Communication

Systems

Shannon's
Equation
By
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad

1
 SHANNON'S EQUATION
 INTRODUCTION

 In 1948, mathematician Claude

E. Shannon published a paper in
the Bell System Technical Journal
relating the information capacity
of a communication channel to
bandwidth and signal-to-noise
ratio.

 It is an extension of a relationship
developed by R. Hartly of Bell
Laboratories in 1928.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 2

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

The signal and noise are uncorrelated. The total power obtained
PT, when combining these uncorrelated, apparently randomly
varying quantities is given by

i.e. the typical combined rms voltage, VT, will be such that

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

The combined signal and noise will generally be confined to a

voltage range

Consider now dividing this range into bands of equal size.

As a result the maximum number of bits of information we can

obtain regarding the level at any moment will given by:

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 4

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

Now,

Which can be rearranged to produce,

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 5

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

If we make M, b-bit measurements of the level in a time, T, then

the total number of bits of information collected will be

This means that the information transmission rate, I, bits per unit
time, will be

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 6

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

From the Sampling Theorem we can say that, for a channel of

bandwidth, B, the highest practical sampling rate, M / T, at which
we can make independent measurements or samples of a signal,
will be

Combining above two expressions and therefore conclude that the

maximum information transmission rate, C, will be

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 7

 SHANNON'S EQUATION
DERIVATION

This expression represents the maximum possible rate of

information transmission through a given channel or system. The
maximum rate we can transmit information is set by the bandwidth,
the signal level, and the noise level. C is therefore called the
channel's information carrying Capacity. This is called Shannon's
Equation after the first person to derive it.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 8

Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 9