CHEM

181 DL1
Laborat ory Techniques and Measurement s

Final Report
St ude nt Abdulrazzaq Alnassar
Name
St ude nt ID 45487
Le s s o n Laboratory Techniques and Measurem ents
Ins t it ut io n O cean C ounty C ollege
Se s s io n 2019L1 C HEM 181 DL1
Co ur s e C HEM 181 DL1
Ins t r uc t o r C ynthia Spencer

Exercise 1

1. Wat e r bo ils at 10 0 °C at s e a le ve l. If t he wat e r in t his e xpe r ime nt did no t bo il at 10 0 °C,

what c o uld be t he r e as o n?

The boiling point of water depends on the atm ospheric pressure. The boiling point of water is
100ºC at 1 atm atm ospheric pressure. A very likely reason that water will boil at very m uch lower
tem perature is due to highe r alt it ude and then decreased pressure.

2. While he at ing t wo dif f e r e nt s ample s o f wat e r at s e a le ve l, o ne bo ils at 10 2°C and o ne

bo ils at 99.2°C. Calc ulat e t he pe r c e nt e r r o r f o r e ac h s ample f r o m t he t he o r e t ic al
10 0 .0 °C.

Use the form ula for Percent Error:

Percent Error = |experim ental value - accepted value| / accepted value x 100%

102°C - 100.0°C = 2°C

|2°C | = 2°C
2°C /100.0°C =.020.020 x 100 = 2.00%
At 10 2°C t he pe r c e nt e r r o r is 2.0 0 %

99.2°C - 100.0°C = -0.8°C

|-0.8°C | = .8°C
0.8°C /100.0°C = 0.008
0.008 x 100 = 0.800%
At 99.2 °C t he pe r c e nt e r r o r is 0 .8 0 0 %

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 1 / 16

 Data Table 1: Le ngth Me asure me nts

Le ngth (cm)

CD or DVD 10.75

Ke y 6.65

Spoon 16.32

Fork 14.65

Le ngth (mm)

CD or DVD 107.5

Ke y 66.5

Spoon 163.2

Fork 146.5

Le ngth (m)

CD or DVD 0.1075

Ke y 0.0665

Spoon 0.1632

Fork 0.1465

Data Table 2: Te mpe rature Me asure me nts

Te mpe rature (°C)

Hot from Tap 41.5

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 2 / 16

Boiling 82.9

Boiling for 5 minute s 93.1

Cold from Tap 19.4

Ice Wate r - 1 minute 4.5

Ice Wate r - 5 minute s 4.9

Te mpe rature (°F)

Hot from Tap 106.7

Boiling 181.22

Boiling for 5 minute s 199.58

Cold from Tap 67.1

Ice Wate r - 1 minute 40.1

Ice Wate r - 5 minute s 40.82

Te mpe rature (K)

Hot from Tap 314.65

Boiling 356.05

Boiling for 5 minute s 366.25

Cold from Tap 292.65

Ice Wate r - 1 minute 277.65

Ice Wate r - 5 minute s 278.05

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 3 / 16

 Data Table 3: Mass Me asure me nts

Estimate d Mass (g)

Pe n or Pe ncil 9

3 Pe nnie s 11

1 Quarte r 7

2 Quarte rs, 3 Dime s 23

4 Dime s, 5 Pe nnie s 20

3 Quarte rs, 1 Dime , 5 Pe nnie s 24

Ke y 23

Ke y, 1 Quarte r, 4 Pe nnie s 37

Actual Mass (g)

Pe n or Pe ncil 4.4

3 Pe nnie s 6.5

1 Quarte r 4.4

2 Quarte rs, 3 Dime s 16.2

4 Dime s, 5 Pe nnie s 19.3

3 Quarte rs, 1 Dime , 5 Pe nnie s 29.4

Ke y 13.9

Ke y, 1 Quarte r, 4 Pe nnie s 29.3

Actual Mass (kg)

Pe n or Pe ncil

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 4 / 16

 0.0044

3 Pe nnie s 0.0065

1 Quarte r 0.0044

2 Quarte rs, 3 Dime s 0.0162

4 Dime s, 5 Pe nnie s 0.0193

3 Quarte rs, 1 Dime , 5 Pe nnie s 0.0294

Ke y 0.0139

Ke y, 1 Quarte r, 4 Pe nnie s 0.0293

Exercise 2

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 5 / 16

1. An unkno wn, r e c t angular s ubs t anc e me as ur e s 3.60 c m high, 4.21 c m lo ng, and 1.17 c m
wide . If t he mas s is 21.3 g, what is t his s ubs t anc e ’s de ns it y (in gr ams pe r millilit e r )?

To find the volum e of a rectangular substance, we use the form ula: Volum e = length x width x
height. Substituting the values, we obtain:

Volum e = (4.21 cm )(1.17 cm )(3.60cm ) = 17.7 cm 3

Since 1 cm 3 = 1 m L, then Volum e = 17.7 m L

The m ass is given to be 21.3 g.

Using the form ula: Density = Mass / Volum e,

Density = 21.3 g / 17.7 m L

De ns it y = 1.20 g/mL

2. A s ample o f go ld (Au) has a mas s o f 26.15 g. Give n t hat t he t he o r e t ic al de ns it y is 19.30

g/mL, what is t he vo lume o f t he go ld s ample ?

A sam ple of gold (Au) has a m ass of 26.15 g. Given that the theoretical density is 19.30 g/m L, the
volum e of the gold sam ple is given by the form ula:
Volum e = Mass / Density
Volum e = 26.15 g / 19.30 g/m L
Vo lume = 1.355 mL

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 6 / 16

3. What wo uld happe n if yo u dr o ppe d t he o bje c t int o t he be ake r while us ing t he
Ar c hime de s ’ Pr inc iple me t ho d ins t e ad o f s ubme r ging t he o bje c t ?

If the object was dropped in the beaker, Archim edes’ Principle would not have been used at all.
This is because the principle relies on buoyancy, the fluid force pushing up on the object. This
force is equal to the weight of this displaced fluid. Had we dropped the object into the beaker,
t he s c ale wo uld have me as ur e d t he mas s o f t he o bje c t , ins t e ad o f t he mas s o f t he
dis plac e d wat e r.

4. Ho w did t he magne t ’s de ns it y c dalc ulat io n us ing t he Ar c hime de s ’ Pr inc iple c o mpar e

t o t he de ns it y c alc ulat io n us ing t he dir e c t me as ur e me nt me t ho d? Whic h t e c hnique
might be mo r e ac c ur at e ? Why?

Measurem ent of density by using Archim edes’ Principle is different from the calculated direct
m easurem ent. In case of the m agnet, our direct
m easurem ent density is 3.55 g/m L (see Data Table 5) whereas using the Archim edes' principle, the
density is 4.6 g/m L (see Data Table 7). The direct m easurem ent m ethod is m ore accurate than the
Archim edes principle because with Archim edes’ Principle, I could have accidentally let the object
rest against the bottom of the beaker or the scale m ay have been slightly off.

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 7 / 16

5. Yo u ar e give n a s mall pie c e o f go ld c o lo r e d mat e r ial and want t o de t e r mine if it is
ac t ually go ld. Us ing t he Ar c hime de s Pr inc iple yo u f ind t hat t he vo lume is 0 .40 c m3 and
t he mas s is 6.0 g. What c o nc lus io ns c an yo u r e ac h f r o m yo ur s imple de ns it y analys is ?

To determ ine the density of the object, we use the density form ula: \

Density = Mass / Volum e

= 6.0 g / 0.40 cm 3 = 15 g/cm 3.

Given that this calculated density is significantly less than the density of gold (Note that density of
gold is 19.32 g/cm 3), we can therefore conclude that the m aterial is no t go ld.

Data Table 4: Liquid Me asure me nts

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 8 / 16

 Wate r

Mass A: Graduate d Cylinde r (g) 16.0

Volume (mL) 4.0

Mass B: Graduate d Cylinde r with 20.0

Liquid (g)

Mass B-A: Liquid (g) 4.0

De nsity (g/mL) 1.0

Pe rce nt Error (%) 0%

Isopropyl Alcohol

Mass A: Graduate d Cylinde r (g) 16.0

Volume (mL) 4.1

Mass B: Graduate d Cylinde r with 19.6

Liquid (g)

Mass B-A: Liquid (g) 3.6

De nsity (g/mL) 0.878

Pe rce nt Error (%) 11.7%

Data Table 5: Magne t - Dire ct Me asure me nt Me thod

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 9 / 16

 Magne t

Mass (g) 4.7

Le ngth (cm) 2.7

Width (cm) 0.7

He ight (cm) 0.7

Volume (cm 3) 1.323

De nsity (g/cm 3 ) 3.55

Data Table 6: Wate r Displace me nt Me thod

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 10 / 16

 Magne t

Mass (g) 4.7

Initial Volume of Graduate d Cylinde r 6.7

(mL)

Final Volume of Graduate d Cylinde r 7.6

(mL)

Obje ct Volume (mL) 0.9

De nsity (g/mL) 5.2

Me tal Bolt

Mass (g) 9.0

Initial Volume of Graduate d Cylinde r 6.9

(mL)

Final Volume of Graduate d Cylinde r 8.2

(mL)

Obje ct Volume (mL) 1.3

De nsity (g/mL) 6.9

Data Table 7: Archime de s' Me thod

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 11 / 16

 Magne t

Mass (g) 5.5

Mass of Displace d Wate r (g) 1.2

Volume of Displace d Wate r (mL) 1.2

De nsity (g/mL) 4.6

Me tal Bolt

Mass (g) 9.0

Mass of Displace d Wate r (g) 2.0

Volume of Displace d Wate r (mL) 2.0

De nsity (g/mL) 4.5

Exercise 3

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 12 / 16

1. Ho w wo uld yo u pr e par e 10 mL o f a 0 .25% m/v HCl s o lut io n if 1% m/v HCl was available ?
Ho w muc h 1% m/v HCl is ne e de d? Ho w muc h dis t ille d wat e r is us e d?

By using the equation (given in Step 28) C 1 V1 =C 2 V2 ,

We have C 1 = 0.25 M and V1 = 10 m L.

When C 2 = 1 M, solve for V2 = (C 1 V1 )/C 2 .

V2 = (0.25 M * 10 m L)/1 M = 2.5 mL o f 1M HCl.

Since the final solution volum e is 10 m L, the other 7.5 m L (after adding 2.5 m L 1M HC l) will be
m ade up of distilled water. Thus, to prepare 10 m L, 0.25 M HC l solution, add 7.5 mL dis t ille d
wat e r t o 2.5 mL, 1M HCl.

2. Fr o m t he gr aph o f De ns it y vs . Co nc e nt r at io n, c r e at e d in Gr aph 1, what was t he

r e lat io ns hip be t we e n t he c o nc e nt r at io n o f t he s ugar s o lut io n and t he de ns it y o f t he
s ugar s o lut io n?

From the graph of Density vs. C oncentration, created in Graph 1, there is a linear relationship
between the concentration of the sugar solution and the density of the sugar solution. As the
concentration of the sugar solution increased, the density of the sugar also increased. Adding
m ore concentration increases the com position of particles in a given volum e of solution. This
results in a change of the m ass per unit of volum e of the solution (which is the density).

Data Table 8: Initial Conce ntration

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 13 / 16

 Sugar (C 12H22O 11)

Mass of Volume tric Flask (g) 23.8

Mass of Sugar (g) 8.0

Total Volume (mL) 25.00

Conce ntration (% m/V) 11.2

Data Table 9: Solutions

Solution Volume (mL)

0 25.00 mL

1 25.00 mL

2 25.00 mL

3 25.00 mL

4 25.00 mL

Solution Mass (g)

0 27.7

1 24.9

2 25.5

3 25.4

4 25.5

Solution De nsity (g/mL)

0 1.11

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 14 / 16

 .996

2 1.02

3 1.016

4 1.02

Solution Initial Conce ntration (% m/v)

1 11.2

2 1.12

3 2.02

4 1.34

Solution Volume Transfe rre d (mL)

0 0

1 2.5

2 4.5

3 3.0

4 6.0

Solution Final Conce ntration (% m/v)

0 11.2

1 1.12

2 2.02

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 15 / 16

 1.34

4 2.69

Graph 1: De nsity ve rsus Conce ntration

Copyrigh t 2019 - H an ds-On Labs | h t t p://h olscien ce.com 16 / 16