MIND

Rise of Nationalism in Europe

French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

Inspired by the events of February 1848 in France, liberal revolutionaries consisting of Middle
class educated professionals and merchants set up a German National Assembly.

Administrative Changes Napoleonic Code Reaction of People In May 1848, a group of 831 Elected representatives met together and decided on a system
of constitutional monarchy.
Emergence of Constitution of France
? Introduction of civil code (1804)
? System went against the right to
?
liberty King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia Rejected the offer.
Estates General renamed as the National
? Equality of all before law
?
Assembly Privileges of high class abolished
? Increase in taxes, censorship and
? The lower Peasant class too protested at the lack of representation.
Centralised Administration
? forced conscription into the French
Feudal system ended
?
armies condemned Led to a weakening of the liberal movement and the disbanding of the assembly.
Uniform system of weights and measures
? Peasants freed from serfdom system
?
French language made a common language
? Transport and communication
?
improved The Making of Germany and Italy

Unification of Germany Unification of Italy

Aristocracy and New
Middle Class
Aristocratic class owned
? It demands for the freedom
property, united by ties of
marriage
Peasantry class mainly
? Demanded abolition of
consisted of tenants and
small land owners
New middle class i.e. the
? and services
working class among
whom the ideas of national
unity following the abolition
of aristocratic privileges
popularised.
Causes
Liberal Nationalism
? Believed in preservation of
for the individual and
equality of all before the law
? society.
state imposed restrictions
on the movement of goods
Zollverein (a customs
? Bourbon dynasty was
Union) formed in 1834 at
the initiative of Prussia; it
abolished tariff barriers and
reduced currencies from
thirty to two
Attempt to set up a constitutional monarchy at Frankfurt in 1848
? Idea of unification was first given by Guiseppe Mazzini through
?
was suppressed by the monarchy, Military and Junkers. his secret society called young Italy.
New Conservatism The Revolutionaries Prussian Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck takes the lead in
? The lead was taken by the king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II.
?
German unification. Count Cavour, Chief Minister of Sardinia, led the unification
?
He planned the unification with the help of the Prussian Army
? process by alliance with France to defeat Austria and unify its
?
and Bureaucracy. Northern territories.
The fear of repression gave
?
established and traditional the idea of creation of Ensured unification after 3 wars with France, Austria and
? Guiseppe Garibaldi led movement in Western part by involving
?
institutions of state and nation-state with freedom Denmark over 7 years. local peasant support to attack Spanish rule.
Giuseppe Mazzini, founded
? Process completed with the crowning of Kaiser William I as
? Process completed with the crowning of Victor Emmanuel II as
?
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
? secret societies i.e young King of Germany. king of Italy in 1861.
signed by the European Italy in Marseilles and
powers young Europe in Berne
?
restored to power and a The Strange Case of Britain Visualising the Nation
series of states were set up
on the boundaries of France
Unification of Britain was not the result of a nationalist revolt.
Allegory of the Nation
Four main ethnic regions–– English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish.

The decision for unification was taken by the British Parliament.

Revolutions in Different Parts
Return of constitutional monarchy in France
? Emphasise on common culture, language,
in 1830 under Louis Philippe following the
July revolution.
End of conservative dominance and
? science.
resurgence of liberal nationalism.
Belgium fought on the same principles and
? Gottfried Herder gave the ideas of Das Volk
gained independence from Netherlands.
There was rise of Nationalism in Greece
? Polish Movement: Kept alive polish nationalist
which led to revolution in 1821.
Greece gained independence after signing
?
the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
France German
Romanticism Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt England took control of Scotland through an act of 1707.
Marianne-the idea of people’s nation
? Germania––wears a
?
? Economic hardships prevailed in Europe in
? Ireland was also captured through an act of 1801. crown of oak leaves
Characteristics drawn from liberty
?
collective heritage and emotional appeal. 1830s. and the Republic––the red cap, the as the German oak
The symbols of the new Britain tricolour, the cockade. stands for heroism.
Criticised the importance given to reason and
? Increased unemployment, competition from
?
machine-made goods, feudal dues, rise in
Major movements in Germany i.e. Johann
? food prices.
British Flag National Anthem English
Revolt in France (1848) resulted in fleeing of
?
(Union Jack) (God save our nobel king) Language
and Volkgeist. Louis Philippe and France was declared a
? Republic.
feelings through Ethnic language, Music, In Selisia, weavers led a revolt against the
?
Poetry and Folk dances while under Russian contractor in 1845. Nationalism in the Balkans
rule.
The Ethnic constituents of the Balkans demanded liberty.
?
They based their claims on their distinct national identities and historical reference to earlier state of Independence.
?
As the Ottoman Empire weakened, the various nations broke free.
?