Techniques of Integration - Trigonometric Integrals

Math 22 - Elementary Analysis II

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman

17 January 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Trigonometric Integrals

We will study techniques for evaluating integrals of the form

Z
sinm x cosn x dx
Z
secm x tann x dx
Z
cscm x cotn x dx,

where either m or n is a positive integer.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Trigonometric Integrals

Recall:

Some identities: Derivatives:

sin2 x + cos2 x =1 Dx (sin x) = cos x

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x Dx (cos x) = − sin x

1 + cot2 x = csc2 x Dx (tan x) = sec2 x

1 − cos 2x Dx (cot x) = − csc2 x
sin2 x =
2
Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x
1 + cos 2x
cos2 x =
2 Dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Trigonometric Integrals: Some examples from Math 21

Examples: Find the following antiderivatives.

u8 sin8 x
Z Z
1. sin7 x cos x dx = u7 du = +C = +C
8 8
Let u = sin x, du = cos x dx.

u4 tan4 x
Z Z
3 2
2. tan x sec x dx = u3 du = +C = +C
4 4
Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx.

Z Z
3. cot2 x dx = (csc2 x − 1) dx = − cot x − x + C

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

 Z
Consider: cos3 x sin2 x dx = ?
Z Z
cos3 x sin2 x dx = cos2 x sin2 x cos x dx
Z  
= 1 − sin2 x sin2 x cos x dx
Z Z
= sin2 x cos x dx − sin4 x cos x dx

Let u = sin x, du = cos xdx.

Z Z Z
cos3 x sin2 x dx = u2 du − u4 du
1 1
= u3 − u5 + C
3 5
1 1
= sin3 x − sin5 x + C
3 5

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Some guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals

Some guidelines for evaluating integrals of the form

Z Z Z
sinm x cosn x dx, secm x tann x dx, cscm x cotn x dx,

where either m or n is a positive integer.

G1. Try to split off a factor equal to any of the derivatives of the six
trigonometric functions
(e.g. cos3 x sin2 x = cos2 x sin2 x cos x).
Express the rest of the factors in terms of the corresponding
trigonometric function using the identities, avoiding the introduction
of any or additional radicals.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Some guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals

Some guidelines for evaluating integrals of the form

Z Z Z
sinm x cosn x dx, secm x tann x dx, cscm x cotn x dx,

where either m or n is a positive integer.

G1. split off: express the rest in terms of:

sin x cos x
cos x sin x
sec2 x tan x
csc2 x cot x
sec x tan x sec x
csc x cot x csc x
Then expand, substitute, and integrate.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sin3 x dx.

Solution: Note that

sin3 x = sin2 x sin x
= (1 − cos2 x) sin x.
Z Z  
Thus, sin3 x dx = 1 − cos 2 x sin x dx.

Let u = cos x, du = − sin x dx. Therefore,

Z Z  
sin3 x dx = − 1 − u2 du
1
= −u + u3 + C
3
1
= − cos x + cos3 x + C.
3

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z √
Evaluate tan x sec4 x dx.

Solution:
Z √ Z √
4
tan x sec x dx = tan x sec2 x sec2 x dx
Z √
= tan x (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z √ p 
= tan x + tan5 x sec2 x dx

Let u = tan x , du = sec2 x dx.

Z
2 2
u1/2 + u5/2 dx = u3/2 + u7/2 + C


=
3 7
2 2
p p
3 7
= tan x + tan x + C
3 7

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan3 x sec2 x dx.

Solution:
Z Z
tan3 x sec2 x dx = tan2 x sec x sec x tan x dx
Z  
= sec2 x − 1 sec x sec x tan x dx
Z  
= sec3 x − sec x sec x tan x dx

Z
Let u = sec x, Z 
du = sec x tan x dx.

tan3 x sec2 x dx = u3 − u du
1 1
= sec4 x − sec2 x + C
4 2

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan3 x dx.

G2. If the integrand involves only positive integer factors of tan x or

cot x, with exponents greater than 2, split off a factor of tan2 x or
cot2 x, apply the identities
tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
cot2 x = csc2 x − 1
and use the substitution u = tan x or u = cot x.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan3 x dx.

Solution:
Z Z  
tan x tan2 x dx = tan x sec2 x − 1 dx
Z Z
= tan x sec2 x dx − tan x dx
Let u = tan x, du =
Z
sec2 x dx. Z
tan3 x dx = u du − ln | sec x| + C
1 2
= u − ln | sec x| + C
2
1
= tan2 x − ln | sec x| + C
2

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate cot4 3x dx.

Solution:
Z Z  
cot2 3x cot2 3x dx = cot2 3x csc2 3x − 1 dx
Z  
= cot2 3x csc2 3x − cot2 3x dx
Z  
= cot2 3x csc2 3x − csc2 3x + 1 dx
Z 
1

= cot2 3x csc2 3x dx + cot 3x + x + C
3

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate cot4 3x dx.

Solution:
Z Z 
1

cot2 3x cot2 3x dx = cot2 3x csc2 3x dx + cot 3x + x + C
3

Let u = cot 3x, du = −3 csc2 3x dx.

Z Z
4 1 1
cot 3x dx = − u2 du + cot 3x + x + C
3 3
1 1
= − u3 + cot 3x + x + C
9 3
1 3 1
= − cot 3x + cot 3x + x + C
9 3

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sin2 x dx.

G3. If the integrand involves only even powers of sin x and/or cos x, use
the identities
1 − cos 2x
sin2 x =
2
1 + cos 2x
cos2 x =
2
to reduce the exponent.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sin2 x dx.

Solution: Z Z
2 1 − cos 2x
sin x dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 − cos 2x) dx
2
1  1 
= x − sin 2x + C
2 2

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sin2 x cos4 x dx.

Solution:
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sin2 x (cos2 x)2 dx
2 4

Z   2
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
= dx
2 2
Z   2
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
= dx
2 2
Z
1
1 + cos 2x − cos2 2x − cos3 2x dx


=
8
Z    
1 1 + cos 4x
= 1 + cos 2x − − (1 − sin2 2x) cos 2x dx
8 2
sin3 2x
    
1 sin 2x 1 sin 4x 1
= x+ − x+ − sin 2x − +C
8 2 2 4 2 3

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx.

Note that sec3 x = sec x sec2 x.

G4. If the integrand involves only odd powers of sec x or csc x, split off
a factor of sec2 x or csc2 x and apply IBP.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate sec3 x dx.

Solution: Note that sec3 x = sec x sec2 x. By IBP,

u = sec x , dv = sec2 x dx
du = sec x tan x dx , v = tan x
Z Z
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x − tan x(sec x tan x) dx
Z
= sec x tan x − tan2 x sec x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − (sec2 x − 1) sec x dx
Z Z Z
sec3 x dx = sec x tan x − 3
sec x dx + sec x dx
Z
2 sec3 xdx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
Z
1
∴ sec3 xdx = (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C
2

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan2 x sec x dx.

G5. If the exponent for tan x is even and the exponent of sec x is odd,
express the integrand in terms of sec x only.
If the exponent for cot x is even and the exponent of csc x is odd,
express the integrand in terms of csc x only.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Example.
Z
Evaluate tan2 x sec x dx.

Solution:
Z Z
2
tan x sec xdx = (sec2 x − 1) sec x dx
Z
= (sec3 x − sec x) dx
Z Z
= sec3 x dx − sec x dx
1
= (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|)
2
− ln | sec x + tan x| + C
1
= (sec x tan x − ln | sec x + tan x|) + C
2

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals

1. Try to split off a factor equal to any of the derivatives of the six
trigonometric functions. Express the rest of the factors in terms of the
corresponding trigonometric function using the identities, avoiding the
introduction of any or additional radicals.
2. If the integrand involves only positive integer factors of tan x or
cot x, with exponents greater than 2, split off a factor of tan2 x or
cot2 x, apply the identities
tan2 x = sec2 x − 1, cot2 x = csc2 x − 1,
and use the substitution u = tan x or u = cot x.
3. If the integrand involves only even powers of sin x and/or cos x, use the
identities
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = , cos2 x =
2 2
to reduce the exponent.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals

4. If the integrand involves only odd powers of sec x or csc x, split off
a factor of sec2 x or csc2 x and apply IBP.
5. If the exponent for tan x is even and the exponent of sec x is odd,
express the integrand in terms of sec x only.
If the exponent for cot x is even and the exponent of csc x is odd,
express the integrand in terms of csc x only.

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019

Exercises

Evaluate the following integrals.

cos3 x
Z
1. √ dx
sin x
Z
2. sec6 x dx
csc4 x
Z
3. dx
cot2 x
tan3 (ln x) sec8 (ln x)
Z
4. dx
x
Z 1
5. sin2 (πx) cos2 (πx) dx
0

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman Trigonometric Integrals 17 January 2019