uef no^
')ooq rprurupr8 poo8 e lnoqtr-l,r aq plnoqs qsrlSuE Jo luapnts snorras oN
'd.roaql aql lsure8e pan8re aleq slsrluarJs aruos
'1noqe 3ur11e1 a.r,no,{ leq.\\ eapr ,{ue l,uaaeq
1
'i8o1ouqra1 ol af,uarJS luorJ spaaJord s,{e,r,r1e a)uanuur lpql uorldurnssp
aLIl uo paseq uaaq seq dSolouqJal pue a)uarJs uaa,,r,rlaq drqsuorlela.r aLIl uo IroM aruos
:saldwuxa asalfi la looi
'1ern1d aqt pup reln€urs aqt qtoq
ur pue sunou alqelunoJun Jo alqeluno) raqlla qlIM pasn aq upl srarJrluenb Surureuar aq1
'Jo lol E asn .,{11ensn a-4\ 'slualualels aaqrsod rog
'suorlsanb ur ro saJualuas a,rqeSau ur .{1uo pasn dllensn sr qJnru 'qsriSuE ualods 'leruroJur ul
'ual llrru r.IJnur l,usr araqJ
:aldruexasunou alqeluno)un Lllll {luo pasn aq upJ qJntr\
roj
'pa>lr€ru alqnop aq IIIrnr raded .,{essa ,{raag
'rupxa aql aro1aq luaprlls q)ee ol )lpl ol Suro8 u,1
:aldurexa rog 'sunou alqeluno) reln8urs LIIIM .{luo pasn aq ueJ pue
reln8urs are ,{raaa pue qJeA o} parraJar Suraq sr q)ntu rrror{ ro {ueru A,roq sn 11a1 srar;uuun$

'palrpur alqnop aq IIIM raded,{essa dre,rg

'luExa q8noua /raqlrau
aql aroJaq luapnls q)€a ol IIEI o1 Suro8 u,1 'raqlra 'qrnur 'qtea 'r(raaa
'Iooq rPwruer8 poo8 P lnoqlrlrl
aq plnoqs qsry8ug;o 1uaprys snorras oN 'ou'z(ue'auros :srarJrlusnb :9
'lnoqe SUIINIT\IUIIIC f VUINIIf,
3ur11e1 er,no.,( leqal eapr .{ue l,ua^Erl I
L'g IINN
Unit 3.7 Central determiners 6

Look at these examples:

any lover of Italian food
any number of good restaurants
Each of the above examples refers to an unlimited number.
some modern pop groups
some coffee
These two examples refer to a limited number or amount. It might be considered rude to
suggest to someone you are offering coffee to that he or she might want an unlimited amount.
On the other hand, if you wanted to suggest unlimited choice, you might sav, Would you like
anything else to drink?

778
6Ll

' sa1 lo d nr B a^By 01

tlrllll ri6;;ua i.u;r ala,p 1;q ;;5;; ?y!f os s. ?r?{? ' s"l
r' f
2 peeoqdyr) a{? uf rBDns nuB a.taYl sI
'no/i toi uallt.Lln uaaq su'4 ,t1r1uuxa uV unou n nq pa,ltollo1
aq lsnw auo qJUa os 'sunouotd joLt 'stautu.talap sD sptoll asaql Sursn atu noli lurll laqwauell
'tamsuli ua to uousanb u ur attto jsual 1u auo yJDa asn ctq .i't1 os ltLut stt11 ut s.r,ttltlttunLt
aunt J.tD a)aql'sjstl tnoi uo s9urtll a41 |tloL1t) suotlsanb taotsuu lluu )lsu o1 taulttd D \Jrtl )l)otl:
ttaql'uallJiDl trtoli ttt lt.Laoqdnt u ut 1() lu atu noli wool d4l ttt JJi tru) noi s9wt1l ,)tlj lL) jstl a alal/\'
o/vrl {s€I
'1861 pua 196L uaaillaq sJ)ualaJlrp aql jnoqa slLtaluaJuJs antl atolu atuos ailt01 moN

'suror punod rou splpt lJparr ' ' ' . pprl aldoad
L96luI 1r{sE) ro sple) lrparr " Vll.r,r tq8noq noi s8urql ar{t lo, {ed plnor no,,{ 1961 u1 (tr
'uorsrnalal rnolo) " 'spM araql 11q slas uorsrlalal peq aldoad . ...196l ul (q,
'splsr.rJ paunro aldoad
Ileqxnpn
" ' lnq suorlels 1o:1ed atra:as-Jlas ... pue sie.luoloru ..... ara^. araql lE6L ul (E)

saLI)le.t,r lellSlp

Surynspur.,r.r

apro)uoJ
sle.u.ro;or.u
suorl€ls 1o.r1ad atra;as-11as

suror punod suror .{uuad11er;

,{lrs.ranrun uadg aJrAJas auroH fBB
uorsr^alal JnoloJ sa1;a;e8rr puerlq
spreJ lrpa.rJ Plsar) lleqxnE,\
L86I 1961

stal4uunb alqaltns LllroT moL),:

sa)udluas aql u! lllJ ua41 'slsll a4l pba>I'aJurs pa)np)tJut uaaq aautl lalll lnq E6L ut utalLrg ut lstx:
lolt ptp 1u41 s8ury1 a41 lo auos smot9 lstlpuo)ds a1I' jsxa ta\uol ou jtl(l lg6L ut uluJug ru alQfllni!
atr{tr ltt\J s8ur\l a4} lo auros sunJuu lsnt a41 'sa)totas pua spoo' }o s}sq otn| ata ?ur,tzo11ol at1,
auo {sEJ

-
Jt s)svl - 9 sraunuralap [P4uaJ L. € lrun
'77
 UNIT 3.8 What courses are you taking this year?
Which poster did you buy?
CENTRAL DETERMINERS
Whose newspaper is this?
7: wh-determiners: what, You can use whatever paper you want in
which, whose, whatever, this photocopier.
whosever, whichever He buys whichever soap powder is on
special offer.

What is the indefinite wh-determiner which refers to an unlimited number. For examole:
What courses are you taking this year?
The speaker did not have any specific number of courses in mind when he asked that
questlon.
Which on the other hand, implies that there is a limited number. For example:
Which poster did you buy?
In this case, the speaker knew that there were only three posters on sale and she was asking
her friend which one she had bought.
Although it is generally true that we tend to use what for an unlimited number and which for
a limited number, you will find that what is the more common form of wh-determiner and it
is often used even when there is a limited choice. For example:
What television programme are you going to watch tonight?
Whose is a possessive determiner. For example:
Whose newspaper is this?
The speaker here is asking who the newspaper belongs to.
If we add -ever to these determiners we are referring to anything or anyone and it usually
does not matter which. For example:

You can use whatever paper you want in this photocopier.

Whosever theory it is, I don't agree with it.
He buys whichever soap powder is on special offer.

Again, the use of whichever suggests that there is a limited choice, in this case, of soap
powders, but there is no real limit of types of paper that can be used in the photocopier.

Note that all of these determiners can also be used as pronouns. For example:

I'm taking Economics, French and German. What are you taking this year?
I bought Georgia O'Keeffe's poster. Which did you buy?
I haven't seen today's newspaper yet. Whose is this?
Can I use this paper? - You can use whatever you want in this photocopier.
That's Selinker's theory of interlanguage. - Whosever it is, I don't agree with it.
What soap powder does he usually buy? - He buys whichever is on special offer.

180
t8r

i 6-nq no6' oP PI,tercl rlr!r,ll,l

; ,,f;?;; "1 [,"1 ;6"a ;i noh ;t ;* *,r''',iio,,l i;,{^4
2 Suru;;r44 ;tii u, Jn pF n;6;p ;",rn ?BuM
'noli to1 u,1llu.n nJ)q Jaaq saldwu.ra )noJ'ol ner
su s8uttll dtrtus )ril olt to dltl noli sa s9uttll dtuns a4l dltl sd,ztJal:t.t puu spLtattJ.uatll to aldoad iuutt,
llotl ltto ptrrJ o1 suorlsanb uat rtoh sa aldoad rtuau sa )lsu'Jtut1 st4l ut s.tautut)lap a4l Sutsn'ua41
'r1a 1ra;ard no.,{ aa1;o:
1o ad,,{1 aql lauruprSo.rd uorsr,taya} allJnoleJ .rno.{ l3ururolu aql ul dn la8 .{11ensn no.,i aurl aql

:.t1dwaxa toT spuau] puL, lr1waJ tnotl puu lps.utLih lno(lu sl)uJ auos LtotoLt aluI,,
o/vrl {sEJ
lareds .,{ru ur pal.red sr rer ' (q
'lslrJ pear ol )ooq " aprrap 1,uer 1 (3
ZpuelurC ur aAeLI iaql op .,{ruarrnt ' (l
Zlsrrl peal noi op .radBds.trau aql Jo uorl)as '' (a
aLrozpr.uv aql ro alrN aql '.ra8uoy 51 Jorlr '' ' (p
;,,tnq o1 aprlJp no,l, prp a.\P,\\orf,rLu " " (l
Zurea aqs saop ,l-re1es ' (q
Zare asar{l s.{a>1 ' " nou) noi oq (e

sa)ualuJt:3utmo11o1 ?ql ut sptoJt Surssttu at11 ttaldat o;'asoqM /o r4)rqm'1eq,ra;s1-

auo ISEI

s)svl - / sraurruralap [E4ua) 8. € lltln

 UNIT 3.9 An independent financial adviser will make
sure that you are aware of all your options.
PREDETERMINERS:
Both hypotheses were confirmed by the
all, both, half; data.
MULTIPLIERS: once/ twice It takes half an hour to get to the university
from here.
The committee meets twice a month.

Predeterminers come before central determiners in a sentence. For example:

An independent financial adviser will make sure that you are aware of all your options.
Both hypotheses were confirmed by the data.
It takes half an hour to get to the university from here.

All can be used with plural countable nouns or with uncountable nouns. For example:
All students must register on Thursday.
In some countries all drinking water should be boiled.

Both is used only with countable plural nouns and can refer to only two, not more,
people or things. For example:
Both applicants for the job were university graduates.

All, both and half can be followed by articles, demonstratives, or possessives.

For example:
All the students arrived on time.
Both those shops sell soft drinks.
Half my time is spent looking for things I've misplaced.

All, both and half can also be used as pronouns.

Multipliers are used with nouns of number or quantity. For example:

twice the amount
three times the normal cost
double his weight
He ordered a double helping of chips with his fish.

Once, twice, three times, double, etc., can be followed by a, every, each, and occasionally per
to form expressions of frequency. For example:
The majority of British families go on holiday once a vear.
The committee meets twice each month.

182
€8r

')la 'sawluatSotd Ltotstoaldl'swlt]'s)u) :q))uasat 01 Jrdot liuu asoo4t tlt)) tlo^ patnpotd nrta4o11
pua uatf laql auo ary a44 ltodat a altlm pua sanSDauo) to spuaui tnort Suowa liantns toltwls u alaru
oMl {sPI
'{aa-^^P ""'
'''"'s{urrpuos Iuerp,{aql pres stuapnls aql " "'pue)aa^r.P ')u}rpuos e>luPrp
.{aq1 pres a^rJ rallloue llaa.M e " " )ugp Uos e luerp ,,{aql leqt palroda.r sluapnls r^r{
's)urrp uos luerp sluapnls ar{} uauo .{{oi{ se.4\ palse e.,(eqou puE uaIJ uorlsanb lse1 aq1 (q)
'lsar aql dq uasoqr ara,lr (a) pue
(r) pue alrlrerlle lsour aql se (q) asoqr sluapuodsar aq] " /rnoioJ ro1 sV IIe le anle^
Ipuorlrrlnu due a,r.eq s)iuup Uos )iullll lou plp sluapnls aql ' ' lnq anlel l€uorlrrlnu
aues aql a^eLI ol pa8pnf ara.r,r (a) pue (p) ' ' ' lsrrlsrralrereq) oml lxau aql uo luauraar8e
ssal sem araqJ 'alqElrene z(1apr.u lsoru ar{l servr (e) paar8e sluapnls ar{} ' (p)
asorlf, sluapnls aql ' upr{} ssal pup paluasard .{1a,rr1rer11e lsolu aq} se.u (q) +q8noql
sluapnls ar{l " " ueql arolll'alrsuadxa lsour arll sel,r (1) lq8noqt sluapuodsar aql " "
'(p) asoq: sluapnts aq] " pup (r) asoqr sluapnls aql " ' .{lue1ndod 1o stural u1 (e)
'stautw.tajap aJd pattot a4]
4ltm sp.tom Sursstw aq] u! llll'ltotp a4i ut uotlawtojut arp Sursn'uaLU puo :;aq 3tnmo11oj ary paa>l

sluapnls 0[ :aaJt{l
sluapnls I :oMl
sluapnls I :auo
:1aa.ra rad sluup UoS

E I OI rnoloJ
I I uorllJlnN
0z .{1r1qepe,ly
9 vl SurBepe4
0z }SOJ
OI OI .{1rre1ndo4

g) (a) (p) (r) (q) (P) IurrP uos

sluapnls 0Z : N

:molaq uat) 441 ul lno las ala sllnsal atlJ's4uup lJos xts lnoqa suorutdo,s+uapnls
lo dnoB ntlloua io rtaatns a palJnpuo) aaa4 '3u4a4tuw ?urlipn1s ata otlm 'a/ia4o11 puu uatl
auo ISEI

/sreururalapar.I
s)svl - srarldplntu 6'€ lrtln
 UNIT 3.1.0
POSTDETERMINERS 1:
cardinal numbers: one, two;
ordinal numbers: first, second;
general ordinals: next,last, etc.
[n1976 there was one doctor for every 870
citizens in Japan.
The first textbooks written to teach English
as a foreign language were produced in the
sixteenth cenfury.
The next monthly prize will be awarded on
5 lune.

The cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc.) are postdeterminers. This means that they come
after predeterminers and central determiners. For example:

A flight takes off or lands once every thirty seconds from Chicago's O'Hare Airport.
In 1976 there was one doctor for every 870 citizens in Japan.

Thev come before the noun and any adjectives in the sentence. For example:

We bought those two little red boxes in India last vear.

The ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) are also postdeterminers and occupv the
same position in the sentence as the cardinal numbers: after predeterminers and central
determiners but before the noun and anv adjectives modifying the noun. For example:
The first textbooks written to teach English as a foreign language were produced in the
sixteenth century.
InI976 the second most visited country was Spain which had a total of 30 million tourists.
The next monthly prize will be awarded on 5 june.
Last year's profits reached €56.6 million.
We are expecting further supplies next week.

But ordinals precede cardinals if they are in the same phrase. For example:

The first two chapters of the book are an introduction to the whole theory of svstems.

The general ordinals (next, last, further, other, etc.) generally precede any cardinal numbers
that are in the same phrase. For example:
There is plenty of encouragement to be drawn from the last two years'performance of the
team.
The other two books you might need to buy are very explensiyg

18,1
98t

\ z,-a ),
.l*='c1/
iffi
.1J+/l(
j")/
r"5 fr(=
M
.-l.l-o(
^.$*!
<)

lf '4u'-"- ---'

'sllo\sanb ta\lo
qlnt)ilutJuo)ua4lpuailop(1 suoouu)dry/iqpa$aE8nssuo\sailbq|!ill.tuls ilaut\taJapa)dpuryln
pua puryiliJ Sutsn suorlsanb a8pa1,nou4 ptauaS nmsuu pLta lsl'tau1tud a q#t,11 Sttr4totn oro1,1

Zapeu lq8rg aproruoJ Ipr)raluixo) lsrlt aql se.{\ rea.i 1eq.t,r r,r1 (3)
Zi.rntua) L{luaa}auru aLIt ur patJala lLIaplsard Sll +sn1 aLIt se-4{ oLlM G)
appo,\4. ar{l ur ,ftluno: lsa8rel puo)as aq} sI lellM (a)
;dn3 laul5 saln{ aql lda1 pue saturt aarLlt dn3 p1-ro,14 aq} uom ,(rlunor LITILIM (p)
" " ' pue " ' uaa,lrl aq. L6L ur pauado se,v\ arr.tras auoqdelal olpPr lsrr; aqI (J)
' ' ' 'upruqJuarJ rallloue ,{q aper-u s€.t,r uooll€q e uI lua)s€ lxau aq1 (q)
'' .{q apeur sp,\r, aldoad ,{.r.rer o1 uoolleq 1sl1 aq1 (e)

a.L,)olsttu rrt'tii uat suotlsailb aSpa1n26s, ltrtauaB Sut,rLo11oJ )\l Jo ntnM iloH
auo ISPI

auo {seI

T sxsvl - r sraunurelaplsod 0I.€ llun

''7
 UNIT 3.1.1. Most new cars are built to go fast.
Ln1975 Australians bought more
POSTDETERMINERS 2:
toothbrushes than any other nationality.
quantifiers: more/ many, The |apanese eat less meat than Australians,
much, less, few, little, Americans or Canadians.
several, etc. There is little risk of malaria in Kuala
Lumpur or Penang.

The quantifiers (more, many, much, less, few, little, several, etc.) are postdeterminers
because they are placed before nouns but after central determiners.
Man/, few, several, can be used only with plural countable nouns. For example:
T'here are few days in Bahia Felix, Chile, when it doesn't rain; it rains, on average, 325
days a year.
In many parts of the world school examinations are set by an external agency.
In a recent study of classroom behaviour in foreign language classes, several students
were observed never to answer or ask questions.
Many and few have the following comparative and superlative forms:
many/more/most;
few/fewerlfewest.
Look nt these examples:
In 1975 Australians bought more toothbrushes than any other nationality.
Most new cars are built to go fast.
Much and little, on the other hand, are used with uncountable nouns. For example:
The ]apanese eat less meat than Australians, Americans or Canadians.
There is little risk of malaria in Kuala Lumpur or Penang.
There isn't much time to finish this work.
Much and little have the following comparative and superlative forms:
much/more/most;
little/less/least.
With the superlatives, you must use the (see Unit 3.4). For example
All the students wrote a lot but Jim wrote the most.
There is a growing tendency to use less with both countable and uncountable nouns and it is
becoming more acceptable. For example:
There are less cars on this road since the motorway was extended.
However, fewer would be more correct in this example.

Many and much

In spoken, informal English we usually avoid using many and much in affirmative
statements. They are more commonly used with negative statements or questions.
For example:
He hasn't many options.
Have you got much work left to do tonight?
in informal English, we tend to use such expressions as plenty of or a lot of to express many
in positive statements. For example:
They've got a lot of ideas for raising money for charity.
There's plenty of tea left if you'd like some.

186
L8I

'spuarrJ
1lreJ seq oq.M uer.u larnb d,ra.t e sr all
'uMo fiaql uo
arleaql aql ol Suro8 a1r1 aldoad ,raa; dran
'snll ro] aturl aIIrI s,araql
'spuaIJJ
poo8 rvral E ap€ru .{pearle seq aqs pup
srlluolu o.^^l roJ araq uaaq .,{Iuo seq aq5
'arnlJal aql ol lua1!{ aldoad AraJ v
'8ur1aatu aq1 ol
oB o1 a,req I aroJaq Ual ar.utl alilII e a^eq I

Aquenb an4e8a51 ,qquenb a^r1lsod

:#aLp a41 ut saldwaxa aLIl 1b 4oc-,

'rftaa .{q papacard uaryo are aIllII pu€ lrlal
(aldoad auos) aldoad ina; u
(aldoad .{uetu 1ou) aldoad ir,r.ay
(arur1 auos) aurl aIHrI E
(arur1 qrnu lou) aurrl a111r1
:alduexa rol 'errrluSau sr dlrluenb aql E +noqllm 1nq ^,(lrluenb alrlrsod e a-:
o] lu€au sr ,ftr1uenb aql uaql 'pasn sr E uaqM 'o1\^+ ar{l uaaMlaq lserluor anrlrsodTa,rpe8au e .
araLIJ ',lral e pue ,lral uaa.ry\laq pue /aI$II e pue aIIrI uaa.Mlaq aruaraJtip luelrodurr up sr araL''
1l^al €/MaJ puE all+Il P/allllt

z sraururralaplsod It'€ llun

Unit 3.1'1, Postdeterminers 2 - TASKS
Task one
Fill in the missing iuords in the follozt:irtg sentettces with few, a few, little or a little, nccording to
the meaning of the sentences.
(a) The difficultv of learning the Chinese script means that . . . . . . Westerners ever become
literate in Chinese
(b) Most British sports fans have . . . . . . interest in ice hockey; they are more interested in
field hockey.
(c) There are still . . .. .. tickets left for the concert. Shall I get you one?
(d) I've managed to save...... money this month so I can buythe books I need for the
course.
(e) Relatively . . . . . . English teenagers intend to continue in school after the age of 16.
(0 The article Iam readingis interestingbut ithas...... newinformationon the subjectof
management systems.

Task two
Look at the iollowing chart of Wimbledon tennis champions and, uith a partner, ask nnd ansTt)er
questions ttsing the quantit'iers in this unit. An example has been written for you.
Example:

John M"Enroe }ras won fewer bfvraes tlran Blorn Borg.

....,,..,,.,...Y

Wimbledon champions

Year Women Men

7977 Virg nia Wade (CB) Bjorn Borg (Sweden)

1978 Mart na Navral ilova (Czechoslovakia) Bjorn Borg
1979 Mart na Navral ilova Bjorn Borg
1980 Evor ne Cawlel .(Australia) Bjorn Borg
1981 Chri ' Evert-Llc yd (USA) |ohn McEnroe (USA)
1982 Mart na Navral ilova (USA) jimmy Connors (USA)
1983 IVIart na Navrai ilova John McEnroe
1984 Mart na Navral ilova John McEnroe
1985 Mart na Navral ilova Boris Becker (W. Cermany)
1986 Mart na Navral ilova Boris Becker
1987 Mart na Navral ilova Pat Cash (Australia)
1988 Steff Graf (W. Cermany) Stefan Edberg (Sweden)
1989 steff Graf Boris Becker

188
68r

'h11ea,r,roc op 01 ,^alsea e,tg t*q1al

"y? "sne??q
rt;e1 ilu,ru ar6 ;r *"'lr ;6;;;; "n ur t o,,r" i^'o,i
"{a
's>lse4 Aewiwe)p xqs pue shessa xls 1B
?pBr,ff I palool ?AeqI
:dldwLt.\'.

nort rci uelJt.tm uaaq saq aldutuxa uv 'stoila a41 ta-

e...^.e,^.^.-^^ )
dlLILrru-ir'puuapawaaa4nofistottaJosadrtTryataJ.itpa4lSatadutot'sauo1uanba.,-
'uurudtourLLLD
lsaal tnoh q)tLlm plta uotta luanbatj $ow tnoli an Lpryat Suthus yodat u alun Ltd4I'apbut aoli:.
nort stotta to pury la4m 1no putt pua ssait 4st13u1 tnoli ut euop aau4 nol ltom uaJJuitl a4t llu lu 4oa .
aarql ISEJ
slseI - z sraururralaplsod ll. € llun