Maths Year 11A CH 4 - Maths Quest Maths A Year 11 For Queensland

5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 105 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM
Length, area
and volume
4
syllabus ref
efer
erence
ence
Strand:
Applied geometry
Core topic:
Elements of applied geometry
In this cha
chapter
pter
4A Changing units and
calculating perimeters
4B Calculating areas
4C Total surface area
4D Volume and capacity
106 M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s A Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Introduction
Peta is an expert in the craft of origami (the Japanese art of paper folding). She deftly
folds and creases paper, the end product being a crane, an elegant swan, a gift box . . .
the list is endless. In fact, many two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects can be
folded from a single piece of paper without any cutting. In creating these works of art,
it is necessary to have an understanding of the spatial relationships of geometry. It is
essential to fold the paper at the correct angles and to have the side lengths in the
correct proportions.
We are surrounded by geometric

shapes — in our daily lives, in nature,
architecture, etc. Throughout this chapter
you’ll discover properties of geometry by
conducting investigations. Each investi-
gation is designed to reinforce the par-
ticular geometry concept of that section
of study.
Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 107
1 What do you understand by the word length?

2 Give some units you would use to measure length.
3 What do you understand by the term perimeter?
4 Calculate the perimeter of the following shapes:
a b c d
4m
4.33 m 3m
10 m
6 cm 5m
5 Define the term area.
6 Give some units you would use to measure area.
7 Calculate the areas of the figures in question 4 above.
8 Identify the shapes of the following figures:
a b
c d
e f
9 Use your calculator to determine answers to the following (correct to 2 decimal

eBook plus
places, if necessary).
Digital doc:
a 1.462 b 3.07 c 4.33 d 3 28.76
SkillSHEET 4.1
Rounding decimal numbers
10 Distinguish between the terms volume and capacity.
to 2 decimal places
11 Give some units you could use to measure
a volume b capacity.
eBook plus 12 Convert the following quantities to the units indicated.
a 6 mm → cm b 0.25 m → mm c 40 cm2 → m2 d 0.45 km → m
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet e 300 mL → L f 5000 cm3 → m3 g 25 L → kL h 5 cm3 → mm3
Rounding
i 100 cm3 → L j 25 kL → m3
Objects all around us can be classified as two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional

(3-D). A two-dimensional object can be described by two measurements (for example,
a length and a width), whereas a three-dimensional object requires three measurements
to describe its shape (for example, a length, a width and a height).
It’s important to realise that sometimes it is not possible

to construct a 3-D object that has been drawn on paper in
two dimensions. Look carefully and you will see that this is
the case in the situation at right. Try drawing the shape and
you will understand the problem!
t i gat
es Paper folding 1
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t i gat
es Constructing a 3-D package from a 2-D shape
Resources: Cardboard, scissors, protractor, ruler.
For our first investigation, let’s look at the relative positions, shapes and sizes of
the resulting faces when a 2-D piece of cardboard is folded into a 3-D shape to
form an unusual postage box.
X
w2 w2
Z a Y
w1 w1
1 Trace the above shape onto a piece of thin cardboard. Basically, it consists of
two rectangles.
2 Cut along all the blue lines.
3 The lines marked – – – – represent ‘valley’ folds. Crease firmly along these
lines with the fold pointing down like a valley.
4 The line XY marked – – • – – • represents a ‘mountain’ fold. Crease firmly
along this line, with the fold pointing upwards like a mountain.
5 Rotate the top rectangle through 90º at the point Y, along the crease line XY,
in an anticlockwise direction, until it lies on top of the lower rectangle.
6 Fold the top and bottom flaps in along the crease lines in a 3-D manner. Fold
in the side flaps along the crease lines in a 3-D manner.
7 This container, on a larger scale, would be a suitable package for posting
rectangular objects through the mail.
8 Open the package and
a measure angle ZXY
b measure angle a.
9 Would it be possible to vary these angles and still form a rectangular
container? Investigate the consequences.

10 Consider using this container to post a book. On your flat shape, identify:
a on which part the book would lie
b which sections would dictate the maximum length, width and thickness of
the book.
11 Why is the width w1 greater than the width w2?
12 Taking the measurements of your textbook, design and construct a package of
this style which could be used to post your book.
Two-dimensional objects
As mentioned previously, the shape of 2-D objects can be specified by two measure-
ments. These objects lie in one plane. Among other properties, they possess a perimeter
and an area.
Perimeter
The perimeter represents the distance around the boundary of a figure. (We are
assuming that all the figures we are dealing with are closed; that is, they begin and end
at the same point.) Any line inside the boundary is ignored when calculating the perim-
eter. The units used to measure perimeter are those of linear measure: millimetre (mm),
centimetre (cm), metre (m) and kilometre (km).
We’ll first discuss converting measurements from one unit to another. You are fami-
liar with the following conversions.
10 millimetres = 1 centimetre
100 centimetres = 1 metre
1000 metres = 1 kilometre
Using these conversion factors, we can now construct a ‘conversion ladder’.
eBook plus
Digital doc: Smallest unit

SkillSHEET 4.2
× mm ÷
Multiplying decimal
numbers by powers of 10 10
Multiply Divide
when cm when
going 100 going
to a to a
smaller m larger
unit 1000 unit
km
Largest unit
The smallest unit (mm) is at the narrow top of the ladder; working down the rungs
we approach the largest unit (km) which is at the wide base of the ladder. The con-
version factors are placed on the rungs in between the units. In changing measurements
from a smaller unit to a larger unit, we divide by the relevant conversion factor(s)
because we know that our answer must be a lesser amount. When converting from a
larger to a smaller unit, we multiply by the relevant conversion factor(s) since we know
that we require a greater amount as the result.
WORKED Example 1 eBook plus
Complete each of the following. Digital doc:

a 30 mm = cm b 4800 m = km c 6.5 m = cm d 8400 mm = m EXCEL
Spreadsheet
Length
THINK WRITE conversions
a Changing millimetres to centimetres: a 30 mm = (30 ÷ 10) cm

divide by 10. = 3 cm
b To change metres to kilometres: divide b 4800 m = (4800 ÷ 1000) km
by 1000. = 4.8 km
c To change metres to centimetres: c 6.5 m = (6.5 × 100) cm
multiply by 100. = 650 cm
d To change millimetres to metres: divide d 8400 mm = (8400 ÷ 10) cm
by 10 (to change to centimetres) then = (840 ÷ 100) m
divide by 100 (to change to metres). = 8.4 m
We shall now review familiar formulas used to determine the perimeter of common
eBook plus
shapes.
Digital docs:
SkillSHEET 4.3
Multiplying decimal
Shape Perimeter
numbers by 100
Square P = 4S
SkillSHEET 4.4
Dividing by 100
Rectangle P = 2(L + W)
L
Other polygons P = sum of lengths of all sides
Circle C = 2π r or
C = πD
r D
Sector C = length of arc + 2 radii

Arc θ°
C = ----------- × 2π r + 2r
360°
θ° r

WORKED Example 2
Find the perimeter around the following piece of pizza.
40°
THINK WRITE 10 cm
1 Identify the shape: sector.

2 Perimeter means ‘distance around
outside’; that is, arc plus 2 radii.
θ°
3 Write the appropriate formula. P = ----------- × 2π r + 2r
360°
4 Identify the values of the variables. θ° = 40°, r = 10 cm
P =  --------- × 2 × π × 10 + (2 × 10)
40
5 Substitute values in the formula.
 360 
6 Calculate the answer, not forgetting P = 6.98 + 20
units. P = 26.98 cm
Perimeter of composite figures

In many instances, figures are not of one distinct shape; they may be composed of
several shapes. The perimeter of such shapes is still the distance around the boundary
of the composite figure. Remember to ignore any lines inside the figure. It is often
helpful to start at one point in the figure, work your way around the boundary in a
clockwise or anticlockwise direction, identifying shapes and adding the lengths of all
sides, until you reach your starting point.
WORKED Example 3
Find the perimeter of this shape.
10 cm
20 cm X
THINK WRITE
1 Start at X and travel in a clockwise P = Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3
direction until reaching X again. + 1--- circumference of circle
2
Identify the sides as 3 straight lines and
one semicircle.
2 Write the formulas. P = S1 + S2 + S3 + 1--- π D
2
3 Identify the values of the variables. S1 = 20, S2 = 10, S3 = 20, D = 10
4 Substitute the values of the variables in P = 20 + 10 + 20 + ( 1--- × π × 10)
2
the formula.
P = 50 + 15.7
5 Calculate the answer, not forgetting P = 65.7 cm
units.
remember
remember
1. Recall unit conversions for length.
2. Multiply when changing to a smaller unit and divide when changing to a larger
unit.
3. The perimeter is the distance around a closed, 2-dimensional figure.
4. When finding the perimeter of a composite figure, start at any place on the
perimeter and continue in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction until reaching
the starting point. Ignore any lines inside the perimeter.
5. Don’t forget to include units in the answer.
Changing units and

4A calculating perimeters
1 Copy and complete each of the following.
WORKED
Example
1 a 70 mm = cm b 600 cm = m c 5000 m = km
d 9 cm = mm e 12 m = cm f 9 km = m
eBook plus g 86 mm = cm h 9.2 km = m i 2400 m = km
j 6.4 cm = mm k 11.25 m = cm l 2.2 cm = mm
Digital doc:
SkillSHEET 4.5 2 Richard is planning to have a garage built. The garage is 5.2 m long, 2.4 m wide and
Conversion of length units
2.5 m high. All builders, however, work in millimetres. What are the dimensions of the
garage, in millimetres?
WORKED 3 Find the perimeters of the following figures (to the nearest whole units).
Example
2 a b 12 m c 23.7 cm
cm
15.4 cm
5m
.8
4m
17
7m
27.5 cm
d e f
5m 7.5 m
4m
210 m
120 m
13.5 mm
11.5 m
90
m
WORKED
4 Find the perimeters of the following figures.
Example a 10 m b c
3
14 m
12 m
eBook plus
17 m
3.5 m
Digital doc:
25 m
SkillSHEET 4.6
Perimeter
of composite shapes
2m
20 m 12 m

d 48 mm e 16 cm f 22 m
90 mm
cm
8 cm
24 mm
m
11 m
10
13
125 mm
cm
44 m
10 cm
34 m
12
21 cm
7m
20 m
5 multiple choice
The perimeter of the figure shown in centimetres is: 7 cm
A 34 2 cm
B 24 + 5π
3 cm
C 24 + 2.5π
D 29 + 5π
12 cm
E 29 + 2.5π
6 multiple choice
The perimeter of the enclosed figure shown is 20.5 m
156.6 metres. The unknown length, x, is closest to: x
35.2 m
A 20.5 m
B 35.2 m
C 40.2 m
D 80.4 m
E Cannot be determined
t i gat
es Paper folding 2
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es
Resources: A4 paper, scissors.
Having looked at some 2-D shapes, let’s investigate a ‘Geometry jigsaw’.
1 Cut a square from a sheet of unlined A4 paper. Scribble a pattern on one side
of the paper, so that you can distinguish the ‘top’ of the jigsaw from the
‘underneath’.
2 Fold the square sheet in half along its diagonal. Unfold it, and cut it along the
crease. You should now have two triangles.
3 Take one of these triangles, fold it in half and cut it along the crease line.
4 Take your second triangle from above and lightly crease it to find the midpoint
of the longest side. Fold it so that the vertex of the right angle touches that
midpoint and cut it along the crease. This forms a trapezium and a small
triangle.
5 Take the trapezium, fold it in half and cut along the crease line. You should
now have two smaller trapeziums.
6 Fold the acute base angle of one of the trapeziums to the adjacent right base
angle and cut along the crease. This should result in a square and a small
triangle.
7 Take your other trapezium and fold its right base angle to the opposite obtuse
angle. Cut along the crease. This should result in a parallelogram and a small
triangle.
8 You should now have 7 shapes: 5 triangles,
1 square and 1 parallelogram.
9 See if you can now assemble this Geometry jigsaw
to form the original square from which it was cut.
10 See how many different shapes you can form using
some or all of the 7 shapes.
This investigation should enhance your understanding
of geometric shapes.
Task 1
Take your 7 shapes. Use the smallest triangle as the basic unit of area. Arrange
your pieces in order of increasing area. Give the area of each piece in terms of
‘small triangular units’. Some shapes may have the same area. Copy and complete
the following table:
Shape Sketch of shape Area (e.g. 3 ‘triangular units’)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Task 2
Your pieces can be fitted together in different combinations to form squares of vari-
ous sizes. Experiment with your pieces to see whether you can form a square using
the following number of pieces. Copy and complete the table below.
Pieces Sketch Pieces Sketch

1 5
2 6
3 7
4

Area
Area represents the amount of space within the boundary of a closed figure. The units
used to measure area are those of square measure: mm2, cm2, m2 and km2. There are
two units of area which are not square units — the hectare (ha) in the metric system
and the acre in the imperial system.
t i gat
es Square measure
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es
t i gat Resources: Paper, pencil, ruler.
How is it possible to determine unit conversions for square measure knowing the
relevant conversion for linear measure?
1 Draw a square of side 1 cm.
2 You are aware that each centimetre can be divided into 10 millimetres. Mark
these millimetre divisions on each side of the square, then join opposite side
markings.
3 This creates a grid of smaller squares. How many of these smaller squares are
there? Each smaller square is 1 mm2 while the large square is 1 cm2. So how
many mm2 are there in 1 cm2?
4 Use the reasoning applied above (it is not really practicable to draw a square of
side length 1 metre) to determine the number of cm2 in 1 m2.
Converting units in square measure is simply a matter of applying the above
technique.
By constructing a conversion ladder, as we did before for linear measure, we find:
mm2
10 × 10 = 100
× ÷
cm2
100 × 100 = 10 000
m2
1000 × 1000 = 1 000 000
km2
To obtain the conversion factors for square measures,

it is necessary to square the linear measure conversion
factors. As previously, we multiply when converting to
a smaller unit and divide when converting to a larger unit.
1 ha 100 m
One hectare is equivalent to the area of a square of side
length 100 metres.
So 1 ha = 100 m × 100 m 100 m
That is 1 ha = 10 000 m 2
WORKED Example 4
Complete each of the following:
a 250 mm2 = _____ cm2 b 5 km2 = _____ ha.
THINK WRITE
2 2
a Change mm to cm , so divide by 100. a 250 mm2 = (250 ÷ 100) cm2
250 mm2 = 2.5 cm2
b Change km2 to m2 (multiply by b 5 km2 = (5 × 1 000 000) m2

1 000 000). 5 km2 = 5 000 000 m2
Change m2 to ha (divide by 10 000). 5 km2 = (5 000 000 ÷ 10 000) ha
5 km2 = 500 ha
We’ll now review familiar formulas used to find the areas of common shapes.
Shape Area
Square A = S2
eBook plus
S
Digital docs:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Area of a square
EXCEL Spreadsheet Rectangle L A=L×W
Area of a rectangle
Parallelogram A=b×h
where the height measurement must be at a right
h angle to the base measurement.
b
Trapezium a A = 1--- (a + b)h

2
h
angle to the base measurement.
b
Triangle A = 1--- bh
eBook plus 2
h angle to the base measurement.
Digital doc: h
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Area of a triangle
b
b
b

Shape Area
Triangle c
A = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
b
(Heron’s where s = 1--- (a + b + c)
2
formula) (Use when height measurement is unknown.)
a
eBook plus Circle A = π r2
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
r
D
Area of a circle
Sector
θ°
A = ----------- × π r 2
θ° 360°
r
WORKED Example 5
Find the area of the triangle at right.
9.4 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Write the formula. A= 1

--- ×b×h
2 12.8 cm
2 Substitute for the base and the height. = 1
--- × 12.8 × 9.4
2
3 Calculate the area. = 60.16 cm2
WORKED Example 6
Find the area of each of the following shapes.
a b 5.9 cm
9m
7.2 cm
14 m
11.4 cm
THINK WRITE
a 1 Write the formula. a A=b×h

2 Substitute the base and height. A = 14 × 9
3 Calculate the area. A = 126 m2
b 1 Write the formula. b A= 1

--- × (a + b) × h
2
2 Substitute the sides and height. A= 1
--- × (5.9 + 11.4) × 7.2
2
3 Calculate the area. A = 62.28 cm2
WORKED Example 7
Find the area of this shape.
7m 8m
THINK WRITE
1 Identify the shape (in this case it is a A= s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) 10 m
triangle with no height measurement)
and write down the appropriate formula where s = 1--- (a + b + c)
2
for the area (Heron’s formula).
2 Identify the values of the pronumerals. a = 7, b = 8, c = 10
3 To find s, substitute a, b and c values s= 1
--- (7 + 8 + 10)
into the formula and simplify. 2
= 1
--- × 25
2
= 12.5
4 Substitute the values of a, b, c, and s A = 12.5 ( 12.5 – 7 ) ( 12.5 – 8 ) ( 12.5 – 10 )
into the formula for the area.
5 Simplify.
(a) Evaluate the brackets first. A = 12.5 × 5.5 × 4.5 × 2.5
(b) Multiply the values together. = 773.4375
(c) Take the square root. = 27.810 744 33
(Round off the answer to 1 decimal A = 27.8 cm2
place and include the units.)
WORKED Example 8 12 1
2
eBook plus
A minute hand moving from the number 12 to the 3

Digital doc:
number 4 position sweeps out a sector. If the hand is SkillSHEET 4.7
10 cm 4 Finding the size
10 cm long, what is the area of this sector? of a sector
THINK WRITE
θ°
1 Write down the formula for the area of Area of sector = ----------- × π r 2
360°
the sector.
2 Identify the value of the radius. r = 10 cm
3 Calculate the angle of the sector:
The angle between the numbers on a
clock = 360° ÷ 12
= 30°.
From 12 to 4 there are 4 intervals θ ° = 30° × 4
between the numbers. So to find the = 120°
angle of a sector, multiply 30° by 4.
4 Substitute the values of r and θ into the --------- × π × 10
Area of sector = 120 2
360
formula and evaluate. = 104.719 755 1 cm2
5 Write an answer sentence with the The minute hand as it rotates through an angle
number rounded off appropriately and of 120° sweeps an area of 104.7 cm2.
units given.

Area of composite figures
The term composite means made up of distinct parts. Composite figures in geometry
are figures comprising a number of distinct shapes. Depending upon the composite
figure, to find the overall area you may need to add these individual shapes or subtract
one from another.
For example, the composite figure in the diagram at right has been
A1
formed using a semicircle and a square.
The area of this shape can be found as follows:
A2
Area of total figure = Area of a semicircle (A1) + Area of a square (A2)
When finding the area of a composite figure, follow the steps given
below.
1. Identify the basic shapes that make up the total figure and number them.
2. Write the expression for the total area in terms of individual shapes.
3. Calculate the area of each individual shape.
4. Add or subtract areas to find the total area of the given shape.
In the diagram above, we added the areas of the square and the A1
semicircle. If the diagram had been shown as at right, we would
have subtracted the area of the semicircle from that of the square. A2
WORKED Example 9
A clock has a minute hand that is 6 cm long and an hour
hand that is 3 cm long. In one full revolution of each hand,
the minute hand would sweep out a larger circle than the R
6 cm r
hour hand. What is the difference in the area they cover
3 cm
(to the nearest square centimetre)?
THINK WRITE
1 The area required is the area A = outer area − inner area

between two circles. Write down A = πR2 − π r 2
the appropriate formula.
2 Identify the value of R (radius of R = 6, r = 3

larger circle) and the value of
r (radius of smaller circle).
3 Substitute the values of the A = π × 62 − π × 32

pronumerals into the formula and = 113.097 − 28.274
evaluate. = 84.823 cm2
4 Write an answer sentence with the The difference in area covered by the two hands
value rounded to the nearest is approximately 85 cm2.
square centimetre.
remember
remember
1. The area is the space enclosed by the boundaries of a two-dimensional shape.
2. Area is measured in square units. To change from one unit to another, square
the appropriate linear measure conversion factor. Multiply by the conversion
factor when changing to a smaller unit and divide when converting to a larger
unit.
3. Remember these area formulas:
Square A = S2
Rectangle A=L×W
Parallelogram A = b × h
Trapezium A = 1--- (a + b)h
2
Triangle A = 1--- bh (if perpendicular height is known).
2
If three sides are known, use Heron’s formula
A = s ( s – a ) ( s – b ) ( s – c ) where s = 1--- (a + b + c)
2
Circle A = πr2
θ°
Sector A = ----------- × π r 2
360°
4. For composite figures, identify shapes of parts of the figure. After calculating
these individual areas, add or subtract them to give the total area.
5. Remember to provide units in the answer.
4B Calculating areas
WORKED 1 Copy and complete each of the following.
Example
4 a 70 mm2 = _____ cm2 b 6000 cm2 = _____ m2
c 3 m = _____ cm
2 2
d 2.5 km2 = _____ m2
e 4.5 ha = _____ m 2
f 3 km2 = _____ ha
2 Find the area of each of the figures below.
a b c
8 cm 3.6 km
29 mm
d e f
3m 27 mm 47 cm
9m
38 mm 62 cm
WORKED g h 6.3 km i
Example
3.7 m
5 4.2 m 8.4 km
9.7 m

WORKED j k l
Example 38 mm
6a
12.8 km 87 mm 80 cm
8m
16.9 km
WORKED m 1m n 2.8 m o 3.6 cm
Example
6b
3.65 m 5.4 cm
12 m 9.5 cm
9m 0.4 m
WORKED p 27 cm q 7 mm
r 58 m 16 m
Example 15 cm 8 mm
7 65 m
38 cm 12 mm
WORKED s t u
Example 120° 2m
6 cm
8
45° 300°
5m
m
WORKED 3 Look at the figure at right.

Example
9
a Find the area of the outer rectangle.
b Find the area of the inner rectangle.
3m 12 m 7m
c Find the shaded area by subtracting the area of the
inner rectangle from the area of the outer rectangle.
20 m
4 Find the shaded area in each of the following.
eBook plus
a b
Digital doc:
SkillSHEET 4.8
Area of composite
5 cm
shapes 14 m 8m
5 cm
10 m
9 cm
16 m
c d
3m 8m
8m 12 m
8m
5m
9m
10 m 12 m
5 multiple choice
The area of the triangle at right is: 15 cm
A 36 cm2 B 54 cm2 12 cm
C 90 cm2 D 108 cm2
2
E 1620 cm 9 cm
6 multiple choice
Which of the options is correct
19 cm 19 cm
for the two shapes at right?
Statement 1. The rectangle and parallelogram
38 cm 38 cm
have equal areas.
Statement 2. The rectangle and parallelogram have equal perimeters.
Statement 3. The rectangle and the parallelogram are both quadrilaterals.
A Statement 1 only B Statement 2 only C Statement 3 only
D All three statements E Two of the statements
7 multiple choice
The area of the figure at right is: 17 m
A 54 m2
B 136 m2 15 m
C 165 m2 7m
D 225 m2
E 255 m2 15 m
8 Len is having his lounge room carpeted. Carpet costs $27.80/m2. The lounge is
rectangular with a length of 7.2 m and a width of 4.8 m.
a Calculate the area of the lounge room.
b Calculate the cost of carpeting the room.
9 A rectangular garden in a park is 15 m long and 12 m wide. A concrete path 1.5 m

wide is to be laid around the garden.
a Draw a diagram of the garden and the path.
b Find the area of the garden.
c What are the dimensions of the rectangle formed by the path?
d Find the area of concrete needed for the path.
10 multiple choice
32 cm
Examine the diagram at right.
a The circles cover an area of approximately:
A 402 cm2 B 201 cm2 C 804 cm2 D 805 cm2 E 603 cm2
b The shaded area is approximately:
11 A family-size pizza is cut into 8 equal slices. If the diameter of the pizza is 33 cm,
find (to the nearest square centimetre) the area of the top part of each slice.
WORKED 12 The collectable plate shown at right is 22 cm in diameter
Example
9
and has a golden ring that is 0.5 cm wide. 1 cm
Find (to 1 decimal place) the area of the golden ring if its
0.5 cm
outer edge is 1 cm from the edge of the plate.
22 cm

13 Early-model vehicles had a
single windscreen-wiper blade 120 cm
to remove water from the wind-
screen. (The bus at right has 60 cm
140°
two single blades of this type.)
Using the dimensions given 45 cm
in the diagram:
a what area (to the nearest whole
eBook plus number) did the blade cover?
b what percentage (to 1 decimal
Digital doc:
WorkSHEET 4.1 place) of the windscreen was
cleared?
1
Calculate the area (or shaded area) of each of the figures drawn below.
Where necessary, give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
1 2 3
m
12 cm 8 c30°
6.3 m
4 5 10 cm
91 mm
62 mm 25 cm
4 cm
24 cm
6 7 8
12 cm
30 cm 20 m
20 cm
40 m
25 cm 40 cm
9 10
12
6 cm
cm
76 mm
15
m
m
cm
32
t i gat
es Maximising an area of land
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es n inv Farmer Brown needs to build a paddock
for her sheep to graze. She has 1000 m
of fencing with which to build this
eBook plus
paddock.
Digital doc: 1 If farmer Brown builds the paddock
EXCEL Spreadsheet 100 m long and 400 m wide, the
Maximising area of land
area will be 40 000 m2. If she builds
it 200 m long and 300 m wide, the
area will be 60 000 m2. What
dimensions should farmer Brown
choose for her paddock so it has the
maximum possible area?
a Set up a spreadsheet with the
headings:
LENGTH WIDTH AREA
b Enter an initial value of 50 m for the length of the paddock, then provide a
formula and copy it down to generate length measurements in increments of
50 m; for example:
50
100
150
•
•
•
450
c Since the length of the fencing is 1000 m,
length + width = 500 m
Provide a formula in the width column incorporating the values in the length
column, then copy this formula down the column.
d Enter a formula under the AREA heading to calculate the area of the figure.
Copy this formula down the column.
e What length and width provide the greatest area? What shape is the paddock?
2 If one side of the paddock is a river, only three sides need to be fenced. If
farmer Brown still uses 1000 m of fencing, what dimensions should she now
choose for her paddock to maximise its area?
a Set up a spreadsheet similar to the one above. In this case:
width + length + width = 1000 m
Provide formulas in the columns, then copy them down.
b What length and width provide the greatest area in this case? Is the result the
same as for the previous case?
3 Write a paragraph outlining recommendations for farmer Brown. Justify your
conclusions with mathematical evidence.
4 Investigate further to see whether you could write your conclusions in a general
form for any given length of fencing.

t i gat
es Effect of scale factors on
io
ion v
in
n inv perimeter and area

es
t i gat
Resources: Paper, scissors.
A variety of shapes can result when paper is folded. Applying a scale factor to a
figure affects its perimeter and area differently. Let’s investigate.
1. Cut two strips of paper: one should be 1 cm wide, the other should be 2 cm wide.
2. Taking the ends of the strips, fold them as you would in knotting a piece of
string.
3. Gently flatten the knot and sharply crease the edges. Trim off
the ends of the paper strips beyond the knot.
1 What shape does each knot form?
2 Measure the interior angles of each knot. What do you conclude?
3 Measure the side lengths of each knot. What do you find?
4 The two knots are similar in shape. What is the scale factor S?
5 Using your measurements, calculate the perimeter of each figure. What is the
relationship between your two answers?
6 Look at the flat surface of the knot. Because we don’t know a formula for the
area of this shape, we can break it up into familiar shapes whose areas we can
identify. Locate a trapezium and a triangle on each of the figures. Take the
required measurements and calculate the areas of the smaller knot and the
larger knot. What is the relationship between the two areas?
7 From your two previous answers, what would you expect the perimeter and
area to be if you were to construct a knot from a 3-cm strip of paper?
8 Deduce a general statement indicating what happens to the perimeter and area
of a figure when we apply a scale factor S.
9 Open each knot out flat.
a What is the overall shape of the paper?
b What shapes do you find within the creases?
c Compare the perimeters and areas of your two flat shapes. Do your answers
support your conclusion in question 8?
Three-dimensional objects Cube

As mentioned previously, the shape of 3-D objects can be
described by three measurements. These objects can be
classified as prisms or non-prisms.
Rectangular
Prisms prism
Prisms are 3-D figures that have a constant cross-section
in one direction. This constant cross-section is parallel to
the face which is called the base of the prism. The name of
the prism comes from the shape of its base. Common Cylinder
examples of prisms are shown at right.
Non-prisms
Non-prisms do not have a constant cross-section in any direction. The two types of 3-D
object that we will study in this category are pyramids and spheres.
Pyramids
In pyramids, the cross-section parallel to
the base reduces in size as the cross-section
progresses from the base to the apex.
Common examples of pyramids are shown
at right. Square-based Triangle-based Cone
pyramid pyramid
Spheres
A sphere has no flat faces. When spheres are sliced, the flat
surface exposed is always circular. Common examples are
shown at right.
Two properties which three-dimensional figures possess
are surface area and volume.
Sphere Hemisphere
Surface area
The surface area of a 3-D object represents the total area of all its exposed faces. To
find the surface area, we must calculate the area of each face of the object, as identified
by its net, then add all of these areas to find the total. The units used for total surface
area (TSA) are the same as those used for area.
Object Net TSA
Cube TSA = 6S2

2
1 3 4 5
S 6 S
Rectangular prism L TSA = area of

H
6 rectangles
H L = 2(WH + LW + LH)
H
W W W
L
H
Cylinder TSA = area of 2 circles

r + curved surface
= 2π r 2 + 2π rH
H
r H
2 πr
r

Object Net TSA
Square-based TSA = area of square

pyramid + area of 4 triangles
h = b2 + 4 × ( 1--- bh)
2
h b
Cone Curved surface of a cone is TSA = area of base (circle)

formed by removing a sector out + area of curved
S = Slant
of a circle. surface
H height Arc length = π r 2 + πrS
Slant height
= radius
r Major of sector
sector
r=S
Minor
sector
Circumference of
base = arc length
of sector
Sphere Not shown TSA = 4π r 2
Hemisphere TSA = 2π r 2
Open Not shown
r
Closed Not shown TSA = 2π r 2

r + area flat circle
= 2π r 2 + π r 2
= 3π r 2
WORKED Example 10
Find the total surface area of the object shown.
THINK WRITE 17 cm
1 Identify the shape. Shape: rectangular prism 9 cm
19 cm
2 Write down the formula for the TSA of TSA = area 6 rectangles
a rectangular prism. TSA = 2(WH + LW + LH)
3 Allocate a value to the pronumerals. W = 9, H = 17, L = 19
4 Substitute the values of the TSA = 2(9 × 17 + 19 × 9 + 19 × 17)
pronumerals into the formula.
5 Evaluate (brackets first, then multiply = 2(153 + 171 + 323)
by 2). = 2 × 647
= 1294
6 Write the answer, including units. TSA = 1294 cm2
WORKED Example 11
Find the surface area of an open cylindrical can that is 12 cm high and
8 cm in diameter (to 1 decimal place).
12 cm
THINK WRITE
1 Form a net of the open cylinder, 2π r 8 cm
transferring all the dimensions to each
of the surfaces.
12 cm
A1
(Note that the cylinder has no top
surface.)
A2
4 cm
2 Identify the different-sized common TSA = A1 + A2

figures and set up a sum of the surface A1 = 2 π r × H
areas. The length of the rectangle is the = 2 × π × 4 × 12
circumference of the circle. = 301.59 cm2
A2 = π × r 2
= π × 42
= 50.27 cm2
3 Sum the areas. TSA = A1 + A2
= 301.59 + 50.27
= 351.86 cm2
4 Write your answer. The total surface area of the open cylindrical
can is 351.9 cm2.

WORKED Example 12
Find the surface area of the square pyramid at right. 5 cm
THINK WRITE 4 cm 6 cm
1 Calculate the area of the square base. A=S 2
= 62
= 36 cm2
2 Calculate the area of a triangular side. A= 1

--- ×b×h
2
Note each side is identical and the = 1
--- ×6×5
height of each triangular side is 5 cm. 2
= 15 cm2
3 Calculate the total surface area. SA = 36 + 4 × 15
(Note: There are 4 identical triangular = 96 cm2
sides.)
WORKED Example 13
Find the total surface area of a size 7 basketball with
a diameter of 25 cm. Give your answer to the nearest 10 cm2.
THINK WRITE
1 Use the formula for the total Diameter = 25 cm
surface area of a sphere. Use Radius = 12.5 cm
the diameter to find the radius TSA of sphere = 4π r 2
of the basketball and = 4 × π × 12.52
substitute into the formula. = 1963.495
2 Write your answer. Total surface area of the ball is approximately 1960 cm2.
WORKED Example 14
A die used in a board game has a total surface area of 1350 mm2.
Find the linear dimensions of the die (to the nearest millimetre).
THINK WRITE
1 A die is a cube. We can TSA = 6 × S2
substitute into the total TSA = 1350 mm2
surface area of a cube to 1350 = 6 × S2
determine the dimension of
the cube. Divide both sides S2 = 1350
------------
6
by 6. = 225
2 Take the square root of both S = 225
sides to find S. = 15 mm
3 Write your answer. The dimensions of the die are:
15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm.
WORKED Example 15
The diagram shows the proposed shape for a new container for takeaway
Chinese food. The shape will be used if the TSA of the container is less 10
than 750 cm2. If the TSA is greater than or equal to 750 cm2 then cm
production and manufacturing costs are too expensive and the takeaway
shop will have to stay with the old cylindrical container. Next time I order
my Chinese takeaway, could it come in the new design?
THINK WRITE 10 cm
1 Identify the distinct shapes that make up TSA = square pyramid (no base)
the total object: these are a square-based + 5 faces of a cube
pyramid and a cube. The base of the
pyramid and one face of the cube are not
on the surface and therefore their area
should not be included.
2 Calculate the TSA of a square-based TSA of square-based pyramid:
pyramid with no base.
(a) Alter the general square-based A = 4 × 1--- × b × h
2
pyramid formula so as not to include
the square base. b = 10, h = 10
(b) Allocate a value to the pronumerals. A = 4 × 1--- × 10 × 10
(c) Substitute the values into the formula 2
and evaluate. = 200

3 Calculate the TSA of a cube (5 faces TSA of a cube (5 faces only):
only).
(a) Alter the general cube formula to A = 5S2
include 5 faces instead of 6.
(b) Allocate a value to the length. S = 10
(c) Substitute the value of the side length A = 5 × 102
into the formula and evaluate. = 500
4 Add the individual TSA together to find TSA = 200 + 500
the TSA of the whole object. = 700 cm2
5 Write an answer sentence. Next time I order Chinese takeaway there
could be a newly designed container with a
surface area of only 700 cm2.
remember
remember
1. The TSA is the sum of the areas of the outside surfaces of a 3-dimensional object.
2. Formulas for all types of objects are not possible. For those objects without a
formula you will need to follow these steps.
(a) Draw the net of the object.
(b) Work out the different shapes that make up the net.
(c) Calculate their individual areas.
(d) Add all the individual parts together.
3. Do not include in the TSA the surfaces of contact of the distinct shapes that
make up a composite figure.
4C Total surface area

1 Name each solid in the top row then match it with a net in the bottom row.
a b c
i ii iii
2 Draw the net of each of the following solids.

a b c
3 Identify the solids from the nets below. Draw the solid for each.
a b c
4 Find the total surface area of each of the figures below.

a b c
5 cm
9 cm
32 cm
WORKED d e f
Example
4 cm
10
4.1 cm 20 cm 42 mm
3.9 cm
13 cm
14 cm 7 mm
7 mm
5 Oliver is making a box in the shape of a rectangular prism. The box is to be 2.5 m long,
1.2 m wide and 0.8 m high. Calculate the surface area of the box.
6 Calculate the surface area of an open

box in the shape of a cube, with a side
length of 75 cm. (Hint: Since the box
is open there are only five faces.)
7 A room is in the shape of a

rectangular prism. The floor is 5 m
long and 3.5 m wide. The room has a
ceiling 2.5 m high. The floor is to be
covered with slate tiles, the walls are
to be painted blue and the ceiling is to
be painted white.
a Calculate the area to be tiled.
b Each tile is 0.25 m2. Calculate the
number of tiles needed.
c Calculate the area to be painted
blue.
d Calculate the area to be painted
white.
e One litre of paint covers an area of
12 m2. How many litres of paint
are needed to paint the room?
WORKED 8 Find the total surface area of the following cylinders.
Example
11 a b c
250 mm
Radius = 410 mm
Length = 1.5 m
90 cm
250 mm
(Answer to nearest cm2)
28 cm
WORKED 9 Calculate the surface area of the square pyramid
Example
at right. 13 cm
12
10 cm
10 A triangle-based pyramid has four equal faces as

shown at right. Calculate the surface area to the
nearest cm2. (Recall Heron’s formula.)
4 cm

11 multiple choice
Two cubes are drawn such that the side length on the second cube is double the side
length on the first cube. The surface area of the larger cube will be:
A twice the surface area of the smaller cube
B four times the surface area of the small cube
C six times the surface area of the small cube
D eight times the surface area of the small cube
E twelve times the surface area of the small cube
12 Calculate the surface area of the triangular prism
5 cm
at right.
4 cm
2 cm
3 cm
13 Calculate the surface area of the following cones.
a b 40 cm c
2.9 cm 18 cm
10 cm
32 cm
2.4 cm
WORKED 14 Find the total surface area of the following spheres and hemispheres.
Example
13 a b Open c Closed
6.3 mm
43 mm (Answer to
5m nearest mm2.)
(Answer in cm2.)
WORKED 15 A cube has a total surface area of 24 cm2. What is the length of each side?
Example
14
16 Another cube has a total surface area twice that of the one in question 15. Is the side
length of this cube twice that of the one in the previous question? Explain.
WORKED 17 Calculate the surface area
Example
15
of this prism. 3.2 m
1m
2m
4m
6m
18 A concrete swimming pool is a

rectangular prism with the dimensions
shown at right. It has a depth of
1.3 metres. What surface area of tiles
is needed to line the inside of the
pool? (Give answer in m2.) Remember 4m
there is no top on the pool. 6m
19 What is the total area of canvas needed for the tent 2.5
1.0 m
m
(including the base) shown in the diagram at right?
Give the answer to the nearest m2.
1.5 m
6.5 m
20 multiple choice 4.5 m
A ball used in a game of pool has the
diameter shown. The total surface
area of the ball is closest to:
A 1810 mm2
B 2300 mm2
C 7240 mm2 48 mm
D 28 950 mm2
E 115 800 mm2
21 multiple choice
The total surface area of a golf ball of radius 21 mm is closest to:
A 550 mm2 B 55 cm2 C 55 000 mm2 D 0.055 m2 E 5.5 cm2
22 multiple choice
The formula for the total surface area for the object shown is:
a
b
A 1
--- abh B 2 × 1--- bh + ab + 2 × ah
2 2
C 3( 1--- bh + ab) D 1
--- bh + 3ab
2 2
E bh + 3ab
23 multiple choice
The total surface area of a poster tube that is
115 cm long and 8 cm in diameter is closest to:
A 3000 cm2 B 2900 cm2 C 1500 mm2
2 2
D 6200 m E 23 000 cm
24 A baker is investigating the best shape for a loaf
of bread. The shape with the smallest surface area
stays freshest. The baker has come up with two
shapes: a rectangular prism with a 12-cm-square
base, and a cylinder with flat, round ends that have
a 14-cm diameter.
a Which shape stays fresher if they have the
same overall length of 32 cm?
b What is the difference between the total sur-
face areas of the two loaves of bread?
2
1 Calculate the area of a rectangle with a length of 0.4 m and a width of 1.1 m.
2 Calculate the area of a triangle with a base of 12.3 m and a height of 4.8 m.
3 Calculate the area of the trapezium at right. 32 m
96 m
56 m
Name the solids below.
4 5 6
7 Find the surface area of the cube

9c
m shown at left.
8 Find the surface area of a rectangular

prism with a length of 8 cm, a width
of 5 cm and a height of 6 cm.
9 Find the surface area of the triangular

prism below.
10 cm 8 cm
20 cm
6 cm
10 Find the surface area of the square

pyramid below.
6 cm
8 cm
Volume and capacity

Volume
The volume of a 3-D object represents the amount of space contained in, or occupied
by, the object. The units used to measure volume are those of cubic measure: mm3,
cm3, m3.
Constructing our conversion ladder, as before, will enable us to convert from one
unit to another.
mm3
10 × 10 × 10 = 1000
× ÷
cm3
100 × 100 × 100 = 1 000 000
m3
To obtain the conversion factors for cubic measure, the linear measure conversion
factors are cubed. The same procedure applies as before: multiply when converting to a
smaller unit and divide when converting to a larger unit.
The capacity of a 3-D object refers to the quantity of solid, liquid or gas it could
eBook plus
hold. The units used to measure capacity are millilitres (mL), litres (L) and kilolitres
Digital doc: (kL). The conversion ladder for capacity units is as follows:
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Capacity
mL
1000
× ÷
L
1000
kL
In capacity units, 1 mL represents the amount

of liquid which a 1-cm cube could hold. Two useful
conversion relationships are: Holds 1 mL
1 cm
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL 1 cm
and, for larger quantities 1 m3 ≡ 1 kL 1 cm
WORKED Example 16
Convert 1.12 cm3 to mm3.
THINK WRITE
1 The conversion from centimetres to
millimetres is 1 cm = 10 mm.
2 The conversion factor for cm3 to mm3 1.12 cm3 = (1.12 × 1000) mm3
is to multiply by 103 or 1000; that is, = 1120 mm3
1 cm3 = 1000 mm3.
3 Write the answer in correct units.

WORKED Example 17
Convert:
a 400 cm3 into mL b 1200 cm3 into mL and into L c 2 kL into m3.
THINK WRITE
a Since 1 cm3 is equivalent to 1 mL, then 400 cm3 is a 400 cm3 ≡ 400 mL
equivalent to 400 mL.
b 1 Each 1 cm3 will hold 1 mL of liquid. Therefore, b 1200 cm3 ≡ 1200 mL

1200 cm3 will hold 1200 mL of liquid.
2 To change mL to L, divide by 1000 (since there = 1.2 L
are 1000 mL in 1 L).
c One kL is equivalent to 1 m3. Therefore, 2 kL is c 2 kL ≡ 2 m3

equivalent to 2 m3.
In our calculations of volume, we shall consider only three classes of 3-D figures:
prisms, pyramids and spheres.
Volume of prisms
The volume of a prism is given by the following formula:
eBook plus
Volume of a prism = cross-sectional area × height of the prism
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet The height is the dimension perpendicular to the cross-sectional area.
Volume
Shape Cross-sectional shape Volume
Cylinder V = area of a circle
r × height
H = πr 2 × H
r
Area = π r 2
Triangular V = area of a triangle
prism h × height
h b = --1- bh × H
H 2
Area = 1--- bh Note: Lower-case h
b 2
represents the height of
the triangle.
Rectangular W V = area of a rectangle
prism H × height
L
L W
Area = L × W =L×W×H
Cube V = area of a square

× height
H = S2 × H
= S2 × S
S
S = S3
Area = S2 (since in a cube, H = S)
WORKED Example 18
Find the volume of the shape shown, correct to 1 decimal place. 2.6 m
2.3 m
THINK WRITE
3.2 m
1 Identify the shape. Triangular prism
2 Write down the appropriate formula for the V = 1--- bh × H
volume. 2
3 Allocate values to the pronumerals, keeping b = 2.6, h = 2.3, H = 3.2

in mind that b and h are the base and height
of a triangular cross-section or base of the
prism, while H is the height of the prism.
4 Substitute and evaluate, rounding the answer V= 1
--- × 2.6 × 2.3 × 3.2
to 1 decimal place. 2
= 9.568
≈ 9.6 m3
Volume of pyramids
As we have seen previously, a pyramid has a flat base at one end, and tapers to a point
at the other. Some examples of pyramids are shown below. A cone is really a circle-
based pyramid.
Cone Square pyramid Rectangular pyramid Triangular pyramid
t i gat
es Comparing volumes of
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ion v
in
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t i gat
es pyramids and prisms
Resources: Set of 3-D volumetric shapes of pyramids and prisms with same base
area and height; water (or rice).
For the following investigation, the volumes of pairs of open 3-D containers are
compared by considering the amount of water (or rice) each can hold. Each 3-D
pair should have the same base area and the same perpendicular height.
Consider the following pairs of containers:
square-based pyramid and cube
rectangle-based pyramid and rectangular prism
triangle-based pyramid and triangular prism
cone and cylinder
1 Fill the first container with the water (or rice), then pour the contents into the
second container. Continue refilling the first container and pouring the contents
into the second until the second container is full. How many times was it
necessary to do this?

2 From your results, how would you compare the volume of a pyramid with that
of a prism of the same base area and height?
3 Having previously considered the general formula for the volume of a prism,
suggest a general formula for the volume of a pyramid.
4 Draw labelled diagrams and deduce specific formulas for the volume of each of
the following:
a square-based pyramid b rectangle-based pyramid
c triangle-based pyramid d cone (circle-based pyramid).
A pyramid does not have a uniform cross-section. The cross-sectional area becomes
smaller as it nears the apex (point). The internal capacity or volume of a tapered object
is a fraction of the volume of a prism. Mathematicians found this fraction to be a third
( 1--- ). They defined the base of a pyramid to be the flat end opposite the apex. To calcu-
3
late the volume of a pyramid we find the area of the flat end, multiply this by the height
of the pyramid (which must be perpendicular to the base) and then multiply by 1--- (or
3
divide by 3).
Volume of a pyramid = 1
--- × area of base × height of object
3
The following table shows the formulas for the volume of some common pyramids.
Flat end (base)

Shape shape Volume
Cone V= 1
--- × area of a circle
3
r
H × height
--- π r ×H
1 2
r V=
3
Square V= 1
--- × area of a square
pyramid 3
H
× height
V= 1 2
--- S ×H
S 3
S
Rectangular W V= 1
--- × area of a
pyramid 3
H
L rectangle × height
= 1--- L × W × H
3
W
L
Triangular V= 1
--- × area of a triangle
pyramid 3
h × height
H
V= 1 1
--- ( --- bh) ×H
b 3 2
h
b Note: Lower-case h
represents the height of the
triangle.
WORKED Example 19
Find the volume of the
Height of
pyramid at right pyramid
(to the nearest m3). = 40 m
30 m 30 m
THINK WRITE
1 Write the equation. V= 1
--- × area of base × height
3
2 The pyramid has a square base. It is a Area of base = S 2
square pyramid. The area of the base is
given by S 2.
3 Calculate the volume. Volume = 1--- × S2 × H
3
Volume = 1--- × 302 × 40
3
Volume = 12 000 m3
4 Write your answer. The volume of the square pyramid is 12 000 m3.
WORKED Example 20
Find the volume of the cone at right, correct to 2 decimal places. 8.5 cm
THINK WRITE 3.2 cm
1 Write the formula. V = 1--- π r 2H

3
2 Substitute the radius and height. = 1

--- × π × 3.22 × 8.5
3
3 Calculate the volume. = 91.15 cm3
Volume of spheres
The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by the following formula:
r Volume of a sphere = 4--- π r 3

3
A hemisphere is half of a sphere. Its volume, therefore, is half of the volume of a

sphere.
Volume of hemisphere = 1
--- (volume of sphere)
2
r
= 1
--- × 4--- π r 3
2 3
= --- π r
2 3
3

WORKED Example 21
Find the volume of a sphere with a radius of 9.5 cm, correct to the nearest cm3.
THINK WRITE
1 Write the formula. V = 4--- π r 3
3
2 Substitute the radius. = 4
--- × π × 9.53
3
3 Calculate the volume. = 3591 cm3
Note that the volume and capacity of a 3-D object do not depend on whether the object
is open or closed. An open rainwater tank could hold the same quantity of water as a closed
one. The surface area, however, varies depending on whether the object is open or closed.
t i gat
es Cross-sections of solid 3-D shapes
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Plasticine (or play dough), thread.
In this activity, we investigate the surfaces exposed when solid 3-D shapes are cut
in different directions.
1 Using plasticine, mould 3-D solids in the shape of a:
a cube b rectangular prism c triangular prism
d cylinder e sphere.
2 Investigate slicing these solids in various directions with a piece of thread to
see whether it is possible to obtain sections with faces in the shape of a:
a square b rectangle c triangle
d ellipse e circle.
3 Copy and complete the following table, showing the direction of the sectional cut
required for each particular face to be exposed. Not all face shapes are possible.
Solid
Section Rectangular Triangular
face Cube prism prism Cylinder Sphere
Square
Rectangle
Triangle
Ellipse
Circle
Volume of composite objects

Often, an object can be identified as comprising two or more different common prisms,
pyramids or spheres. Such figures are called composite objects. The volume of a com-
posite object is found by adding the volumes of the individual common figures or
deducting volumes. A grain silo can be modelled as the sum of a cylinder and a large
cone, less the tip of the large cone.
The volume of a composite object is equal to the sum (or difference) of the
individual common prisms, pyramids or spheres.
Vcomposite = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . (or Vcomposite = V1 − V2)
WORKED Example 22
Find the capacity of the object shown at right (to the nearest litre). 12 cm
20 cm
THINK WRITE 18 cm 25 cm
1 The object is a composite of a cylinder r = 6 cm
H = 20 cm
and a square prism.

25 cm
18
cm
18 cm
The volume of the composite object is Vcomposite = volume of cylinder
the sum of volumes of the cylinder plus + volume of square prism
the prism. = (π r 2 × Hc) + (S2 × Hs)
= (π × 62 × 20) + (182 × 25)
= 2261.946 711 + 8100
= 10 361.946 711 cm3
2 Convert to litres using the conversion of 10 362 cm3 ≡ 10.362 litres
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
1000 mL = 1 L
3 Write your answer. The capacity of the object is 10 litres.

remember
remember
1. Volume is measured in cubic units: mm3, cm3, m3.
2. Capacity is measured in mL, L, kL.
3. To convert volume units into capacity units:
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
1 m3 ≡ 1 kL
4. The volume of a prism is found using the formula
V = area of base × height of prism
5. The volume of a pyramid is found using the formula
V= 1
--- × area of base × height of pyramid
3
6. The volume of a sphere is calculated using
V= 4
---
3
πr3
and for a hemisphere,
V= 2
---
3
πr3
7. The volume of a container is not dependent on whether it is open or closed.
8. The volume of a composite object can be found by adding or subtracting
volumes of individual prisms, pyramids or spheres.
4D Volume and capacity

WORKED 1 Convert the volumes to the units specified. eBook plus
Example
16 a 0.35 cm3 to mm3 b 4800 cm3 to m3 c 56 000 cm3 to litres Digital docs:
3 3 3 3 SkillSHEET 4.9
d 1.5 litres to cm e 1.6 m to litres f 0.0023 cm to mm Conversion
of volume units
g 0.000 57 m3 to cm3 h 140 000 mm3 to litres i 250 000 mm3 to cm3
SkillSHEET 4.10
WORKED 2 Convert the following units as indicated. Volume
Example
17 a 750 cm3 ≡ mL b 800 cm3 ≡ L
c 2500 cm3 ≡ mL d 40 000 cm3 ≡ L
e 6m =3
cm ≡
3
mL = L f 12 m ≡
3
L
g 4.2 m3 ≡ kL h 7.5 m3 ≡ kL = L
i 5.2 mL ≡ cm3 j 6L≡ cm 3
k 20 L = mL ≡ cm3 l 5.3 kL ≡ m3
3 Calculate the volume and capacity of each of the prisms below.
a b c
5 cm
2.4 m
13 m
d e f 20.5 m
16.5 m
50 mm 12.5 m
3.2 m
4.2 m
9 mm
9 mm
g h i 27 cm
6 cm
12 m 13 cm
12 cm
3m
WORKED 4 For each of the triangular prisms below find:

Example
18
i the area of the base of the prism ii the volume of the prism.
a b
6 cm
8 cm
12 cm
8 cm
3 cm 5 cm
c d
3.4 m
12.5 m
3.2 m
2.7 m 1.5 m 7.8 m
5 multiple choice
The shape at right could be described as:
A a cube B a square prism
C a rectangular prism D both B and C
E none of the above
6 multiple choice
The area of the base of a prism is 34.67 cm2, and the height is 3.6 cm. The volume of
the prism is:
A 38.27 cm2 B 38.27 cm3 C 41.604 cm2 D 124.12 cm2 E 124.812 cm3
7 multiple choice
The dimensions of a rectangular prism are all doubled. The volume of the prism will
increase by a factor of:
A2 B 4 C6 D8 E 12
8 A refrigerator is in the shape of a rectangular prism. The internal dimensions of the
prism are 60 cm by 60 cm by 140 cm.
a Find the volume of the refrigerator in cm3.
b The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in litres. If 1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL, find the
capacity of the refrigerator in litres.

9 A semitrailer is 15 m long, 2.5 m wide and 2.7 m high in the shape of a rectangular
prism. Find the capacity of the semitrailer. (Ignore the thickness of the walls.)
10 A petrol tanker is shown at right.

The tank is cylindrical in shape. The radius of
the tank is 2 m and the length is 12 m. Ignoring 12 m
the thickness of the material, calculate: 2m
a the volume of the tank, correct to 3 decimal
places
b the capacity of the tank, to the nearest
100 litres. (1 m3 ≡ 1000 L).
11 At right is a diagram of a concrete slab for a house. 10 m

a Calculate the area of the slab.
b The slab is to be 10 cm thick. Calculate the volume of con- 2.5 m
15 m
crete needed for the slab. (Hint: Write 10 cm as 0.1 m.) 10 m
c Concrete costs $145.50/m3 to lay. Calculate the cost of this
slab.
12 A flat rectangular roof is 14 m long and 8 m

wide. When it rains, the water is collected in
a cylindrical tank.
a Calculate the volume of water collected
on the roof when 25 mm of rain falls.
b How many litres of water does the roof
collect?
c The cylindrical tank has a radius of
1.8 m and is 2.4 m high. What is the
capacity of the tank, in litres?
d By how much does the depth of water in
the tank rise when the rain falls? Answer
in centimetres, correct to 1 decimal
place.
WORKED 13 For each of the following pyramids, calculate the volume by first calculating the area
Example
19
of the base shape.
a b
8 cm
6 cm
15 cm 8 cm
14 cm
c d
8 cm
12 m
6 cm
5 cm
6m
10 m 12 cm
WORKED 14 Find the volume of each of the following cones, correct to the nearest whole number.
Example
a b
20
10 cm
12 cm
12 cm
5 cm
c d 42 cm
33 mm
42 cm
8 mm
15 A cone has a base with a diameter of 9 cm and a height of 12 cm. Calculate the
volume of that cone, correct to 1 decimal place.
WORKED 16 Calculate the volume of each of the following spheres, correct to 1 decimal place.
Example
21 a b c d
3.2 m
6 cm 8 cm 12.5 m
17 Calculate the volume of a sphere with a diameter of 2.3 cm. Answer correct to 2 decimal
places.
18 multiple choice
Which of the following solids could not be described as a pyramid?
A B C D E
19 multiple choice
A triangular pyramid, a square pyramid and a cone each have a base area of 20 cm2
and a height of 15 cm. Which of the following statements is correct?
A The triangular pyramid has the greatest volume.
B The square pyramid has the greatest volume.
C The cone has the greatest volume.
D They all have the same volume.
E They each have a different volume.
20 multiple choice
A spherical balloon has a volume of 500 cm3. It is then inflated so that the diameter of
the balloon is doubled. The volume of the balloon will now be:
21 In each of the following, the prism’s front face is made up of a composite figure. For
each:
i calculate the area of the front face ii find the volume of the prism.
a 4 cm b
4m
20 cm 10 cm
8m
10 cm 9m
16 cm
c d 12 m
8 cm 3m
15 cm
12 cm 6m
6 cm 12 m
20 cm 18 m
WORKED 22 Find the volume of the solid at right. Answer correct to

Example
22
1 decimal place.
4 cm
23 A hollow rubber ball is to be made with a radius of 8 cm,
and the rubber to be used is 1 cm thick. 12 cm
a What would be the radius of the hollow inside?
b Calculate the volume of the ball.
c Calculate the volume of space inside the ball.
d Calculate the amount of rubber (in cm3) needed to make the ball.
24 The figure at right is a truncated cone, that is, a cone with the
top cut off. 12 cm
a Calculate the volume of the cone before it was truncated. 3 cm
b The portion cut off was itself a cone. Calculate its volume.
6 cm
c Calculate the volume of the truncated cone. 6 cm
25 Use the same method as 6 cm

in question 24 to find the 1 cm
4 cm
volume of the truncated
pyramid shown at right.
3 cm
26 The figure at right is of an ice-cream cone, containing a spherical 2.5 cm
scoop of ice-cream (a whole sphere).
a Calculate the volume of the cone.
8 cm
b Calculate the volume of the scoop of ice-cream.
c Calculate the total volume of the shape (Hint: Only
half the sphere sits above the cone.)
27 A typical concrete water pipe has an
eBook plus
internal diameter of 457 mm and a
Digital doc: wall thickness of 38 mm. What
WorkSHEET 4.2 volume of concrete is used per 457 mm
metre in making these pipes? Give
your answer in cm3, rounded to the
first digit.
38 mm
t i gat
es The optimum swimming pool
io
ion v
in
es n inv Resources: Pen, paper, calculator.

t i gat
You are considering having a swimming pool constructed in your back yard. In order
to get the best value for money, you need to research the advantages of differently
shaped pools. Approach this investigation in a formal manner and summarise your
research under the headings:
Aim Procedure Results Conclusion(s)
For the purpose of this investigation, you are to consider six factors:
1. A major cost in the construction of the pool lies in tiling the interior surface. For
this reason, you wish your pool to have a minimum surface area.
2. Your back yard allows you only a 10-metre by 5-metre area of land.
3. The depth of the pool must lie within the range 1.5 metres and 2 metres.
4. The pool must (subject to the above restrictions) have a maximum water capacity.
5. Because water is regarded as a scarce resource, some councils no longer allow
swimming pools to be filled with reticulated tap water; instead, pools may be filled
with tank water, or water may be purchased from a water supplier. Investigate the
restrictions on water usage in your area, and include these in your considerations.
6. Water evaporates from the surface of swimming pools. During the hot summer
months, evaporation can reduce the level of water by 0.5 cm per day. For this
reason, many councils require that pools be covered. Investigate the requirements
in your area and build this factor into your considerations.
It is obviously not possible to satisfy all these requirements with one particular
shape and size of pool. There must be compromises. Your task is to investigate
differently shaped pools and decide on a shape and size which best satisfies the
above requirements.
1 Aim: Begin by summarising the above information to define the aim of your
investigation.
2 Procedure: Explain how you intend to collect data that would enable you to
make a decision in light of the above restrictions.
3 Results: In order to approach this in a methodical manner, draw up a table with
the following headings.
Shape Surface area Volume

Within the above Calculate the surface Determine the
restrictions, draw at least area of the base and volume of water
5 shapes here. Label figures walls of each shape (the each pool would
with dimensions. top is open). contain.
4 Conclusions: Study the two right-hand columns of your table. Decide on a shape
that offers the best compromise between surface area and volume. Write your
recommendations. (You may consider that there are two shapes which would be
just as suitable.) Write a paragraph outlining the water restrictions that apply in
your area in regard to the filling and maintenance of your pool.

t i gat
es
io
Minimising surface area
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Log into www.jacplus.com.au, locate the weblinks for this chapter and download
the spreadsheet ‘Volume’. Click on the ‘Cylinder’ tab. Investigate the change in
volume and surface area as you change the radius and depth of the cylinder.
eBook plus
Task 1
Digital doc:
EXCEL Spreadsheet A cylindrical drink container is to have a capacity of 1 litre (volume = 1000 cm3).
Volume We are going to calculate the most cost-efficient dimensions to make the container.
To do this, we want to make the container with as little material as possible; in
other words, we want to minimise the surface area of the cylinder.
Set up a spreadsheet with the headings as shown below.
1. In cell B3 enter the volume of the cylinder, 1000.

2. In cell A6 enter a radius of 1. In cell A7 enter a radius of 2 and so on up to a
radius of 20.
3. The formula that has been entered in cell B6 will give the height of the cylinder
corresponding to the radius for the given volume.
4. The surface area of each possible cylinder is in column D. Use the charting
function on the spreadsheet to graph the surface area against the radius.
5. What is the most cost efficient dimensions of the drink container?
Task 2
Use one of the other worksheets to find the most efficient dimensions to make a
rectangular prism of volume 1000 cm3 and a cone of volume 200 cm3.
t i gat
es Upkeep of above-ground circular pools
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Computer spreadsheet.
Above-ground pools are a popular alternative to in-ground pools. They can be
eBook plus dismantled when the children outgrow them and the lawn can be re-established.
The cost of maintaining a pool depends on the volume of water it contains (and
Digital doc: also on its use). The chemicals added to the water help to kill germs and to
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Upkeep circular pools
maintain a healthy environment.
In this investigation, we shall ignore the contribution of frequency of use and
consider only the effects of the diameter and depth of a circular pool on the upkeep
cost. As the diameter (and radius) of a circular pool increases, the volume of water
it contains also increases. If the radius doubles, does the volume also double (for a
given depth)? This is the basis of our investigation. Let us consider two situations:
1. circular swimming pools of varying radii and the same depth
2. circular swimming pools of varying depths and the same radius.
Part 1
1 Set up a spreadsheet with the following headings:
Radius Depth Surface area Volume
2 Enter values for the radius from 5 m to 15 m in steps of 1 m.
3 Under the heading ‘Depth’, enter a figure of 2 m down the entire column.
4 Enter the formula for surface area (area of a circle) in column 3 and copy it
down the column.
5 In column 4, enter the formula for volume (of a cylinder) then copy it down the
column.
6 Enter the graphing section of the spreadsheet and plot Radius on the x-axis and
Volume on the y-axis. Add suitable headings and print out a copy.
7 What are your conclusions about the variation of volume with radius for a
given depth?
Part 2
1 Amend your spreadsheet, keeping the following headings:
Radius Depth Surface area Volume
2 Enter a value of 10 m for the radius down the entire length of column 1.
3 Under the heading ‘Depth’, enter a figure of 1 m to 2 m in steps of 0.1 m.
Your spreadsheet should automatically recalculate the surface area and volume
for these new figures.
4 Enter the graphing section of the spreadsheet and plot Depth on the x-axis and
Volume on the y-axis. Add suitable headings and print a copy.
5 What are your conclusions about the variation of volume with depth for a given
radius?
Part 3
The cost of upkeep for a pool depends largely on the volume of water it contains.
Write a report to outline your findings on pool maintenance costs for circular
pools.

t i gat
es
io
The optimum size for
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es a rainwater tank
Resources: Spreadsheet.
eBook plus It is becoming more common these days to have a rainwater tank in the back yard
of a suburban residential property. Because space is limited in these situations,
Digital doc:
certain restrictions must be placed on size.
EXCEL Spreadsheet
Rainwater tank Kirsten and Daniel have recently purchased their first home. They wish to install
a cylindrical rainwater tank. Their constraints are as follows:
1. the base diameter plus the height of the tank must not exceed 5 metres
2. within the above restrictions, the volume of the tank must be as large as possible.
1 Set up a spreadsheet with the following headings:
Diameter Radius Height Volume
2 In a systematic manner, investigate the volume obtained from a variety of

combinations of diameter and height. Remember that the sum of these two
measurements must not exceed 5 metres.
3 What sized tank would you recommend for Kirsten and Daniel?
4 How much rainwater would it hold?
5 Prepare a report for Kirsten and Daniel, supporting your recommendations with
mathematical evidence.
t i gat
es Mulch for garden beds
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Pen, paper, calculator.
Len owns a landscaping business. At the moment
he has four small jobs on his books. Each one
eBook plus
requires mulch. They are all jobs where the
Digital doc: owners have removed sporting facilities and now
EXCEL Spreadsheet want to establish a garden.
Mulch for garden beds
Job 1 A tennis court has been dismantled and
the area requiring mulch is 14 m by 6 m.
Job 2 A 10-m diameter circular pool has been
removed.
Job 3 A children’s sand pit 10 m square is no
longer required.
Job 4 A triangular play area 12 m by 16 m by
20 m is to be turned into a garden area.
Without thinking too much about the jobs, Len
quoted to supply 4 m3 of mulch for each job.
(continued)
Draw up the table below and complete the blank spaces.
Volume of Depth of
Job Diagram Area mulch mulch
1 4 m3
2 4 m3
3 4 m3
4 4 m3
Which job receives the greatest depth of mulch? Justify your answer with
mathematical evidence.
t i gat
es Developing islands and canals
io
ion v
in
n inv
t i gat
es Resources: Pen, paper, calculator.
A tourist enterprise is considering developing land by creating artificial islands
surrounded by canals. It is envisaged that pleasure cruises and water sports would
take place on the canals, while tourist accommodation would be established on the
islands. The land in question has an area of 2 km square.
The constraints for the project are:
1. The canal must go completely around the perimeter of the land.
2. The islands created must be circular and each must be no smaller than 5000 m2.
3. There must be at least 4 islands in the development.
4. In order that the pleasure cruisers can navigate the islands, each canal must
have a minimum width of 50 metres and a depth of 10 metres across its entire
width.
1 Draw a sketch of the area of land and investigate options within the above
constraints. Organise your investigations in the form of a table.
Volume of water
Sketch Total area of islands in canals
Draw at least 4 sketches Calculate the total area Find the volume of soil
showing proposals for of the exposed land on that would be removed
the positions and shapes the islands. to form the canals. This
of the islands. approximates the
volume of water that
would fill the canals.
The developer has to bear in mind that the islands provide accommodation for
guests, while the canals provide entertainment.
2 Consider the results from your table above. Recommend a development which
you consider would provide an estate with the optimum balance between land
and water. Provide a plan (with measurements indicated) and justify your
decision with sound mathematical reasoning.
summary
Units of measurement
• Measurements of length
10 mm = 1 cm
100 cm = 1 m
1000 m = 1 km
• Measurements of area
100 mm2 = 1 cm2
10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
10 000 m2 = 1 ha
• Measurements of volume
1000 mm3 = 1 cm3
1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
• Measurements of capacity
1000 mL = 1 L
1000 L = 1 kL
• Conversion of volume to capacity
1 cm3 ≡ 1 mL
1 m3 ≡ 1 kL
Perimeter
• Perimeter is the distance around an enclosed figure.
1. Perimeter formulas for common shapes encountered are
Square P = 4S
Rectangle P = 2(L + W)
Circle C = 2π r or π D
θ°
Sector C = ----------- × 2π r + 2r
360°
Other figures P = sum of lengths of all sides.
2. Perimeter is measured in linear measure.
Area
• Area is the amount of space within the boundary of a closed figure.
• Area formulas for common shapes encountered are:
Square A = S2
Rectangle A=L×W
Parallelogram A = base × perpendicular height
Trapezium A = 1--- (a + b) × h
2
Triangle A = 1--- bh
2
(when 3 sides are known) A = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) (Heron’s formula)

where s= 1
--- (a + b + c)
2
Circle A = π r2
θ°
Sector A = ----------- × π r 2
360°
Composite figures A = sum or difference of areas of individual shapes
• Area is measured in square measure.
Total surface area (TSA)

• The surface area of a 3-D object represents the total area of all its exposed surfaces.
• Total surface area formulas for common shapes encountered are:
Cube TSA = 6S2
Rectangular prism TSA = 2(WH + LW + LH)
Cylinder TSA = 2π r2 + 2π rH
Square pyramid TSA = S2 + 4 × ( 1--- bh)
2
Cone TSA = π r2 + π rS
Sphere TSA = 4π r 2
Open hemisphere TSA = 2π r 2
Closed hemisphere TSA = 3π r 2
Composite figures TSA = sum of areas of all exposed faces
Volume
• Volume represents the amount of space contained in, or occupied by, an object.
• Volume formulas for common shapes encountered are:
Prisms V = area of base × height
Pyramids V = --1- × area of base × height
3
Spheres V= 4
---
3
πr3
Hemispheres V= 2
---
3
πr3
Composite figures V = sum or difference of volumes of individual shapes
• While volume is represented in cubic measure, capacity is represented in mL, L or
kL.
• The volume of an object does not depend on whether it is open or closed.
CHAPTER
review
1 Copy and complete each of the following.
a 190 mm = _____ cm b 190 mm2 = _____ cm2 c 190 mm3 = _____ cm3 4A
d 500 mL = _____ L e 500 mL = _____ kL 50 m3 ≡ _____ L
g 0.2 m3 = _____ cm3 h 0.2 m2 = _____ cm2
f
i 0.2 m = _____ cm
4B
j 120 cm3 ≡ _____ mL k 120 cm3 ≡ _____ L l 0.3 kL ≡ _____ cm3 4D
2 Find: i the area and ii the perimeter of the following shapes.
a b c
4A
14 mm
13 cm 4B
12 cm
°
20
20 mm 7 cm
3.2 m
d e 5 cm 9 cm
cm
cm
24 16 cm 5.5 m 1.5 m
.3
21
4 cm
18 cm
2.5 m
3 Calculate i the area and ii the perimeter of the following shapes. Give your answers correct
to 1 decimal place. 4A
a 10 cm b c 4B
15 cm
25 cm 10 m
13 cm
30 cm 6 cm
4 multiple choice
16 cm 4B
Examine the diagram at right.
a The circles cover an area of approximately:
b The shaded area is approximately:
5 Draw the net of each of the following solids.
a b c
4C
6 Name the solid shape for which the net is given

at right. 4C
7 Find the surface area of each of the following solids.

4C a b c d 4.6 m
2.1 m
0.8 m 0.9 m
3.9 m
4.2 cm 1.8 m
8 Calculate the surface area of each of the figures below, by calculating the area of each face
4C separately and adding them.
a b 6 cm c 5m
5m 5 cm
4m 4 cm 10 cm
15 m
12 cm 2m
3m 3.5 m
3m
12 m
9 Calculate the surface area of each of the following cylinders.

4C
a b c 20 cm
1.6 m
13 cm
3.8 m 32.5 cm
6 cm
10 Find the total surface area of the following pyramids.

4C
a b 14 mm c
10.5 m
18 cm
42 mm
8.4 m
20 cm
11 Find the total exterior surface area of the following objects (to the nearest whole number).
4C
a b c 10 m
9 mm
Closed
Open
12 cm
12 At right is a diagram of an Olympic swimming pool.

a Calculate the area of one side wall.
b Use the formula V = cross-sectional area × height 50 m
22 m 1m
to calculate the volume of the pool.
c How many litres of water will it take to fill the pool? 2m
(1 m3 ≡ 1000 L) 50.01 m
d The walls and floor of the pool need to be painted.
Calculate the area to be painted.

13 At right are the plans for a garage that Rob is building. All the
walls are bricked. (Note: The garage has an iron roof and is closed 4C
at one end.) Calculate the area that will need to be bricked.
2.5 m 6m
4D
14 Use the formulas to calculate the volume and capacity of each of 3m
the following cubes, rectangular prisms and cylinders. 4D
a b c
3.8 m
4.6 m
29 mm 11.6 m
6.5 cm
d e f
18 mm
13 cm
41 cm 32 mm
3 cm
8 cm
3 cm
15 A prism has a base area of 45 cm2 and a height of 13 cm. Calculate the volume.
4D
16 Use the formula V = 1
× A × H to calculate the volume and capacity of each of the pyramids
below.
---
3 4D
a b 19 mm c
9 cm 2.3 m
A = 16 cm2 A = 126 mm2 A = 6.9 m2
17 Calculate the volume of each of the pyramids, cones and spheres below.
a b c 4D
2.6 m
25 m 3.2 m
36 m 7.9 m
52 mm
19 mm
d 19.5 mm e f
23 mm 70 cm
23.5 mm
18 Find the volume and capacity of each of the following shapes, correct to 1 decimal place.
a 60 cm b c 10 cm
4D
113 cm
25 cm 15
cm
1.4 m
1.8 m 22 cm
2m 64 cm
19 The diagram at right shows 3 tennis balls packed in a cylindrical container. Find: 7 cm
a the volume of each ball
b the volume of the cylinder
H
c the volume of space that remains free. C
20 Calculate the area of a circle with a diameter of 8.6 cm,
correct to 1 decimal place.
9 cm
21 Calculate the area of the annulus (ring) shown at right,
correct to 2 decimal places. 3 cm
22 Calculate the area

of the sector at right,
correct to 1 decimal 13.2 cm
place. 10 cm
85°
23 Calculate the area of the figure at right. 29 cm
9 cm
24 Calculate the shaded 28 cm
area in the figure
drawn at right, correct 4.6 cm
to 2 decimal places.
9.7 cm
25 Calculate the area in the figure at right, correct to

2 decimal places.
26 Calculate the surface area of a closed cylinder 5 cm

with a radius of 10 cm and a height of 23 cm.
Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number.
27 Calculate the surface area of a

sphere with a radius of 1.3 m.
Give your answer correct
to 3 decimal places.
28 Calculate the volume of the

20.3 cm
prism drawn at right. 13.4 cm
4 cm
9.1 cm
eBook plus
13.7 cm
8 cm
Digital doc: 29 Calculate the volume of the solid at right, correct to the nearest
Test Yourself
Chapter 4 whole number.

Maths Year 11A CH 4 - Maths Quest Maths A Year 11 For Queensland

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5_61_08071_MQA11Qld2E Ch04 Page 105 Monday, July 14, 2008 3:02 PM

We are surrounded by geometric

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 107

1 What do you understand by the word length?

9 Use your calculator to determine answers to the following (correct to 2 decimal

Objects all around us can be classified as two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional

It’s important to realise that sometimes it is not possible

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 109

Digital doc: Smallest unit

WORKED Example 1 eBook plus

Complete each of the following. Digital doc:

a Changing millimetres to centimetres: a 30 mm = (30 ÷ 10) cm

Other polygons P = sum of lengths of all sides

Sector C = length of arc + 2 radii

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 111

1 Identify the shape: sector.

Perimeter of composite figures

Changing units and

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 113

Shape Sketch of shape Area (e.g. 3 ‘triangular units’)

Pieces Sketch Pieces Sketch

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 115

By constructing a conversion ladder, as we did before for linear measure, we find:

To obtain the conversion factors for square measures,

b Change km2 to m2 (multiply by b 5 km2 = (5 × 1 000 000) m2

Trapezium a A = 1--- (a + b)h

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 117

eBook plus Circle A = π r2

1 Write the formula. A= 1

a 1 Write the formula. a A=b×h

b 1 Write the formula. b A= 1

A minute hand moving from the number 12 to the 3

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 119

1 The area required is the area A = outer area − inner area

2 Identify the value of R (radius of R = 6, r = 3

3 Substitute the values of the A = π × 62 − π × 32

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 121

WORKED 3 Look at the figure at right.

9 A rectangular garden in a park is 15 m long and 12 m wide. A concrete path 1.5 m

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 123

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 125

n inv perimeter and area

Three-dimensional objects Cube

Object Net TSA

Cube TSA = 6S2

Rectangular prism L TSA = area of

Cylinder TSA = area of 2 circles

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 127

Square-based TSA = area of square

Cone Curved surface of a cone is TSA = area of base (circle)

Sphere Not shown TSA = 4π r 2

Closed Not shown TSA = 2π r 2

2 Identify the different-sized common TSA = A1 + A2

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 129

2 Calculate the area of a triangular side. A= 1

and evaluate. = 200

Chapter 4 Length, area and volume 131

4C Total surface area

2 Draw the net of each of the following solids.

4 Find the total surface area of each of the figures below.

6 Calculate the surface area of an open

7 A room is in the shape of a

10 A triangle-based pyramid has four equal faces as