Solutions Manual for

ELECTROMAGNETISM:

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

Paul Lorrain/Dale R. Corson

by Paul Lorrain

University of Montreal

W. H. Freeman and Company

San Francisco
Copy right © 19 79 by Paul Lorrain

No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical,

photographic, or electronic p rocess, or in the form of a
phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval
sy stem, transmitted , or otherwise copies for public or
private use without written permission from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN -
0 7167-1105-2

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Notes iv

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 7

Chapter 3 11

Chapter 4 15

Chapter 5 20

Chapter 6 28

Chapter 7 34

Chapter 8 37

Chapter 9 40

Chapter 10 44

Chapter 11 49

Chapter 12 52

Chapter 13 56

Chapter 14 62

Chapter 15 66

Chapter 16 67

Chapter 17 71

Chapter 18 80

Chapter 19 85

Chapter 20 87
 NOTES

1. S o a s t o s ave s p ac e , s imp le mathematical exp r e s s ions are typ ed

on a s ingle line . Whenever the order of the operat ions is not indi­
cated explicitly by means o f p arenthes es , they are performed in the
following order :
multipli cations ,
divis ions ,
add i tions and sub trac t ions .
Examples :
1 l 1
l / ab l/a + b + b , l/(a + b)
ab ' a a+b '
1
1 + alb l / ( a + b / c + d e / fg)
b de
a + +
c fg

2. Pro grams for drawing t h e curves in thi s Manual wi th a HP 9 8 2 0 cal­

culator and a 9 8 6 2A p l o t t er are availab le free o f charge from the
unders igned.

3. Ref er enc e is made , occas ionally , to a tab l e of integrals by

Dwight. The full reference i s "Tables o f Integrals and Other Mathe­
matical Data" by Herbert Bri s t o l Dwight (Macmillan) .

P aul Lorrain
Departement de phy sique
Univer s i te de Montreal
Montreal , C anada.
 CHAP TER 1

1- 1 ( 1 . 2 )
->--+
A . B = AB cos 8 9 x 4 - 6 - 30 0

1-2 ( 1 . 2 )
->-->- � l
A . B = AB cos 8 2 - 18 + 1 = - 1 5 ; AB ( 4+9 + 1) 2 ( 1+3 6 +1) 2 2 3.1
cos 8 -0 . 650 , 8 = 130 . 5 0

� ( 1 . 2)
-+ -+ -7- -
A. (B + C) = A On ,
-+ + -+ + -
A. B + A. C = A Om + AO'L = A On

1-4 ( 1 . 2 )
+ -+ -+ + -+ + -+--+
C2 = C.C = A . A + B . B + 2A. B
2
= A + B 2 + 2AB cos 8
D2 = A2 + B 2 - 2AB cos 8
C 2 +D 2 = 2 ( A2 +B 2 ) , C 2 - D 2 4AB cos 8
-
B
1-6 ( 1 . 3 )
->- -+ -+
A x B is normal to the p lane of A
->-
and B . I ts magni tude is the area

I CA B) . c l
->- ->- ->-
shown hatched . Then x

is the b a s e of the p aralle lep iped ,

multiplied by i t s height , or i t s
-
A

1
 ->-->- ->-
volume . Similarly , A . ( B x C) i s also the volume o f the parallelep ipe d .

1- 7 ( 1 . 3 )
The x-component is Ay (B z + C z ) - A z (B y + Cy ) ( AyB z -Az B y ) + (Ay C z -A z C y ) or
=

'
the x-component of A x B -t A x C. The same app lies to the y- and z- com­
ponents .

l - S (1 . 3)
For the x-component ,
ay ( bx cy-b y cx ) - a z ( b z cx-b x c z )
b x ( ax cx+ ay cy +a z c z ) - cx ( axbx +ayb y +a z b z )
=

The corresponding equations for the y- and z- components can be found

by rotating the sub s crip t s .

1-9 (1. 4)
d; /dt is perpendicular to; . Then r is a cons tant . Also ,
(d/dt ) (; . ;) 2 ; . (d; /dt ) 0 =

(d/ dt) r 2 2 r (dr/dt )

Then dr/ dt 0 and r constant .
= =

1-10 ( 1 . 4)
x = 5 00 ( cos 30 0 ) t , y 500 (sin 3 00 ) t-4 . 90t 2
=

433t 2 5 0 t - 4. 90t 2
=

2-r
r = 433 t l + (250t - 4 . 90t )J ,
->- -r

--> ->- ->-

v = 433 i + ( 250 - 9 . SOt) j ,
a -9 . S0j
=

1-11 (1 . 5 )
V ( A . ; ) ='I ( Axx+Ayy +AZ z ) = ('O/'ox) ( ) i+ ('O/'Oy) ( ) j+ ('O/'Oz) ( )k=A

1-12 ( 1 . 5 )
(A. V ) ; = Ax (d/'Ox) +Ay (d/'Oy) +A z ('O/'OZ) (xi+ yi+3:k ) = A
[ ]
1-13 ( 1 . 5 )
a ) 'I' (l /r) = i ('O/'OX') ( l /r) + j ( 'O / 'Oyl) (1/r} + k (d /'Oz ' ) ( l /r)
where r = [
(xl.

2
Now (d/dX') (l /r) = - (1/r 2 ) (dr/dx ' ) = - (1/r 2 ) (x ' -x) /r= (x-x ' ) /r 3
By symmetry , (d/dY ' ) (1/r) = (y-y ' ) /r 3 , (d/dz ' ) ( 1/r) = (z-z ' ) /r 3
Since x-x ' is the x-component of i, and (x-x ' ) /r is the x-component
of i1 , etc , V' ( l /r) i1 /r 2 =

b) In this case , V (l/r) =t (d/dX) ( l/r) + j (d/dY) (l /r) + k (d/dZ) ( l/r)

(d/dX) ( l /r) = - ( 1 /r 2 ) (dr/dX) = - (1/r 2 ) (x-x ' ) /r =- (x-x ' ) /r 3 and
similarly for the other derivatives. Then V (l/r) = -i1/r 2

-+i -+j
1-14 ( 1.5 )
a)
-+A x = Y
k
Z
-+r x Vf =

-+ -+ -+ -+
df /dx df/dY df/dz
+ -+-

-+
b ) A.r = ( r x Vf) ·r is zero , s ince r x Vf is perpendicular to r.
c) A' Vf is zero for the same reason.

1-15 ( 1. 8)
a) V.i = (d/dX) X + (d/dy ) y + (d/dZ) z=3
-+ -+ -+
2
b) The flux of r is r . r 1 4'1Tr = 4'1Tr 3 or , using the divergence theorem,
for a sphere of radius r ,

fs-+r.r-+1 da Tf V.rdT=4'1Tr
-+ 3
1-16 ( 1. 8)
v. ( fA) = (d/dx) ( fA ) + (d/dy) ( fA ) + (d/dz ) ( fA )
x Y Z

-+ -+
=cf x Z x Z
Y Y
= fV.A + A. Vf

1-1 7 ( 1. 8)
a) fA = r 2"K , 2 2 2
Cd/dX) (x +y +z ) = 2x, etc
v. (fA) =
2 2
(d/dX) (3xr ) + (d/dY ) (yr ) + (d/dz) ( 2 zr )
2

3r 2 + 3x 2x + r 2 + Y 2y + 2r 2 + 2 z 2 z
2 2 2 2
= 6r + 6x + 2y + 4 z 12x2 + 8y 2 + 10z 2 120

3
b) Vf = V r 2 = Cl/3x)r 2+i +(3/3y) r 2+j +(3/3z) r 2+k = 2 +r
V.A = 3 + 1 + 2 = 6
+ Vf 6r 2 3xi+ yj+ 2 zk)
fV. A+ + A.
+ . (2xi+ 2yj+ 2 zk)
+
+
+ ( + + +

6r 2 + 6x 2 + 2y 2 + 4z 2 = 12 0

c) [v . (fA)] [l/L] [LL2] = [L 2]

=

So V . (fA) is exp re s se d in meters squared .

(H/2 ) (l-x/R) dydx = J+R(H/2 ) ( 1-x/R) 2(R2 -x2 ) 2 dx

�

-R

= H J
+R 2 2 �
(R -x ) 2 dx - (Hf,R)
J
+R 2 2 �
(R -x ) 2xdx H (1I/2 ) R2 - 0 = H1IR2/2
=

-R -R
1- 19 ( 1 . 7)
Calculate the volume in the octant where x, y, z are all posit ive .

V/8 = J J J
2 2
R (R2 _ Z2 ) � (R2 _y _ z ) �
dX dY dZ=
2 2
J J
R (R _Z ) 2 2 1
(R -Y -Z ) 2 dy dz
�
o 0 0 0 0

- JR(11/4) (R2 -z 2 ) dz (1I/4) R3 - (11/4) (R3 /3) = (1I/6) R3

o

1-2 0 ( 1 . 9)
J v . A dT JA. cia
=

T s
Now V . A = df(x) /dx , and A. cia is zero on the cylindrical surface . If
the cross-section of the cylinder is B ,
t Cdf(X) /dXJ B dx = [feb) - f(a) ] B
a
Thus b
j Cdf(X) /dXJ dX = feb ) - f(a)
a

4
 --
1-2 1 ( 1 . 10)
Set F = K/r 2 . Then PE -K/r

1- 2 2 ( 1 . 10)
The work done b y
curve is zero , even taking into account the curvature of the Earth .
Then the gravitational field is conservative .

1-23 ( 1 . 12)
Since the field is conservative ,

tit . dt + rit.di
a b a a
over P over Q over P over Q

1-2 4 ( 1 . 12 )
Since the value of the integral is independent of the p ath , the
field defined b y the

1-25 ( 1 . 12 )
S ince the force is azimuthal ,
f 1.di = 2rrrF ". °
and , from Stokes ' s theorem,
-i>-
\7x F '" 0 , s o the force is non-
conservative . y
The curl is calculated as follows:
Fx =- Fsin e=- F y 2 2 0. 5

F y = Fcose=Fx/r = Fx/ (x 2 +y
where F K (x 2+ i) o. 2 . So
=

-+
J
-t
i k
.....
VxF = a / ax a/a y a/ az
- Ky Kx
( x 2 + y2 ) 0 . 3 ( x 2 + y2 ) 0 . 3 °

tc
= 2
x + » O . 3
0.
2
3
(x + y
Kx
2 1 . 3 2 x + 2 K2 0 . 3
(x + y )
]
0. 3 K y 2 k
( x 2 + y2 ) 1 . 3
Y

(x + y )
[
= 2 K2 0 . 3 2 _ 0 . 3 ( 2X
2 y
+2
( x 2 + y2 )
k -_ 10.6
r
. 4K k

5
 1-26 (loll)
->-
i J
7
it
->-
IIx A = a/3x 3/3y 3/3z
xf(r) yf(r) z f(r)

[z(3f/3y) - y(3f/3z)] i + . • •

Nowof/3y = (3f/3r) (3r/3y) = (3f/3r) (y/r) ,3f/3z = (3f/3r) (z/r)

So IIx A = [(zy/r) (3f/3r) - (yz/r) (df/3r) ] + . • . =0

1-27 (loll)
->- ->-
i j it
->-
IIx fA= 3/3x 3/3y 3/3z
fAx fA fA z
y

= [(O/3y) (fAz ) - (3/32) (fAy ) ] ! +

{ [ ]
= f (3A / 3Y) - (3A/3Z) + A z (Of/3y) - Ay(3f/3Z) i + [ • • .

1-28 (loll)
II · (A x])) = (3/3x) (A D z - A z D )
Y Y
+ (3f3y) (Az Dx - Ax D z )
+ (3/3z)(Ax Dy - AYDx )
j). (lIxA ) =D (3A /3y - 3A /3z) + D (dA /3z - 3A /3x)
x z y y x z
+ D z (dAy/3x - dAx /3y)
-to (lIxD ) = -Ax(3D z /3y - 3DY /3z) - AY(3Dx /3z - 3D z 13x)
-A z(3Dy /3x - 3Dx 13y)

1-29 (loll)

3/3x 3/3y a/3z

-+
1I . lIxA 3/3x 3/3y 3/3z := 0
A A A
x Y z

6
1-3 0 ( 1 . 1 2 )

Jr f::r
f(
7 7 7 7 7 -3 -2 -5
E . dt = V x E ) .da ( 3tl /3 t ) .da = 2 x 10 x 10 = 2 x 1 0 V = 2 0 j1V
c s s

1 - 3 1 ( 1.1 3 )
2 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
V ( V f ) = i ( 3 / 3x + 3 / 3y + 3 / 3 z ) ( a f / 3x) + j ...
7 2 2 2 2 2 2 7
= i ( 3 / 3x) ( 3 / 3x + 3 / 3y + 3 / 3z ) f + j ...
2
= V (V f)

CHAP TER 2

2 - 1 ( 2 . 1) COULOMB ' S LAW

-
-31 -19 -11
a) E e = mg , E = mg / e 9 . 1 x 10 x 9 . 8 / 1 . 6 x 10 = 5 . 6 x 10 V im
2 2
b) E e / 4 rrE r , r e / 4rrE E , r = 5 . 1 m
o O

2 - 2 ( 2 . 1) S EP ARATION OF PHOSPHATE FROM QUARTZ

Let x b e the hor i z ontal coordinate and y the vertical coordinate ,
downward
2 2
x = ( !) ( QE /m) t , y = ( !) g t
-5 5
x / y = QE /mg = ( Q /m) ( E / g) = 10 ( 5 x 10 / 9 . 8 ) RJ 0.5
y � 2x � 100 mm

Referen c e : A . D . Moore , E l e c tros tatics and its App li cations , Wiley ,

19 7 3 .

2 - 3 ( 2 . 3) ELECTRIC FIELD INTENS ITY

7 ::r 7
E = ]<; + E By symmetry , the
1 2•
ver tical comp onen ts cancel and
7
E
0 7 2 2
-2 cos 4 5 Q i/4rr E ( a + a )
.-�--�--��� ....
.... .... ....
[[ J] 1 ........
= - Q/ 2
..... ....
5 /2 2 C1
rrE a
o

C1.
-Q C1 +Q

7
2- 4 ( 2 . 4 ) ELECTRI C FIELD INTENSITY
The charge in the r ing i s 2nrdrcr.
-
[ )2
E ach p o int in the ring is at a
2 2 .1 dE
dis tance a + r from P . By sym-
p
metry , E is along the axis .

dE crardr / 2 E
(a2 + r
)
2 3 /2
o

E
cra
2E
o
J
o
rdr / ( a 2 + r2 ) 3 / 2

( cra / 2 E o ) [1 / ( a 2 + R2 ) � - l / aJ -7- cr / 2E o when a « R

2-5 ( 2 . 5 ) CATHODE-RAY TUBE

Of cour s e no t . In app roaching one p late an electron gains kine t i c
energy by lo s ing p o tential energy , like a b o dy falling in the
gravi tational f ield of the earth .

2 - 6 ( 2 . 5 ) CATHODE-RAY TUBE
Let V be the accelerating vo l tage and e the ab s o lute value of the
elec tronic charg e . Then
2 .1
( 1 / 2 ) mv eV , v
= = ( 2 eV /m) 2 .
1
If the dis tance traveled is D , the time of f l ight is D (m / 2 eV) 2 .
During that t ime the elec tron f alls by a dis tan c e
2 2 2 -31 -19 3
( 1 /2 ) g t 4 . 9 D m / 2 eV 4 . 9 ( 0 . 2 ) 9 . 1 x 10
= / 2 x 1 . 6:X10 x 5 x 10
-16
1 . 1 x 10
= m.
- 10
An atom has a diameter o f the order o f 10 m.

2 - 7 ( 2 . 5 ) MACRO S COP I C P ARTI CLE GUN

-
-12 - 12 4 -2 -16
Q 1 . 6 5 x 4 n x 2 x 8 . 8 5 x 10 x ( 10 / 4 ) ( 1 . 5 x 10 / 1 0 ) =1 . 3 8 x 10 C
-18 -16
m ( 4 / 3 ) n (10 / 8 ) x 1000 = 5 . 2 4 x 10 kg
2 4 -16
( 1 / 2 ) mv = 1 . 5 x 10 x 1 . 38 x 10 , v = 89 m/s
Re ference: A . D . Moore , p 5 9 .

8
2-8 ( 2 . 5) ELE CTRO S TATIC SPRAYING
4 3
QE /mg = ( Q /m) ( E / g ) = E / g:2: 10 / 9 . 8 '" 10
Referen c e : A . D . Moore , pp 7 1 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 9 , 2 6 2 .

2-9 ( 2 . 5 ) THE RUTHERFORD EXPERIMENT

a) At the d i s t ance of c l o s e s t app roach , Q Q / 4TIE r is equal to the
I 2 o
kinetic energy :
6 -19
Q Q / 4 TIE r 7 . 6 8 x lO x 1 . 6 x lO
=
l 2 o
-19 2 -12 - 13
r = 2 x 7 9 x ( 1 . 6 x lO ) /4TI x 8 . 8 5 x 10 x 7 . 6 8 x 1 . 6 x lO = 2 9 . 6 fm
2 -13 -15
b ) Q Q / 4 TI E r = 7 . 6 8 x 1 . 6 x lO / 2 9 . 6 x lO = 4l . 5 N
I 2 o
-27 26
c) a = ( 4 1. 5 / 4 x 1 . 7 x lO ) / 9 . 8 = 6 . 2 3 x lO g's

2-10 ( 2 . 5 ) ELECTROS TAT I C SEED-S ORTING

a) 2 x 10
-2
= ( 1 / 2 ) g [Ct + 0 . 01 )
2
- t
) , t "" 0.2 s
2
J '" 5 ( 0 . 02 t + 10
-4
2
The upper p e a mus t have fallen through a dis tan c e of g t / 2 , or ab out
200 mm .

-4
b ) The average mas s of one pea is 2 0 0 0 / l00 x 3 6 0 0 x 2 4 2 . 3 2 x 10 kg. =

-2 .2
Thus 4 x 10 ( 1 /2 ) ( QE /m) t , where t ' is the t ime interval during
=

whi ch a pea i s deflec ted:

-2 -4 -9 5 !
t ' = ( 2 x 4 x lO x 2 . 3 2 x lO / 1 . 5 x lO x 5 x lO ) = 0 . 15 7 s .
, '2 2
The p lates have a leng th L = v t + gt / 2 , with v 0 = 2g x 0 . 2 , v0 = 2m/ s
o
L = 2 x O . 15 7 + 4 . 9 x O . 15 7 '" 4 5 0 mm
2
.

Refer ence : Fluo re s c en ce-Ac tivated Cell-S o rt ing , S c ien t i f i c Amer ican ,
March 19 7 6 , p 10 8 .

2-11 ( 2 . 5 ) CYLINDRI CAL ELE CTROS TATI C ANALYSER

�
2
mv /R = QE = QV/ a , v = CQVR/ma) 2
Reference : Jour . Phy s . E , S c i . Ins tr . �, 403 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

2 - 12 ( 2 . 5 ) PARALLEL-PLATE ANALYSER
Referenc e : Rev . S ci . Ins tr . �, 142 3 ( 19 7 1) , Rev . S ci. Ins tr. 4 8 ,
45 4 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

9
2-13 ( 2 . 5 ) CYLINDRI CAL AND PARALLEL-PLATE ANALYSERS COMPARED
.1
In the cylindri cal analy s er , v ( QVR/ma) 2 . =

2
So ( 1 / 2 ) mv /Q ( R/ 2 a ) V . For a g iven ins trumen t , R and a are f ixed
=

and V i s a measure o f the g iven ratio .

In the p arallel-p late analy s e r , f rom Prob . 2-12 ,
QV /Q = ( 1 / 2 ) mv /Q = ( a / 2b ) V .
2
o
S o V i s a measure o f the same ratio .

2-14 ( 2 . 5 ) ION THRUS TER

Cons ider a satellite of mas s M and velo city V in a region where
gravitat ional forces are negligib le . The s a tellite ej e c t s m ' kg / s e c
b ackwards at a ve lo c i ty v wi th r es p e c t t o the satellite . The
momentum of the sys tem ( M + total ej ec ted mas s ) is con s t ant . Then ,
with r e s p e c t to a f ix �d referen c e frame , calling p the total momentum
of the ej e c ted fuel ,
( d / d t ) ( MV) + ( dp / d t ) = 0 , or MdV / dt + VdM/ d t + m ' (V-v) 0,
MdV / d t - m ' V + m ' V - m ' v = 0 , M ( dV / d t ) = m'v.
I t i s thi s quan t i ty that i s called the thrus t . Note that the thrus t
is n o t the force ( d / d t ) ( MV) . In the las t equation
2
a) F = m ' v , ( 1/ 2 ) m ' v IV , m ' = ( I /n e ) m

v
2
= 2 I V/ ( I /ne ) m, F ( 2mV /ne ) 2 1
.1

-27 4 - 19 ! -2
b ) ( 2 x 1 . 7 x lO x 5 x lO / 1 . 6 x lO ) 0.1 3 . 2 6 x lO N
2
c) F m ' v , (1/2) m ' v = P
� � � 1
F ( 2m ' p ) 2 = 2 p /v = 2P / ( 2 IV/m , ) 2 (2m ' / I V)2 P (2m/neV)2 p
-'12 4 -6
d) V Q / 4'1TE R , Q = 4'1TE RV = 47r x 8 . 85 x lO x l x 5 x l0 = 5 . 5 6 x lO V
o O
t Q /I = 10Q 5 . 6 x 10
-5
s
Reference : R . G . Jahn , Phy s i c s of E l e c t r i c Propu l s i on .

2-15 ( 2.5 ) COLLOID THRU S TER

Referen c e : The E l e c t r ical P r opuls ion of S p ace Vehi cles , A . W . B right
and B . Makin , Contemporary Phys i c s 14 (19 7 3 ) p 2 5 . See also S ta t i c
Electrification 1 9 7 5 , The Ins t i tute o f Phy s i c s , London , 197 5 , p 4 4 .

10
 CHAP TER 3

3-1 ( 3 . 1) ANGLE SUB TENDED BY A LINE AT A P OINT

e =2 arc tan ( a / 2b )
......
......

3-2 ( 3 . 1) SOLID ANGLE SUB TENDED BY A DISK AT A P OINT

The r ing of radius r and width
dr s ub tends at P a s olid ang l e
[ 211rdr / (b 2 + r 2 ) J co s e -c a

21Trdrb / (b 2 + r 2 ) 3 /
2
LL

2 11 [ 1- ( 1+ a /b ) -2J
2 2 "
2
If b » a, n � O. If b 0, n 2 11 . If n 11 , a

3-3 ( 3 . 2 ) GAUS S ' S LAW

�
No . Gaus s ' s law can only tell us tha t the net f lux of E emi tted
b y a d ip o l e i s zero , s in c e the net char g e i s zero . For examp l e , the
average radial E is zero.

3-4 ( 3 . 2) SURFACE DENS I TY OF ELECTRONS ON A CHARGED B ODY

-1 2 6 -5 2
a) cr = E E = 8 . 85 x lO x 3 x l0 = 2 . 7 x lO C /m
o
-10 2 2
b ) E ach a t om o c cupies an area o f ab out (3 x 10 ) me ter Thus the
19 .
numb er o f a toms per square meter is ab out 10
-5 - 19
c ) T h e numb er o f e l e c trons p er s quare m e t er i s 2 . 7 x 10 / 1 . 6 x 10 ,

11
 14 14 19
or 1 . 7 x 10 . The numb er of free e lectrons p e r atom is 1 . 7 x 10 / 10
-5
o r 1 . 7 x lO •

3�5 ( 3 . 2 ) THE ELECTRI C FIELD IN A NUCLEUS

R = 1 . 2 5 x 10 - 1 5 ( 12 7 ) 1 / 3 = 6 . 2 8 x lO -15m . A t the center ,

( p / 2 E ) R = Q /f/;ITfR / 3 ) J (R / 2 E ) = 3 Z e / 8TfE R
L
2 r 2 2
v
3
=
o 0 0
- 19 -12 - 15
3 x 5 3 x 1 . 6 x lO / 87r x 8 . 8 5 x lO x 6 . 2 8 x 10
At the s urf ace ,
2 2 2 7
V = ( p / E ) ( R / 2 - R / 6 ) = pR / 3 E V / 1 . 5 = 1 . 2 x 10 V ,
o o center
2 -19 -12 -15 2
E Q / 4TfE R = 5 3 x 1 . 6 x 10 / 4Tf x 8 . 85 x lO ( 6 . 2 8 x lO )
o
21
= 1 . 9 x 10 V /m .

3- 6 ( 3 . 2 )THE SPACE DERIVATIVES OF E , E , E

x Y z
From Gaus s ' s law , aE / ax + aE / ay + aE / a z p/E
x y z 0

S ince V x E = 0, aE l ay
z
= aE / a z , aE / a z
y x
aE / ax , aE / ax
z y

3- 7 ( 3 . 2 ) PHYSICALLY IMPOSS IBLE FIELDS

We s e t E
->-
= Ek ->-

If p = 0 , V ·E = 0 and aE / a z = O.
Als o , V x E =0 -+
and aE / ax = aE / ay O.
So, if p = 0 , E i s uniform.
If p � 0, V · E = p/E and aE / a z = p/E .
=0 = 0,
0 0
->-
Als o , V x E and aE / ax = aE / ay as b ef o r e .
Then E is a function of z , but ind ependent of x and y.

12
� (3.4) I ON BEAM
-(P / E )x+A ,
2 2
From Laplace ' s equation , 3 V / 3x -p / E ' 3V / 3x
O o
2
V - ( p / 2 E ) X +Ax+B .
=
O
S ince V = a at x 0, B = = O . Als o ,
2
V = - ( p / 2 E ) a +Aa and A
V / a+pa / 2 E
=
o 0 0 0
Finally , V = ( V / a+pa / 2 E ) x - px / 2 E '
2
o o o
E = - dV / dx = - (V / a+pa /2 E ) + px / E .
o 0 0

3-10 ( 3 . 4) A UNIFORM AND A NON UNIFORM FIELD

r 100 1/

(b)

0 .--____--:-____..,;;.
0,1

£
-s�o

-/OCOL--____________

a) V 1000 x , E
= -1000 . = S ee Figs . a and c .
b ) d V / 3x = -10 , 3V/ 3 x
2 2 4 4 4 2
- -10 x+A , V - 10 x / 2 + Ax+B
=

S in ce V a at x
= 0, B = = O. S ince V = 100 at x = 0.1 , then A = 500 .
4 2
V = - 10 x /2 +1 , 5 00x . S e e Figs. b and d .

13
 3 - 11 (3 . 4) VACUUM DIODE
---:;-;2V/ 'dx2 (4Vo /9S 4/3 ) X-2/3 , 'dV/ 'dx (4V0 /9 S 4 / 3 ) 3x l/ 3 + A
= =

4/3 4 /3 Ax = V (x/s) 4 /3 Ax
V ( 12 Vo /9 s ) ( 3 / 4 ) x
= + 0
+
S ince V Vo at x s , then A = 0 , V V o Cx/s ) 4 / 3
= = =

1
b) J pv , ( 1 /2) mv2 eVo ' v (2eVo /m) 2
= = =

1
J - ( 4E 0 V 0 /9s 2 ) (2eV0 /m) 2 _ (2 5 /2E o/ 9 ) (e/m) ! (V0 3 /2/s 2 )
=

3
-2.335 x 10 -6Vo /2//

F�
G----------¥ ..TF2
.
1
T
b .. . �
.... ....
:
... ...
_____ __ _ ,. C __ _ _ - - __ _

I
I
I

0
Q .. I

3-l3 ( 3 . 7 ) IMAGES
O I
t-- a
---"A
->-
E
A - (Q/41fE o a )J
=
2 -7
e I
I
I
0T
->- 2 -T a
E
B
- (Q / lt1fE o a )J I

�- t
�t
->- 2 2 3 /2 (2a-7l + a-7J ) _________

E
C Q /41fE o ( a + 4a )
J C B
2
J
2 3 / 2 ( -2ai->- + aj->-)
->-
E Q /41fE o ( a + 4a )
=

->-
D
2 G) e
E
tot (Q /41fE 0 a ) (-2 + 2/5/S) j
=

- ( 1 . 82ll Q / 41fE o a2 ) j
->-

3-14 ( 3 . 7 ) IMAGES
a) At some point P on the con­ "
...
P�-
,�
I
E

,," :r
..... .
............
,."" I ...
ducting plane ,
E = [
2 Q / 41fE o (D2 + r2 ) cos 8 ] Q
-� -
"
e I ......
� - - - - - - - - �. -
-Q
:
- - - - - - - -

2 2 3 /2 o 0
= 2Q D/41fE (D + r )
O I

a =
2 2 3/2
- E E = -QD /21f (D + r )
o

14
 f
2 2
b ) - 21TrdrQD/21T (D 2 + r ) 3/ -QD f 2 2 2
rdr/ (D + r ) 3/ -Q
o o

CHAPTE R 4

4-1 ( 4 . 1 ) THE PERMITT IVI TY OF FREE SPACE

From Cou l omb's l aw ,
[ E o ] [Q 2 /FL2 ] = [ Q 2 / (FL) LJ = [Q 2 /(Q 2 / C ) L ] = [ C /L ] ,
=

where the brackets indicate that we are concerned on ly with the

dimens ions , and where F , L , C , s tand for Force , Length, and
2
Capacitance . Note that FL is an energy , l ike Q /C .

4-2 (4 . 1) THE EARTH'S ELECTRI C FIELD

a) C 41TE 0 R 7 . 1 x 10 -4F '" 700jlF
2
b ) Q 41TR2CJ 41TR2E 0 E ( 6 . 4 x l 0 6 ) x l OO/9 x l 0 9
= 4 . 5 x l 05 C
c) V 41TR2E E /41TE R = E R 6 . 4 x l 0 8 V
0 0
=

Reference : Richard Feynman , Lec tures on Physics , 2 , Ch 9 , Addis on­

Wes ley.

4-3 ( 4 . 2 ) PARALLEL-PLATE CAPAC I TOR

I f there are 3 p l ates ,
2
C 8 . 85 x 10 -1 ( 2A / t)
=
�
V ----�O
l
With four p l ates , L----
_
C 8.85 x 10 -12 (3A /t) , etc.
=

For N p l ates ,
l2
C 8 . 85 x 10 - ( N- l ) A!t F o�--- -- �
------I�
8 . 85 (N- l ) A / t) pF

4-4 ( 4.2) PARALLEL-PLATE CAPAC ITOR

2
The plate separation might be 1 mm . Then 10 -1 8 . 85 x 10 -12A/I0 -3 ,
A� 10 -4 , or one square centimeter .

15
4-5 ( 4 . Z ) PARALLEL -PLATE CAPAC I TOR
C ' = C aCb / ( C a+ Cb ) = E o S / (a+b) = E S / (S-s ')
//J//L///////
//
O
The capacitance is l arger , but it //at-/
T

I �1
is independent of the pos ition of

1 '
'h, coudu" 'ug p1u', .

1 �
///T///?T/77Td7
4-8 (4. 3) ELECTROSTAT I C ENE RGY
.---
+ ---I V
11

1------1

a) w l /W ( QV l /Z) / ( QVz /Z) = Vl /VZ

Z
b) W /W ( Q IV /Z) / (Q Z V/Z) = Q /QZ C l V"/C V
Z = C l /C
Z
Z
I

[ ]
4-9 (4 . 3) ELECT ROSTAT I C ENE RGY
a) The energy that is dis s ipated
Z
Ql QZ
Z r
Ql + QZ . 1 z
Z C l + Z CZ - Z ( C I + C Z )

b ) The energy is dissipated by Jou le heating in the resis tance R of

the wires . Let Q l O and Q ZO be the charges at t = 0 , Q l and Q Z the
charges at t . C l dis charges in to C Z . Then
=
Q l /C l - Q Z /C Z = IR , Q l + Q Z Q l O + Q ZO Q , 1 = dQ Z /dt ,
=

16
S ince Q 2 = Q 20 at t = 0, A = Q 20 - 1 /C + 1 / C
1 2

d Q2 /dt = [ Q 20 - 1/ ��:i /C2J [ - ( 1 /C l+ l /C2 ) /RJ exp [ - ( 1 /C l+l /C 2 ) t /RJ

[ -Q20 ( 1 /C l+ l /C2 ) /R + Q / C lRJ exp [ - ( 1/ C l+1/ C2 ) t /RJ

[ -Q 20 /C2R + Q 10 /C l RJ exp [ - ( 1/ C l+l /C2 ) t /RJ

W f 2 [ Q lO /C lR-Q20 /C2R]
2
( dQ 2 /dt) R = - 2 ( 1/C +1 /C ) /R R( O-l)
l 2
o

( Q l O /CrQ2 0 /C2 ) 2 2
(Q lO C2-Q 2 0 C l )
2 ( 1 /C l + l /C2 ) 2C l C2 ( C + C2)
l
This is the result found under a , excep t that the initial charges
are now called Q lO and Q20' ins tead of Q l and Q2'

4-10 ( 4 . 3) P ROTON B OBB

J
R R
a) W = ( 1 /2)
o
pVd, ( 1 /2 )
=
J
o
2 2 2
(p2 /E o ) (R / 2 - r /6 ) 4 rrr dr

b) Use the above result , rep lacing 1/4rrE o by G

2
= 3GB /5R
W
G
22 2
c) 3 x 6 . 6 7 x lO - ll x (7 . 33 x l0 ) 2 /5 x 1. 7 4 x l0 6 = 1 . 24 x l0 9J .
d) p ( 100 0 /1 . 7 x lO - 2 7 ) 1.6 x lO -19 9 . 6 x lO lO C/m3
= =

2
I f R is the radius of the sphere of protons, 4rrp R /15 E 0 1 . 24 x 10 �
2 5 =

R =
2 9 10
[l5E o x 1 . 2 4 x lO /4 11" ( 9.6 x 10 ) ]
2 1/ 5 0 . 17 m =
4-11 (4 . 5 ) ELE CTROSTATI C MOTOR
Reference: A. D . Moore , E lectros tatics and its Appli cations .

17
4-12 ( 4 . 5 ) ELECTROSTATI C PRESSURE
a) V = Q /41l"o R , E = Q /41l"o R2 , V = E R = 3 x 10 6 /0 . 05 = 1 . 5 x 10 5 V
b) The pressure is 0 2 /2"o = (Q / 41lR2 h N0 = (Q/ 41l"0 R) 2 ( "0 2 /R2 ) /2 e
0
( 1 . 5 x 10 5 ) 2 " /2R2 ::::< 40Pa ::::< 4 x 10 - 4 atmosphere.
0

4-13 ( 4 . 5 ) PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR

Let each p l ate have an area S . Then the capacitance changes by
dC = d ( " o S / s) = - (" o S / s 2 ) ds .
Let ds be positive . The capacitance decreases and a charge
dQ V l de l = (" o�S /s 2 ) Vds returns to the battery. Thus
=

dWB = - (" o S /s 2 ) V�ds = - " 0 E 2 Sds .

The energy s tored in the fie l d increases by
dWe d ( " oE 2 sS /2) = d ( " o V 2 S / 2s ) = - (" o V 2 S /2) ds /s 2 = - " o E 2 Sds /2 .
=

The mechanica l work done on the system is

Fds S (" oE 2 / 2) ds " o E 2- S /2 .

4-14 ( 4.5) PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR

See the preceding prob l em . Here, dWB o and E is cons tant .
dWe d (" E 2 s S /2 ) = (" 0E 2 S / 2) ds
O2 2
Fds ( " oE S / 2) ds , F "o E S / 2
=

4-15 (4 . 5 ) OSCILLATIN G PARALLEL -PLATE CAPACITO R

a) The energy stored in the
capacitor is
2 2
Q V/ 2 = CV / 2 = ( E o A /x) V /2 .
Let x > x o . Then the tota l
potentia l energy is
W mg (x-x o ) + k (x-x o ) 2 / 2
=

2
+ E A ( 1 /x-1/x ) V /2 + VL'lQ ,
o o
where L'lQ is the charge fed into
the battery because of the decrease in capacitance :
2 2
VL'lQ = -V L'lC = -V "oA ( 1 /x-1/x o ) .
The battery gains energy if �C is negative . Thus
W mg (x-x o ) + k ( x-x o ) 2 /2 - E oA ( 1 /x-1 /x o ) V 2 /2
2
( x-x o ) [mg + ( x -x 0 ) k/2 + " 0AV /2xx ]
0

18
 [ (x-x ) / x ] [kx /2
2 2
= + (mg-kx / 2 ) x + E AV / 2x ]
o . 0 0 0

b ) There are thr ee d ownward forces 10-' 10-2.

and , at equilib r ium ,
2 2
mg + k ( x-x ) + E AV /2x O.
o o vv
Also , at equilib r ium ,
2 2
dW / dx = mg + k ( x-x ) + E AV / 2x =0
o o
c) The relation F - ( dW/dx)
eq
=
(b)
comes from the cons ervation of
energy for a small displacement
near equilib rium . In s e t ting
dW/ dx = K (x-x
) , we as sume that the W (x) curve app roximates a
eq
2
p arab ola W (K/ 2 ) (x-x ) in the reg ion near the p o in t of s tab le
=
eq
equil ib rium . Thus
2 2 2 3

[ !
K =( d W / dx ) k - E Av /x
=
eq 0 eq '
2 3

J
k - E AV /x
0 eq
w ' f 6 . 16 Hz . =
m

4- 16 ( 4. 5 ) HIGH-VOLTAGE GENERATOR
a) The charg e den s i ty on the plates , and hence E , remain cons tan t
when t h e p lates a r e sep arated . Then the increase in energy i s
2 2
€ E S s (n-l) / 2 . The mechani cal work done is the force , t E S / 2 ,
o o
multiplied by s (n-l) .

b ) Ref eren c e: A.D. Moore, E lectrostatics and i t s Appli cations ,

Chap ter 8 .

4-1 7 ( 4. 5 ) INK-JET PRINTER

rr
a) A = C'V 2'ITE V / tn ( R /R )
=
o 2 l
3 2
b ) ( 4/ 3 ) 'IT ( 2R ) / R = 32 R / 3
l l l
c) Q 32 R A / 3 = 6 4'ITE VR / 3 tn (R /R )
I o l 2 l
3
d) m 1000T , Q /m = Q / lOOOT 6 4'IT e VRI / 30 0 0 tn (R /R ) (4/ 3 ) 'IT (2 Rl )
o 2 l
2
E V/ 5 0 0 R tn ( R / R )
O l 2 l
-12 -5 2 -3 -5 -4
Q /m 8 . 8 5 x 10 x 100 / 5 0 0 ( 2 x 10 ) tn (5 x 10 / 2 x 10 ) = 8 . 0xlO C/kg
5 -4
e) v 10 x 10 = 10 m / s

19
f) A drop let remains in the deflec ting field during 4 xlO- \ . During
that time it is s ub j ected to a transverse force QE and i t s accelera-
-4 5 2
tion is QE /m , or 8 x 10 x 10 , o r 8 0 m / s The transverse d e f l e c t ion
is
2 -3 2
at /2 = 8 0 ( 4 x lO ) /2 = 0 . 64 mm
The transverse velo city at the far end of the deflec ting p lates is
-3
at = 80 x 4 x lO = 0 . 32 m/s
Re ference: S p ecial is sue o f the IBM Journal o f Res e arch and Develop­
men t , January 19 7 7 .

CHAPTER 5

5-1 ( 5 . 1) CONDUCTION IN A UNIFORM MEDIUM

cr = cr -t-ax / s , E = J / cr = J /(cr -t-ax / s )
o o

5-2 ( 5 . 2 ) RE S IS TIVE FILM

2
Let the film have an area a and a thickness t . Then
R = a /crat = l /cr t .

5-3 ( 5 . 2) RE S IS TOJET
The thrus t is m ' v , wher e m ' is the mas s ej ected p er s e cond , and v
is the exhaus t velo city . S e e the s o lution of P r ob . 2 - 14. Then
1 1
2 �
m ' v /2 3 0 0 0 , v =(6 0 0 0 /m ' ) , m ' v
= ( 6 0 0 0 m ' )�
= 1.9 N. =

Reference : Rob e r t J . Jahn , Phy sics of Elec tric P ropuls ion , p 103 .

5-4 ( 5 . 2 ) JOULE LOSSES -

- -
2 2 5 B
V /R = P , V RP 10 x O . 2 5 ,
=
..

V = 158 V

20
5-5 ( 5 . 4) VOLTAGE DIVIDER
The curren t flowing through R and R is I .
=
l 2
V = I(R + R ) , V IR , V /V = R / (R + R )
i I 2 o 2 o i 2 l 2

5-6 ( 5 . 4 ) P OTENTIOMETER
See P rob . 5-5 .

5-7 S IMPLE CIRCUIT

V' = V - ZV [ R / ( R + R ) J
I I Z

5 - 9 AMPLIFIER
a) R and R carry the s ame curren t
l 2
I = ( V - V ) /R = ( V - V ) /R ,
i iA l iA o 2
( V + V /A) /R = V ( - 1 / A - l ) /R ,
i o l o 2
V /V -R / [ R + (R + R ) / A J = - (R /R ) / [ l + 1 /A + ( R /R ) /A J .
o i 2 l l 2 2 l 2 l
V /V � -R /R if A » 1 and if R /R « A. The gain R /R mus t
o i 2 l 2 l l l
the refore b e much less than A .

12
resistors

- - 2 --

3 4
expx = 1 + x + x /2 ! + x / 3 ! + x / 4! + ...
e 1 + 1 + l/Z + 1/6 + 1/24 + ...

5-11 ( 5 . 5 ) TETRAHEDRON
a) By symmetry , the currents through ACB and ADB ar e equal. The
p otential at C and D is half-way b e tween the p o t en tials at A and B .

b ) ZR/2 = R , in p arallel wi th th e R b e tween A and B . The resis tance

b e tween nodes A and B is R.

5- 12 ( 5 . 5 ) CUBE
a) By symmetry p oints BED are at the s ame p o tential . P o ints FCR are

21
at ano ther p o tential .
F
b ) The r es is tance f rom A to BED
is R/3 . That from BED to FCR is
BIE-__ p'-;(",
R/6. That f rom FCR to G is R / 3 .
The resis tance is 5R/6 .
.,;Ji==---t----;J H

5-13 ( 5.5 ) CUBE

a) P oin ts FBDR . Branches FD and DR can be either removed or short­
circuited .
b ) Remove tho s e b ranches. Around the inner s quare , we h ave a resis­
tance 2R/2 = R. Around the outer s quare , the resis tance i s 3R. Thus
we have R and 3R in p arallel and the resis tance is 3R/ 4 .

5-14 ( 5 . 5 ) CUBE
Dis tort the cub e as in Fig. a . C�______,G

Then , by symmetry , B and E are

B F
at the s ame p o tentia l and c an be
sho r ted . Similarly , C and R can
be shorted . Now r edraw the
f igure as in b and c. The resis­
tance to the righ t o f th e dotted
line is 0 . 4 R and
(0)
R = R ( 1. 4R) / ( R+ 1. 4R) = 1 . 4R/2. 4
AD
= 0 . S83R

22
5 - 15 (5 . 7 ) LINE FAULT LO CATION
Let th e len g th of th e line be � and let a b e the r e s i s tan c e of one
meter of wire . Then
2 ax + R = 5 5 0 / 3 . 7 8 = 145 . 5 , R = l45.5 - 2 ax ,
s s
2 ax + R 2 a(�-x) / [ R + 2 a(�-x) J = 5 5 0 / 7 . 2 = 76 . 39 ,
s s
ax[ R + 2 a(�-x)J+ R a(�-x) = 3 8 . l9 [ R + 2 a(�-x) J ,
s s s
2 2 2
aXR + 2 a x� - 2 a x + R a(�-x) = 3 8 . l9R + 7 6 . 3 9 a� - 7 6 . 3 9 ax .
s s s
C anceling the axR t erms and sub s ti tuting th e value o f R in the
s s
firs t equation ,
2 2 2
2 a x � - 2 a x + (145 . 5 - 2 ax) a� 3 8 . l9 (145 . 5 - 2 ax) + 7 6 . 3 9 a� - 7 6 . 3 9 ax ,
2 2
- 2 a x + l52 . 8 ax + 6 9 . lla� - 5.5 5 7 O. =

-3 2
1 /5.8 x lO '1T(1 . 5 x lO ) = 2 . 4 39 x lO .
7 -3
Now a =

S olving , x = 7 . 8 1 8 kilometers .

5 - 1 6 (5 . 7 ) UNI FORM RE S I S TIVE NET

a) From Kirchoff ' s voltage law , the sum o f the currents flowing into
o i s zero . Thus
(V -V ) /R + (V -V ) /R + (V -V ) /R + (V -V ) /R 0,
A O B O C O D O
V o = (V +V +V +V ) / 4.
A B C D
b) For a three-dimensional circuit we have 6 r e s i s tors conne cted
to 0 and

5 - 1 7 (5 . 9 ) POTENTIAL DIVIDER v·
.<.

For the left hand mesh ,

V -I R-(I -I ) R = O .
i l l 2
For the middle mesh,
(I -I ) R + I R + I R = O .
2 l 2 2
Then 1 = V / 5 R , V = (V /5R) R ::;: ViS.
2 i o

23
5-18 ( 5.9 ) S IMPLE CIR CUIT WITH TWO SOUR CES
(Rl + r ) I , - rI2 = V , - rI l + (R2+ r ) I2 V
I = 1 1- 12 = (R2 -Rl ) V/ [ Rl R2+ r (Rl +R2 ) ]

5 - 19 (5.10 ) DELTA-S TAR TRANSFORMATI ONS

Equating the voltages ,
VA- VB Re ( ID- I C )
= RA ( IB -I C ) + � ( IA- I C ) , ( 1)

VB - V C Ra ( ID - IA)
=
� ( I C - IA) + Rc ( IB -IA) ' (2)
V C - VA = � ( I D- IB ) RC ( IA- IB ) + RA ( Ic- IB ) · (3)
Rewriting ,
- IARB - IB RA + I C(RA+ �-Re ) + IDRe 0, ( 4)
- IA ( �+R C-R) - IB Rc - I C� + IDRa 0, (5)

- IARC + IB (RC +RA-\ ) - I CRA + ID\ O. (6)

Eliminating ID from Eqs . 4 and 5,

- IA�- IB RA + I C (RA+ �-R C ) + (Re / Ra ) [ - IA ( �+R C-R) + IB RC + I C �] = 0 ( 7)
IA [ - � - (Re /R) ( �+RC-R)] + IB[ -RA + ( R/R)RC ]

Thus � + CRe / R) (�+RC ) - Re = 0, RA /RC = R/Ra ( 10 )

� + (R/R)� + RA - Re = ° ( ll)
Only two of these equations are independent . Combining the firs t
two ,
� + (RA /RC ) � + RA = Re' Re = ( �RC + R CRA + RA� ) /RC ( 12 )

Or , settin g R = l/ G , Ge = GAGB / ( GA+GB +GC ) ( l3)

24
5-2 0 (5.10) DELTA-STAR TRANS FORMATI ON S

4K

5K
( a )
Redraw the circuit as in Fig. a and transform the le f t hand delta
in t o a s tar , as in Fig . b , with
4000 x 100 0 / 7 0 0 0 = (4 / 7 ) 1000rl, R (8 / 7 ) 1000rl, R = (2 / 7 ) 1000rl,
2 3
R 2. 8 9 krl.

5-2 1 (5 . 12 ) OUTPUT RE S I S TANCE OF A B RIDGE CIRCUIT

The output resis t ance is the res is tance one would measure at the
terminals o f the voltme ter if the source were repla c ed by a short­
circuit. This is R/2 + R / 2 = R.

5- 2 2 (5 . 12 ) INTERNAL RE S I S TANCE OF AN AUTOMOB ILE BATTERY

The headligh t s , tail ligh t s , e t c draw ab out 15 A. H ence the internal
resis tan c e of the b a t te ry is ab out (1 / 15) � . This is much too large ,
b e caus e a cranking mo tor draws , s ay 2 0 0 A. A normal automobile bat­
-2
tery has an in ternal resis tance of the order o f 10 rl .
Referenc e : S tandard Handb ook for Electrical Engineers , S e c tions
2 1 and 2 4 .

5-2 3 (5. 1 4 ) DI S CHARGING A CAPACITOR THROUGH A RE S I S TOR

From Kirchof f ' s voltage law , Q / C = RdQ / d t. Thus
RdQ /dt - Q / C = 0, Q = Q exp(- t!RC) , V = V exp (- t / RC) 100 exp (- t )
o o

5-2 4 (5 . 14 ) RAMP GENERATOR

V = Q/C = It/C
o

25
5-Z 5 ( 5 . 14) CHARGIN G A CAPACITOR TH ROUGH A RES I S TOR
The energy supp l ied by the source is
00 00

J J J
CV
Z
Ws = Vldt V ( dQ /dt) dt V dQ CV .
= =

0 0 0
Z
The energy s tored in the capacitor for t + 00 is CV / Z .
The energy dis s ipated in the resis tor is

J z
R [ (V/R) eXp (- t/RC) ] dt =
Z
CV / Z
o

5- Z 6 ( 5 . 14) RC TRANS IENT

a) I V/RZ + CdV/dt , Vs IRl + V
= = = (V/RZ + CdV /dt) Rl + V
R1 C dV/dt + ( l +Rl /RZ ) V = Vs

S ince V 0 at t 0 ,
= =

V [ Vs / (1+Rl /RZ ) ] { 1 - exp [ - ( 1 +R l /RZ ) t / R1 C] }

=

[RZ / (Rl +RZ ) ] { 1-exp [ - (Rl +RZ ) t /R1RZ C ] }V s

The time cons tant is R1 RZ C/ (Rl+ RZ ) , or C / ( l /Rl+ l /RZ ) .
For t + 00 , V = RZV s / ( Rl +RZ ) .
b ) Now , at t 0 , V = RZVs / (Rl +RZ ) .
=

The capacitor dis charges through RZ and

5- Z 7 (5.14) RC DIFFERENTIATIN G C IRCUIT

V i = Q / C + RI�Q /C
V o RI RdQ /d tRiRCdV / dt
= =
o I.. QI t-- -,----.f
C
v·A.

Z6
5-28 DIFFERENTIATING A SQUARE "lAVE

5-30 ( 5 . 14) RC INTE GRATING CIRCUIT

The curren t flowing in to the cap acitor is I .
V = RI + Q / c = RdQ / d t + Q / c '" RdQ / d t ,
i
t
V
o
= Q/c = ( l /RC) ! V dt.
i
o

5-31 ( 5 . 14 ) INTE GRATING CIRCUIT

5 - 3 2 ( 5 . 14) INTEGRATING CIRCUIT

(V -V ) /R = C (d / d t ) ( V -V )
i iA iA o
v +V /A = -RC ( l+l /A) dV / d t ,
i o o
V -RC ( l+l/A) dV / d t - V lA
i o o
-RCdV / d t if A » 1 and if V lA « RCdV / d t.
o o o

27
5 - 3 3 ( 5 . 14 ) PULSE-COUNTING CIRCUIT
a) Dur ing a puls e , the vol tage
acr o s s C i s ap proximately equal V
l
to V and Q � C V ' Af ter th e
p l p
fir s t puls e , the voltage acro s s
C is C V / C ' The pro c e s s
2 l p 2
repeats its elf . T h e voltage
acro s s C in creas es by C V / C
2 l p 2
at e ach puls e .
t

CHAPTER 6

6-1 ( 6 . 1 ) THE DIPOLE MOMENT p

10 / [ 6 . 0 2 x 10 x (3 . 5 /l2 ) 10 ]
-7 23 6 -37
a) p P iN = 5 . 7 x lO Cm
-37 - 19 - 19
b) s p /Q = 5 . 7 x 10 16 x 1 . 6 x 1 0 = 5 . 9 x 10 m
Th e diameter of an atom is of the' order of 10 - 10 m .

6-2 ( 6 . 2 ) THE VOLUME AND SURFACE B OUND CHARGE 'DENSITIES

J-17 . PdT + CJ da
b
J o
T S

6-3 ( 6 . 2 ) BOUND CHARGE DENS ITY AT AN INTERFACE

In the figur e , we have shown the
two media s ep arated, for clari ty. CD -
On the face of 1 , CJ n
bl
-+ -+
On 2 , CJ = P ' ( -n) =
b2 2

6-4 ( 6 . 4) COAXIAL LINE

Cons ider a volume T of diele c tr i c h aving the shape shown in the
figure,

28
fV.EdT fE.ta
T
=

T.
S
where S is the surface b ound ing
The surfaces A and B are the only
->- ->-
ones where E·da is no t zero . Then,
if their radii are r and r ,

f->- ->-
A B

E·da = - ( A / 2TrE r ) r 6L + ( A / 2TrE r ) r 6L o

o A A 0 B B

V·EdT V·
S
->­ ->-
o and , s in c e r , r and 6 are arb i trary , E = O.
A B
T

6-5 ( 6 . 7 ) COAXIAL LINE

a) Near the inner conductor ,
E A / 2TrE E R
l r o l
If A is the charge p er meter and C' the capaci t ance per meter ,
A C' V = [ 2TrE r E o / in ( R /Rl ) J V
2
Thus E
l
= V/Rl in (R2 / Rl )
6 -3 -5
5 x 10 = 5 0 0 /R in ( 5 x 10 /R ) , Rl 1 . 7 7 2 x 10 m
l l
b ) One should use No 34 wire .
-12
c) C ' = 2Tr x 2 . l x S . S5 x lO / in ( 5 / 0 . l 6 ) 3 3 . 9 3 pF /m

6 - 7 ( 6 . S) CHARGED WIRE EMBEDDED IN DIELE CTRI C : THE FREE AND B OUND

CHARGES
a) Ins ide the diel ectric ,
D = A / 2Tr r , E = A / 2TrE E r
r o

On the inner s urface of the

diel ectric ,

On the outer surface ,

29
6-8 ( 6 . 8) PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR
a) We can treat this prob lem as if 5
we had two c apacitors in series

E A/ ( s- t) , C z = E E A / t
l = o
C
r o
C = C l C2 / ( C l+ C z )

= [:�: " ' oA

, l!G o
A
[,:" ;lJ
'

(
E E 0A E E 0A E A
r r o
Er
J
1 t + (s-t) E
t ( s- t) --+ - r
s-t t

1
= l- ( t / s ) ( 2 / 3 )

6-9 ( 6 . 7 )
a) S ince the only free charge is Q ,
Eq . 6 - 1 7 g ives us tha t
Z -9 Z -11 2 Z
D = Q / 4Tfr 10 / 4 rrr = 7 . 9 6 x lO
= / r C /m
b o th in s ide and outside the die l ectri c .
Ins ide the die le c tric ,
Z
E. D/E E Q / 4TfE E r
=
1- r o r o
-11 2 -11 2
= 7 . 9 5 x 10 /3r =
2 . 6 5 x 10 /r

Out s ide th e diele c t ri c ,

2 2
E D/E Q / 4TfE r 8 . 94/r o
=

0.1
= =
o o o
To f ind V , we s e t V =
0 at infinity .
Outs ide the sphere , V = Q / 4TfE r = 9 . 00 / r V
o o
At the surface of the s phere , V = 4 5 0 V.
R
2
Ins ide the s phe r e , V = 4 5 0 + ( Q /4TfE E 0 r ) dr
i r
f 3 00 + 3 . 00 / r
r

c) L e t us apply Gaus s 's law to a smal l element of volume at the

s urface. The bound charge on the element of area da is

30
 2
;;; E (E -E . ) ( Q / 4 rrR ) ( l- l/E ) ,
'\ o 0 l r
as previous ly .
da
The dis con t inui ty in E is due t o
the b ound surface charge .

6-10 ( 6 . 7 )
CHARGED DIELE CTRI C SPHERE
3 2 3 2
Out s ide the s phe r e , E
( 4 / 3 ) rrR P / 4 rrE r
= R P / 3E r
f o f o
3 3 2
At r R,
= V ( 4 / 3 ) rrR P / 4 rrE R
= R P /3E R = R P /3E
f o f o f O
3 2
Ins ide the sphere , D ( 4 / 3 ) rrr P / 4 rrr
= rp / 3 , E = rp / 3 E E o
f f f r

At the center , V
2
R p /3E +
f o
J R
( r P / 3E E ) dr
f o
o

6-11 ( 6. 7 ) MEASURING S URFACE CHARGE DENS ITIES ON DIELE CTRI CS

Reference : Journa l of Phy s i c s E 2, 412 ( 19 6 9 ) .

6-12 ( 6 . 7 ) VARIABLE CAPACITOR UTILIZING A PRINTED CIRCUIT B OARD

Y C

/
�
z
(3) l1»

In al l c a s e s , dC = E E yd z / t , d C / d z = E E y/t
r o r o

-3 9
10 dC 10 dC
y =
-12 dz 2 6 . 55 dz
3 x 8 . 8 5 x 10
9
10 -9
a) y = 10 = 37 . 7 rom
26 . 55

31
 9
10 -8
b) y = 10 x 2z 0.75 3 z m
2 6.5 5

6-13 ( 6.8) EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

a) No .
b) o = D . The char g e den s i ty is po s i t ive on the s i d e wh ere the
f +
ve ctor D poin ts away from the shee t .

6-14 ( 6.8) NON-HOMOGENEOUS DIELE CTRI CS

v·n = V(E rE o"E) =
o r
E (E v·l l· VE
+ r
) = 0

VEr"
+
S ince 0 , V·E" 0 and P " 0
b
P
b
= E 0 v·l = -(liE r )l' VE r

6-15 ( 6. 9 ) FIELD O F A SHEET OF ELE CTRONS TRAPPED I N LUCITE

-7
a) Th e t o t al free charge i s -10 C,
-7 -4 -3 .t>
P -10 125 x lO x 2 x lO
f
-2 . 000 x 10 - 2 e/m 3

b ) From Gaus s ' s law , D on each s ide,

in the neutra l region , is one hal f
the free charg e per square met er :
-7 -4
D = - ( 1 / 2 ) 10 / 2 5 x 10
n 2
-5
- 2 . 00 x lO Clm

(I-liE r ) Dn -5 2
P - 1 . 3 7 5 x lO C /m
n

E (D -P ) lE D lE E
n n n O n r o
5
- 7 . 0 6 2 x 10 V im

S ince E = -dV Idx , and s ince

n n
-3
V 0 at x = 6 x 10
n
.D
5
V 7 . 0 6 2 x lO x - 4 , 2 3 7 V
n
+ + +
c) At b o th sur f ac e s , P points inward , like E and D , and
-5 2
0 P -1 . 3 7 5 x 10
= C /m
b n

32
d) Ins ide the charged region ,

v.nc = dD / dx
c
P
f
= - 2 . 000 x lO
-2 3
C /m , D = -2 . 0 0 0 x lO
-2
x C /m
2

The c ons tant of in tegrat ion is zero b e caus e D changes s i gn at x O.

So D o at x O. Als o ,
->- 8 2 8
V ·E dE /dx ( P + P ) / C. = - 7 . 0 6 2 x lO V /m , E = - 7 . 0 6 2 x lO x V /m
c c f b o c
The con s t ant of in tegration is again z e r o , f or the s ame reason .
From P oi s s on ' s equa tion ,
2 2 2 8 2
V V d V /dx = - ( P + P ) h = 7 . 0 6 2 x lO V/m
c c f b o
8 2
dV / dx = 7 . 0 62 x lO x V /m
c
The con s t ant of integration is zero , s ince dV / dx -E Thus
c c
8 2
V = 3 . 53l x l0 x - 3 88 4 V
c
-3
The cons tant of in tegration is now chos en to make V V at x 10 .
c n

e) S e e curves.

f) The s tored energy is 2 x ( 1 / 2 )

f lO-
3
-4
P V 2 5 x lO dx 1 . 88 3 x 10
-4
J
f c
o
g) N o .

6-16 ( 6 . 10 ) SHEET ELECTRET

E=O 0=0
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

tP ! E = CTb/ Eo:: P/Eo Q =0

E -�� - T E��:o E=O 0=0

6-1 7 ( 6 . 7 ) RELATION BETWEEN R AND C FOR ANY PAIR OF ELE CTRODES

Let th e area of one plate b e S and the spacing s . Then
c. c. /a
r 0

33
 CHAP TER 7

7-1 ( 7 . 1) CONTINUITY CONDITIONS AT AN INTERFACE

D = A /2�r , b o th ins ide and out s ide the dielectric ,
E = A /2�E E r ins ide,
i r o
E = A /2�E r out s i de .
o 0

V is continuous at the s ur f ac e , but i ts slope dV /dr is smaller

ins ide than outs ide .

7-2 ( 7 . 1) CONTINUITY CONDITIONS AT AN INTERFACE

2
D Q / 4�r , b o th ins ide and outside the dielectric,
=

2
E. Q / 4 �E E r in s ide ,
1 r o
E Q / 4�E r2 outs ide .
o o
2
Thus , at the surfac e , E - E ( Q / 4 � E R ) Cl- l / E ) ·
=
o i O r
V i s continuous at the surface , b u t i t s s lope is smaller ins ide
the dielectric .

7-3 ( 7 . 2) ENERGY S TORAGE IN CAPACITORS

2 -6 6
W QV/2 CV /2 = 10 x 10 /2 = 0 . 5 J
mgh 0.5 J, h = 0. 5 / l x 9 . 8 = 51 mm

7-4 (7.2) ENERGY S TORAGE IN CAPACITORS

For Mylar ,
- 12 8 2
W = 3 . 2 x 8 . 8 5 x lO ( 1 . 5 x lO ) /2
I
5 3
= 3 . 2 x l0 J /m
One would us e the geometry shown
in the figur e . We need an ab s o lute
mlnlmum of one kilowatt-hour . Then
6
we need 3,600 x 1 0 0 0 , or 3 . 6 x 10 J .
As suming 10 0 % e f f i c i ency , whi ch i s
unrealis tic ( the ac tual ove rall ef-
f i c iency might b e, s ay 25 %), the capaci tor would have a volume o f
3
11 m . The d ens i ty of Mylar b eing app roxima tely equal to that o f
water , th e cap a c i tor would have a mas s o f 11 tons , whi ch is ab s urd !

34
7 - 6 ( 7.1) B OUND SU RFACE CHARGE DENSITY

7 - 7 ( 7 . 3 ) EXAMPLE OF A LARGE ELECTRI C FORCE

2 -12 7 2
The force per s quare me ter is E E E /2 = 3 5 x 8 . 85 x lO ( 4 x lO ) /2
r o
5
=2 . 5 x l0 p a .
The force i s 2 . 5 atmos ph eres .

7-8 ( 7 . 3) P ERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINE

We have four shee t s o f charge as (J -+ + + + + + + a
in the figur e . Sheets a and b are
- O"b­ b
c o in c ident and are s i tuated in th e
fields of c and d . Cho o s ing the
+ + + C
righ t-hand dire c ti on as p o s i tive ,
the field at the pos i t i on of a and
- (J--
b is
E = (J /2E - (J /2E = ( 1 /2E )
a,b 0 b 0 0

[(J - ( l- l / E ) (J ]
r
= (J /2E E
r 0

Then the forces p e r uni t area on a and b are

2 2
F (J /2E E ' Fb = -(J(Jb /2E r E 0 - (l- l / E ) (J /2E E =
a r o r r 0
S imilarly ,
E (J /2E - (J /2E + (J /2E = ( 1 /2E ) �2(J - ( l- l / E )(J ] = ( 1+ 1 / E r ) (J /2E o
c o b o O o r
2
F ( 1+ 1 / E ) (J(J /2E = ( l+l / E ) ( l- l / E ) (J /2E
c r b o r r o
2
= _(J /2E
o
F inally ,
F +F +F +F 0
a b c d

7-9 ( 7 . 3) SELF- CLAMPING CAPACITOR

( S /2E ) ( V /s ) ( E E s i d
2 2 2 2 2
F ( E E /2) S ((J /2E ) S ( S /2E ) ( VC / S )
= = =
o 0 0 0 r o
2 2 2 2 -12 -2 8
= E E S V /2t = 3 x 8 . 85 x lO x 4 . 3 8 x lO x 3 6 x lO /
r O
-4 2 4
2 x ( 7 . 62 x lO ) 1 . 1 x lO N =

This is a very larg e forc e . I t is approximately the we ight of a mas s

of one t on .

35
7-10 ( 7 . 3 )
--
ELECTROS TATI C CLAMP S
Z Z 5
a) ( l / Z ) E E ( V / d ) Z x lO P a , d = = 15 )lm
r o
� 5
b) The E in the Mylar is 3000 / 1 . 5 x 10 V /m . Then the E in the air is
5 8
3 . Z x 3000 x 10 / 1 . 5 6 . 4 x 10 V /m
Z 5
c) (l/Z ) E E (V/d) Z x 10 P a , d 8 . 4 )lm =
r o
Reference : S ta t i c Electrifi cation 19 7 5 , p . Z 1 5 .

7-11 ( 7 . 3 ) CALCULATING AN ELE CTRI C FORCE BY THE ME THOD OF VIRTUAL

WORK
Let the f orce be F . Assume a vir tual d isplacement dx . Then the
work d one by the battery is equal to the mechanical work done ,
p lus th e increase in th e stored en ergy , these two quan t i t i es b e ing
equal . Thus
Z Z Z
Fdx d (QV/ Z ) d (V C / Z ) V dC/Z ( V / Z ) E E 2dX /S
=
r o
Z -I Z 6 -3 -3
F E E 2V /Zs = 3 x 8 . 85 x 1 0 x 0 . 1 x 10 /Z x 10 1 . 3 3 x 10 N
r o

7-lZ ( 7 . 4 ) ELECTRI C FORCE

IlE
Z
= ( d / ax) E
Z
i+ ( a / ay) E
Z
j+ c a / a z ) E� ZE aE / axi + . . . ZEllE

7-13 ( 7 . 4) ELECTRI C FORCE

S ee P r ob . 7-10 .
The mechani cal work done is equal to the increase in ele c tric
energy . B o th energies are supplied by the b a t tery .
Z Z Z
Fdx d (V C / Z ) V dC/Z= (V / Z ) ( E - l) E 2dx / s
r o
Z 6 -lZ -3
F (V / Z ) ( E -l) E 2 /S ( 10 / Z ) ( 3- 1) 8 . 85 x 10 x O . l / lO
r o
-4
8 . 8 5 x 10 N

7-15 ( 7.4) ELE C TRI C FORCE ON A DIELE CTRI C

From Gauss's law , E ( A / Z � E E ) /r
r o
From P r ob . 4-6 , V ( A / Z � E E ) 2n ( R /R )
r o Z l
Z Z 3
Thus E V / r 2n ( R /R ) , dE /dr
= [ V / 2n (R /R ) ] ( - Z / r )
=
Z l Z l
Th e force is directed inwards . Disregarding the sign ,
Z Z 3 - 12 6 2 3
F' ( E -l) E V / 2n ( R /R ) r 8 . 85 x lO x 1 . 5 x 6 2 5 x 10 / 2 n 5 x r
r o Z l
- 3 3
3.2 x 10 /r N /m
3

36
 6 3 -3 -9
b) Near the inner c onductor, F ' 3 . 2 x 10
3 . 2 x 10 N/m
= /10 =

3 3
The gravi tational force p er cub i c meter is 9 . 8 x 10 N/m . S o
6 3
(Electric force)/ ( Gravitational force) 3 . 2 x 10 /9 . 8 x 10 330= =

7-16 ( 7 . 6) DISPLACEMENT AND P OLARIZATION CURRENTS

From S e c . 5 . 14 the voltage on the cap a c i t or is
V V [ l-exp ( -t/RC) ] , E = V /s
c C
D = E E E = E E ( V/s)[ l- exp ( - t/RC) ]
r o r o
dD/d t = E E ( V/S) ( l/RC)exp ( - t/RC)
r o
P = ( E - 1)E E = ( E -1)E ( V/s) [ 1- exp (- t/RC) ]
r o r o
dP/dt = [ ( E -1)E V/RC s ] exp (- t/RC)
r o

7-17 (7 . 7) DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION

-12 -4
C E E A/s =8000 x8 . 5 x10 /2 xlO 3 40flF
1r o
-6
Q = C V = 340 x 10 x700 C
1 l B
W Q V /2 - Q V /2 = 0 . 2 48 ( 3 500-700)/2 347 J
e l 2 1 1
6 -4 4
W = 2 . 9 x10 x 2 x10 x30 = 1.74 xl0 J
th
4
W /W = 3 47/1 . 74 xlO 0 . 02
e th
The e f f i ciency is only 2 percen t .
References: S . L. Soo , Dire c t En ergy Conver s i on , p 18 4 ; P ro c . IEEE ,
51 , 8 3 8 ( 19 6 3 ) .

CHAPTER 8

8-1 ( 8 . 1) MAGNETIC INDUCTION ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR LOOP

-;- fl NI } /2 ( } + z )
2 3/2 IJ
o 7xm-?
-7 2 2 3/2
41T x1 0 x 100 x 1 x 0 . 1 /2 ( O . 01x z )

/ ( 0 . 0 1+ l )
-7 3/2
2 1T X 10

-0.3 o +0·3

37
8 - 2 ( 8 . 1) SQUARE CURRENT LOOP
a
f 2 2
B = 8 ( � o I / 4rr) d�cos 8 / (a +� )
d.£
-

S ( � o I /4rr) f a d� / (a +� ) 3/2
a 2 2
20
o
1
2 2 � o I /rra

20
8 - 3 ( S . l) FIELD OF A CHARGED ROTATING DISK
a) E O/E ' b ) a vO = wrO
O
= =

c) A ring of radius r and width dr acts as a current loop .

S o , from S ec . S . 1 . 2 ,

f
R
B = � 0 (wrodr) /2r �wRo o /2 =

d) E 10 - 6 / S . 85 x 10 - 12 1 . 13 x l0 5 V/m
= =

B = 0 . 5 x 4rr x lO - 7 x l0 3 x O . l x 10 - 6 6 . 2 S x lO - ll T
=

S- 4 ( S . l) SUNSPOTS
a) The current loop between rand r + dr carries a curren t
2rrrdro (w/ 2rr) = wrodr . At the center ,
R
f
B ( � 0 /2) wrodr/r = � o wRo / 2
=

o = 2B / � o wR = 2 x O . 4 /4rr x lO - 7 x 3 x lO - 2 x l0 7 = 20 /3rr

The elec tron density is ( 2 0 / 3rr) / 1 . 6 x 10 - 19 r:;t 10 19 m- 2

b ) The current is the to tal charge divided by the period :
I [ rr x 10 14 x (20 /3rr) ] / ( 2 rr /w) ::::; 3 x 10 12 A
=

c) The negative charge o f the electrons is neutrali zed by quasi­

s tationary positive ions .

S- 5 ( S . l) HELMHOLTZ COILS
B = 2� oNI} /2 (}+} /4) 3 /2 (0 . 8) 3 /2 � 0NI/a = S . 9 92 x 10 - 7NI /a
=

References : Durand , Magnetos tatique , pp 4 4 , 2 70 ; O ' Dell , The Electro­

dynamics of Magneto -Elec tric Phenomena , Appendix 4 ; Rubens , Rev . S ci

38
 Ins tr. 1.§., 243 (19 45)

8 - 6 ( 8 . 1) HELMHOLTZ COILS
\
a) In the northern hemisphere the
magnetic field points downward .
In a N- S plane , looking W , the (5)
Q
coils are oriented as in the
figure .
\
\
\

c) 8 . 9 92 x lO - 7 NI /a s x lO - 5 ,
=

NI s x lO - s / 8 . 9 9 2 x lO - 7
5 5 . 6 At .
d) Try a current o f 2 amperes so as to make the numb er of turns as
small as possib le . Then we need at leas t 2 8 turns in each coi l . Then
R 2 8 x 211 x l x 21 . 7 x lO - 3 3 . 82$1
= =

V 7 . 6 4V , P 4 x 3 . 82 15 . 3 W for each coil .

= = =

No cooling is required for this size of coil .

8 - 7 ( 8 . 1) LINEAR DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER

B =
2 {
( )l o la /2) l/[ a 2 + (z - a) 2 J 3 / 2
2 2 3 /2
_ 1 / [ a + ( z+a) J }
()l o la 2 /2) [ l/ ( z 2 - 2az+2a 2 ) 3 /2
2
_ 1/ ( z +2az+2a )
2 3 /2 J

()l o I /2a) [ 1 / ( z ' 2 - 2 z ' +2) 3 / 2

2 3/2J
- 1 / ( z, +2 z ' +2) (z '= z / a)

8 - 8 ( S . 2 ) THE SPACE DERIVATIVES OF B IN A S TATIC FIELD

\l.t = d B /dX+ d B /d Y + 3 B /3 z 0
x y z =

d B y /3 Y is positive . By symmetry , 3 B x /3 x is also positive . Then

d B z /3Z is necessarily negative .

S- 9 ( S .3) MAGNETI C MONOPOLES

Q *H£ S . 2 7 x 10 - 15 x ( 10 /411 x 10 - 7 ) x 0 . 16 1 . 05 x 10 - 8 J

1 . 05 x 10 -S / 1.6 x 10 - 19 6 6 Gev
= =

39
8 - 10 ( 8 . 4) MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CHARGED ROTATING SPHERE
a) a = Q / 4�r 2 , V Q / 4�E OR, a E o V/R
= =

b) ex = av ( E o V/R) wR s in 8 E OWV sin 8

=

c) B J\
o
2 3 ( 2 /3 ) E 11 wV
o ( E 0 wV s in 8 Rd 8 ) (R s in 8 ) /2R =
o 0

d) B ( 2 /3) 8 . 85 x lO - 12 x 4� x lO - 7 x 2� x ( 10 4 /60) x lO 4
= 7 . 7 5 x lO - 11 T
The field is parallel to the axis of rotation .
e) m = ( 1 /2) J [ ( E oV/R) (2�R Sin 8) Rd8 J ( wR sin 8 ) R sin 8
�

�R3 E o wV f s in 3 8d8
�
= ( 4 / 3 ) �R3 E 0 wV

( 4 /3) rr 10 - 3 x 8 . 8 5 x 10 - 12 x h ( lO 4 /60) 10 4 2
f) m = 3 . 882 x 10 - 7 Am
g) (�/4) 10 - 2 I 3 . 882 x 10 - 7 , I 4 . 943 x 10 - 5A
= =

CHAPTER 9
9 - 1 ( 9 . 1) DEFINITION OF 110

9 - 2 ( 9 . 1) MAGNETIC FIELD OF A CURRENT - CARRYING TUBE

a) B 110 I /2rrr
=

b ) A is parallel to the tube and in the same direction as the current

c) B inside is zero
�+ + gives the
d) +A is as above . I t is not zero . For any curve C , �A·d�
flux linkage . If the curve is entirely situated ins ide the tube
where B 0, the integral is zero and A mus t be uniform . I ts value
=

+
is of no interes t , s ince B O . =

-
9 - 3 ( 9 . 1) MAGNETIC FIELD CLOSE TO A CURRENT SHEET B
..
1- - - - - -
Cons ider the dashed curve ,
- - - -
I
I

010000 oro �
I I
'- ____ ____ .1

40
9- 4 (9. 1) V AN DE GRAAFF HIGH - VOLTAGE GENERATOR
3
a) 0 = 2 E o E 2 x 8 . 8S x 10 - 12 x 2 x 10 /10 - 3 3 . S 4 x 10 - S C /m 2
= =

I 3 . S4 x 10 - S x O . S x 1T x O . 1 x 60 3 . 33 6 x 10 - 4A .
=

b) B = 4 1T x 10 - 7 x ( 3 . 336 x 10 - 4 /0 . S) /2 4 1T x 3 . 3 36 x 10 - 11 = 4 . 19 2 x 10 -19r
y
9 - S ( 9 . 1) SHORT SOLENOID
a

B =
2 +L
J 2
()lo la /2) (N/L) d z / [ a + ( z - Z) ] 2 3 / 2
-L --�--
L �-----+�Z�--�-r.��L �
+L
J
()loNla 2 / 2L) d ( z - Z) /[ a 2 + ( z - Z) 2 ] 3 / 2
-L
2
()l oNla /2L) [ z-
z 2 3
a 2{a 2 + ( z - Z) } /2 -L
+L
J
L- Z L+Z 1
()l oNI /2L) ) +
[ a 2 + (L - Z) 2 ] 3/2 [ a 2 + (L+Z) 2 ] 3 /2 I
=
I

9 - 6 ( 9 . 1) FIELD AT THE CENTER OF A COIL

R2 +L /2
a) B = ()lo nI /2) J J
R1 -L / 2
x 2 dxd z / (x2+ z 2 ) 3/2

()l onI /2) JR2 [x2 (xx�+z z 2 ) ;J +L /2 dX

R1 L -L/2 L L

J R2 +-
Ldx 2 2
()l onI /2) 2 2 ;
R1 (L /4 + x )

[ 1 R2
()l onIL / 2) 2n{x + (L 2 / 4+x 2 ) 2 }
R1J
2 2 2
()lonIL /2) 2 na+ (a + {
1 �
l+ ( l+ S ) 2
Note : Integrating firs t with respect to x would be much more dif­
ficult .

41
b ) The numb er of turns is L (RZ -R1 ) n , and the average length of one
turn is Z rr ( Rl +RZ ) /Z . Thus the length of the wire is

Z l l Z [z
Z
!I, = L ( R - R ) nrr (R +R ) = rr R - R /)
Ln = Vn ,
where V is the volume of the winding . Also
Z
!I, = Zrr (a - 1 ) (L/ZR ) R n
l l
3
Zrrn (aZ - l) SRl 3

CURRENT DIS TRIBUTION GIVING A UNIFORM B

9 - 7 ( 9 . 1)
The field inside the hole is the same as if one had two superposed
current distributions : a uniform current dens ity throughout the
cross - section , p lus a current in the oppos ite direction in the hole .
The current in the full cylinder is I a IR Z / (RZ _a Z ) . =

From Ampere ' s law , B ax - � o I ay / Z rrRZ , B ay � 0 I ax/2rrRZ

The current in the small cylinder is Ib

Bbx � o \ y / Zrra Z � o l aY /ZrrRZ , Bby = - � o I a (x-b) /ZrrRZ

Bx B ax + B bx 0,

B ay + Bby Z � o Ib /Zrr (RZ - a Z )

By = � o I ab /ZrrR =

The field is therefore uniform ins ide the hole .

Note that B is proportional to b . Thus B o when b 0, and B
changes s ign with b . Also , when a + R, b + 0 and B O . =

9 - 8 ( 9 . 1) SADDLE COILS
This current dis tribution is
ob tained by superposing two full
cylinders of current flowing in
opposite direc tions .
x
Let I be the current flowing
through the coil . Then the cur­
rent I ' that would flow through
one complete circle is related
to I as follows :
� [
I = l - ( Z /rr) cos - \ a/R) - ( a/R) ( l - } /RZ ) � I '
(
\
J
Ins ide the lef t -hand circle , at the radius r , the B due to that s ide
is
B � o ( I ' /Zrrr) ( r Z /R Z )
= ( � o I ' / Zrr) r/RZ . S o

42
 + y 2 ] ! IR2 , B 2 = ( )lo I 12'!TH ( a-x) 2 + y 2 ] ! IR2
I

Bx = -B ly I [ (a+x) 2 + y 2 ] ! + B 2 y I [ ( a-x) 2 + y 2 Fb o

B l cos 8 l + B 2 cos 8 2 B l ( a+x) / [ ] 2 + B 2 ( a-x) / [ ] 2 )lo I ' a/'!TR2

1 1
By =

S o B is uniform and parallel to the y-axis .

9-9 ( 9 . 1) TOROIDAL COIL

a) <P J J B . da = r t '!T 2'!T)l(R+pNI cos 8 ) pdpd8

0

0 0
'!T d8
( )l0 NI /2 '!T)
rt
0 0
R+ p cos 8 pdp

The integration with resp ect to 8 mus t be done with care , taking
into account the two branches of the curve . We integrate from
-'!T /2 to +'!T/2 , where cos 8 is pos itive , and then from '!T/2 to 3'!T /2 ,
where cos 8 is negative . Then

J
2'!T
_d_8--::­
-:::-
R+p c o s 8 J
'!T/2 d8
-=':::
R+ P o -
:':: c--s -=-
8 + J
3'!T /2 d8
R+ p cos 8 = J
'!T /2 d 8
R+p cos 8 + J
'!T/2 d 8
R-p cos 8
o - '!T /2 '!T /2 -'!T/2 - '!T /2

-p tan ( 8 / 2 ) 1 ] '!T/2
I (R�- p 2 ) !
tan )
\ -'!T/2

43
 Tr/2
f R-pd8cos 8 =

-Tr/2
2 Tr _-=d-=-8_ 4 1 ) arc tan �-p 1. + arc tan �+p
J !
(R P ) 2 1 (R _ p 2 ) 2 (R _ p 2 ) ! \
R+ p cos 8 2 _ 2
o

Since arc tan a + arc tan b = arc tan [( a+b)/( l-ab )] ,

Tr d 8 4 1 2R/ (R2 _ p 2 ) ! } 4 ( Tr / 2 ) 2Tr
t
0
2 2
R+p cos 8 (R _ p ) ! arc tan 2 2
l- ( R -p ) / (R
2 -p 2 ) = (R2 _ p 2 ) ! - (R2 _ p l !

r
Thus 1> ( � oNI /2Tr) f 2 2Tr 2 1 p dp � oNI [ R- ( R2 -r 2 ) 1.2 ]
(R _ p ) 2
o

The integration is more difficult wi th Cartes ian coordinates .

-
b) B = � oNI [R- (R2 -r 2 ) ! ] /Trr 2 at the radius V\ 1':\ .

S et a{ = R + p cos e . Then � oNI /2 Tr I/{ � 0 NI [ R- (R2 -r 2 ) 1.2 ] /Trr 2

=

�
�
r 2 / 2 [ R- ( R2 -r 2 ) ! ] r 2 / 2R[ 1- ( 1-r 2 / R2 ) ! ]
= =

For r 2 « R2 , �
II< '" r 2 /2R(r 2 /2R2 ) = R

CHAPTER 10

There is an interes ting ar ticle on the crossed-field mas s spec­

trometer in The Journal of Phys ics E , S cientific Ins truments ,
Volume 10 ( 19 7 7 ) page 458 .

10-1 ( 10 . 1) THE CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY

a) The cen tripe tal force being BQv , BQv mv 2 /R.
b) Then W viR = BQ/m .
c) BQ/2Trm = l x 1 . 6 x lO -19 /27f x 2 x 1 . 7 x lO -2 7 = 7 . 5 megahertz .

10-2 ( 10 . 1) MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTI CLE UN A UNIFORM B

-+
The velocity component p arallel to B is unaffected . The component
-+
normal to B gives a circular motion as in the preceding problem .

44
10 - 3 ( 10 . 1) MAGNETIC MIRRORS
The figure shows part of a helical
orbit for a positive particle .
The particle drif ts to the right .
The magnetic force points to the
lef t . After a while , the drif t
velocity will also p oint to the
left .
Reference . There is a good
article on the magnetosphere in
Contemporary Physics , �, 165
( 19 7 7 ) .

10 - 4 ( 10 . 1) HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS IN THE CRAB NEBULA

a) W 2 x l0 14 x 1 . 6 x lO - 19 '" 3 . 2 x lO - 5 J .
b) m 3 . 2 x lO - 5 /9 x l0 16 3 . 6 x lO - 22 kg ,
=

m/mo mc 2 /m 0 c 2 3 . 6 x lO - 22 / 9 . l x lO - 3l 4 x lO S
= =

c) R
d) ( 2 1T x 3 . 4 x l0 13 /3 x lO S ) / ( 2 4 x 3 , 6 00) = S . 2 days

10 - 5 ( 10 . 1) MAGNETIC FOCUSING
a) An electron goes through one full circle in a time T 2 1T/W .
During that time it travels a dis tance L vx T . S o
2 3/2 1T (mV/e) 2 /B , B 2 3 /2 1T (mv/e) ! /L
1. 1.
L ( 2eV/m) 2 2 1T (m/Be)
= =

b) B = 2 3 / 2 1T ( 9 . l x lO - 3l x 10 4 /1 . 6 x 10 - 19 ) ! /0 . 5 = 4 . 2 4 x lO - 3 T
IN ' B / �o = 3 37 3 A

10 - 6 ( 10 . 1) DEMPSTER MAS S SPE CTROMETER

a) mv 2 /R = BQv , mv BQR , (2m ( 1 / 2 ) mv 2 ) 1.2 BQR
QR2 B 2 /2V
1.
( 2mQV) 2 BQR, m
1
b) B ( 2mV/Q) 2 /R
For HI + B l ( 2 x 1 . 7 x lO - 2 7 x lOOO/1 . 6 x lO - 19 ) ! /0 . 06
' = 7 . 7 x lO - 2 T .
0 . 11 T .
0 . 09 4 T .

45
Note that 6m/m 26B /B . Thus , for large m ' s , where 6m/m b ecomes
=

small from one iso tope to the nex t , 6B /B becomes even smaller .

c)
1,.
B ( 2mV/Q) 2 /R
( 2xl . 7xlO -2 7 AxlOOO / l . 6xlO -19 ) ! /0 . 06
( 3 . 4xlO - 5 / 1 . 6) !A! /0 . 06 = 7 . 6 8xlO - 2A!
=

where A is the atomic weight . This

value of m is approximate .

10- 7 ( 10 . 1) MAS S SPE CTROMETER

mv 2 /R BQv , R mv/BQ
= =

z�o
x = 2R ( 2 /B ) (m/Q ) v
=

The time of flight from A to the target is TIR/v TI /B (m/Q) . =

During that time the ion drifts through a distance

y = ( 1 / 2 ) (QE /m) ( TIID / BQ) 2 ( TI 2 E /2B 2 ) (m/Q) .
=

Reference : Rev . S ci . Ins tr . �, 819 ( 19 7 4) .

10-8 ( 10 . 1) HIGH-TEMPERATURE PLASMAS

a) mv2 /R BQv, R mV/BQ ( 2mmv 2 /2) 2 /BQ . : 0 . 225 m
1,.
= = =

b ) A D+ ion has the same velocity , but half the mas s , so R 113 mm . =

Reference : Glas s tone and Loveb erg , Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions

pages 156 and 395 .

10-9 ( 10 . 1) HIGH TEMPERATURE PLASMAS

a) By symme try , B can only be B = 0
--

azimuthal . But the line integral 0 0 0 0 0 0

-+ -+ r/ ///////_//// /////
of B · d � over a circle perpendicu-
® ® (£) (t) (t) (t)
lar to the paper and with its
B ":. 0
center on the axis of symm e try
mus t be zero , s ince the net cur­ 0 0 0 0 0 0
rent is zero . Then B O . =
(f) <B (±) (±) (±) ®
S imilarly , B = 0 ins ide the inner B "= 0
cylinder .
b ) See figure .
c) I t bends downwards .

46
d) I t b ends upwards
e) They als o return to the discharge .
Reference : G1as s tone and Loveb.erg , Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions,
p 2 78 .

10- 10 ( 10 . 1) ION BEAM DIVERGENCE

a) I vA , A = I /v
b ) QE Q ( A/21TE o R) = QI/21TE 0Rv
c) QvB QV ( ll o I /2 1TR) = QIll o V/21TR
d) QE - QvB (QI /21TR) ( 1 ! E o v - ll oV)
=

10-11 ( 10 . 1) ION THRUSTER

S ee the s olution to Prob . 2-14 . Here , the force exerted on the
ej ected fuel , in the reference frame of the vehicle, is BIs , or m ' v .
I 2 R I 2 ( s /oA) , where A is the area of one of the electrodes ,
=

C or D .
n /[
l / ( l+P D /P G) = 1 1 + D _2_
oA BIsv
J = 1 / ( 1 + 2BIs /oB 2 w)

1 / ( 1 + 2m ' /oB 2 T)
Also , 2 I / oABv = 2J /oBv 2oE /oBv 2E /Bv ,
n 1 / ( 1 + 2E /Bv) .
As v increas es , n ->- l , and n ", l for v » 2E /B .

10-12 ( 10 . 3 ) GAMMA
( 1- S 2 ) ! 1 / 1.01 , S 2
= 1 - 1 / lt0 1 , S =, 0;{9 9504 .

10-13 ( 10 . 5 ) REFERENCE FRAMES

1
Y 1 / ( 1-1/4) 2 1 . 155 =

1 . 155 ( 1-1 . 5x10 8x1) -1 . 7 32 x 10 8 m

=

Y1 = 1 m , z2 = zl = 1 m
1 . 155 ( 1-1/2�3x10 8 ) 1 . 155 s .
=

47
10-14 ( 10 . 5 ) REFERENCE FRAMES
y 1 . 15
\
5 as above
1 . 155 ( 1+l . 5xlO 8xl) 1 . 7 32 x 10 8m , Yl zl 1m , t l 1 . 15 5 s

..;- ..;- ..;- ..;-

10-15 ( 10 . 8) HALL EFFECT
a) v
..;- ..;- ..;-
= -M(E +vxB) , where

..;- ..;-
vxB =
i
vx
j

v
Y
k

vz
0 0 B

vxi + v j + v z k
Y
= [
-M E xi+E j+v B t-vxB r ,
Y Y
]
vx -M(E x +v B ) , v -M(E -vxB ) ' v z O .
Y Y Y
= =

-ME x +M2 BE M(-E x +MBE )

b) vx -M[E x-M(E -vxB ) B ] "';l "';l
Y l+M2 B 2 1+M2 B 2
=

v �
-M y -
MB ( -E x MBE y ) ]
Y l+M2 B 2
2 2 )
MBE ]
-M
[f - M 2 Ey +
1+M B � 1+M2 2
_ _
M
:
(E +MBEx )
l+M2 B 2 y
__

Jx neM(E x-ME B) / ( l+M2 B 2 )

Y
=

Jy neM(E y +ME xB ) / ( l+M2 B 2 )

c) Vy = (b / a) MVxB ( 10 -3 /5xlO - 3 ) 7 x 1 x 10 - 4 1 . 4 x 10 -4 V .
=

d ) When E 0,
Y
=

Jx = neME x / ( l+M2 B 2 ) , I x b cneM(Vx /a) / (l+M2 B 2 ) ,

=

R Vx II x a ( 1+ � B 2 ) /b cneM,
=

LIR/Ro M2 B 2 = •

Let us calculate the mob ility in copper . J p v aE , v (a /p ) E . · = = =

Thus the mob ilitY :Ls . a /p a /ne 5 . 8 x lO 7 / 8 . 5 x 10 28 x 1 . 6 x 10 -19

= =

= 4 . 3 x lO
-3 .
References : H . H . Wieder , Hall Generators and Magnetores is tors ;

48
H . Weis s , S tructure and Applications of Ga1vanomagnetic Devices .

10-1 7 ( lO . 8) ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS

V vBa
=

CHAPTER 11

11-1 ( 11 . 1) BOAT TESTING TANK

a) Bv 9, = 2 x 10 -5 x 20 x 3 1 . 2 mV
=

b) Zero .

11-2 ( 11 . 1) EXPANDING LOOP

a) I = Bvs /R
b ) (B ls ) v (Bvs) 2 /R
=

c) I 2 R = (Bvs ) 2 /R. The power exp ended to move the bar appears as
heat in the resis tance R .

11-3 ( 11 . 2) INDUCED CURRENTS

Reference : Rev . S ci . Ins trum . , � , 1581 ( 19 7 7 ) .

49
 11-4 ( 11 . 1) INDUCED CURRENTS
a) Counterclockwise
b ) Counterclockwise
c) S ince the flux linkage is con­
-+ -+
s tant , and s ince v x B = 0 , the
induced electromotance is zero .

11-5 ( 11 . 2) INDUCED ELECTROMOTANCE

'1J = dfl/dt NA( dB /dt) = 100 x 10 - 2 x 10 -2 x 2Tr x 60 s in ( 2 Tf x 60 t)
sin ( 2Tf x 60 t)V
3 . 77
We have disregarded the s ign .

11-6 ( 11 . 2 ) ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTION

B J

a) The induced elec tromotance is azimuthal . Over a circle of

radius r ,
2TfrE Tfr 2B o wsinwt , E = (rB 0 w/2) s inwt .
=

The induced current density is a E and is also azimuthal

J (arB o w/2) s inwt .
=

b) With our s ign convention , a positive J gives a posi tive B .

At t 0 , dB /dt 0 and J = O . Then , as B decreas es , J increases
= =

as per Lenz ' s law , etc .

11- 7 ( 11 . 2 )
INDUCTION HEATING
a) -d� /dt - Tfr 2 (d /dt) ( V o N ' I 0 coswt)
=

b ) The length of the conductor is 2 Tfr and its cros s-section is Ldr .

50
Hence R = 21Tr /crLdr

c) dP av o
2
( 11 U WN ' I 0 )
2x2 rrr /crLdr
2
=
[Ilo2rrcrw2N ' 2 1
0
)
2 / 4 Lr 3 dr ,

, 2 wt b elng
Th e average va 1ue 0 f S ln ' equa 1 to 0 . 5 .
R
J
d) P av ( ) L r 3 dr ( ) LR4 / 4 = ( 4rr x lO -7 x 21T x 60 x 5000 x 2 ) 2
=

( 1T x lO 5 /16) ( 6 x lO -2 ) 4 x l = 5 . 71 W

Note The power dis s ipated in the winding is I 2 R , where R is its

resis tance . The conduc tivity of copper being 5 . 8 x 10 7 siemens per
meter , if there are n layers , the cross-section of the wire is
rr (n /5000) 2 /4 and R 2 1T x 6 x lO -2 x 5000 / [ 5 . 8 x l0 7 1T (n/5000) 2 / 4 J ,
=

I 2 R '" 10 3 I 2 /n 2 .
I f n 10 , I 2 R � 40 W .
=

Reference : S t andard Handb ook for Elec trical Engineers , p 22-28 and
following .
z

11-8 ( 11 . 2 ) INDUCED ELECTROMOTANCE

y vt ( w A /21T) t , wt = 21TY / A
= =

Y + A /4
� JB o s in ( 2 1TY / A) s inwt ( A / 4) dy
y
A/4
[
B o sinwt ( A/4) ( A /2 1T) -cos ( 2 1TY /A) ] y+
y
U 2 /81T) B o s inwtC -cos ( 2 rrY / A+1T/2) + cos ( 2 rrY /A) J

( A 2 /8rr) B o ( s in 2 wt + s inwtcoswt)

CU"=
(B VA /4) ( s in2wt + cos2wt)
O

11-10 ( 11 . 4) THE TOLMAN AND BARNETT EFFECTS

In the reference frame of the conductor , the force on a particle
of charge -e and mas s m is

Reference : Landau and Lifshi tz , Electrodynamics of Continuous Media ,

p 210 .
51
11-11 ( 11 . 5) ELE CTRIC CONDUITS
From the definition of A (Eq . 8-18) , A is p arallel to the wire .
Then aA/ a t is also parallel to the wire and , if there is a single
wire , there is a longitudinal induced electromotance in the wire .
Reference : S t andard Handb ook for Electrical Engineers , Sec . 17-11 .

11- 12 ( 11 . 5) THE POTENTIALS V and A

-+ -+ -+
S ince Vx (A - VC) =: V x A , B is not affected . Also
-V(V + ac/ at) - ( a / a t) (A - VC) =: -vv - aA / a t and E is not affected
either .

CHAPTER 12

12-1 ( 12 . 1)
[H ] = [ Jl o ] [L ] , [ Jl o ] [H] / [ L ]

12-2 ( 12 . 1) MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Assume a current I in the wire . The flux linkage through the
toroidal coil is

( Jl o IbN /2TI) �n C l+b /a) , M = ( Jlo bN /2TI) �n ( 1+b /a) .

12-3 ( 12 . 1) MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

a) From S ec . 8 . 1 . 2 , coil a produces at b a magnetic induction
B = JloN a I a a 2 /2 C } + z 2 ) 3 /2 .
{ }
S o M = "' ab /I a = Jl oN a a 2 /2 ( a2 + z 2 ) 3 /2 Nb TIb 2 TIJl oN aNb a 2b 2 /2 ( a 2 + z 2) 3 / 2
=

b ) M varies as the cosine of the angular displacement .

c) No .

12-4 ( 12 . 2 ) A OUTSIDE A SOLENOID

The magnetic flux inside the solenoid is TI R2Jl oN ' I . Then the electro-
motance induced in a loop of radius r > R coaxi al with the solenoid is
TIR2 Jl oN ' dI /dt = 2TIrdA/dt , A = (Jl o /2r) N ' R2 I .

52
12-5 (12 . 2) A INS IDE A SOLENOID
The magnetic flux inside a loop of radius r < R , coaxial with the
solenoid , is
( d/dt) ( rrr 2 )JoN ' I) 2 rrrdA/d t , A ( )J o /2)N ' I. r .

12-6 ( 12 . 3) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

The flux due to the current mus t exactly cancel that due to the
monopoles . Then
-15
LI nNe* , I nNe* /L 100 x 1 , 200 x 8 . 26 x 10 / 75 x 10 -3
=

1 . 322 x 10 -8 A
_

12- 7 (12 . 3 ) ROGOWSKI COIL

Reference : Glass tone and Loveberg , Controlled Thermonuclear
Reactions , p 16 4 ; Rev . S ci . Ins tr . �, 6 6 7 ( 19 71) .

12-8 (12 . 3) INDUCED CURRENTS

a) In the azimuthal direction , R 2 rra/crb£, B )J o I / £ , �
L � /I )J o rra 2 / £ .
=

b ) L 4rr x lO -7 x rr x 2 5 x lO -6 /1 = 9 . 87 x lO -11 H
R 2 rr x 5 x 10 -3 /5 . 8 x 10 7 x 10 -3 x 1 5 . 42 x 10 -7 "
=

L /R = 1 . 82 x lO -4 s .

12-9 (12 . 3) COAXIAL LINES

In the annular region , B is due only to the current in the inner
conductor , from Ampere ' s circuital law . Thus
J
B )J o I /2 rrr , � ' = ()J o I /2rr)
=
R2
dr/r
Rl

12-10 ( 12 . 3) COAXIAL LINES

From Ampere ' s circuital law , the B in the annular region between
the conductors is the same at all frequencies . Inside the conduc tors
there is more field at lower frequencies . Hence Wm is larger at low
frequencies and L £f > Lhf ·

53
12- 1 1 ( 12 . 5) LONG SOLENOID WITH CENTER TAP
2 2 2 2
LAC ( � oN /�) rr R , LAB LBC ( � oN /2 �) rrR , M O .
= = =

Our formula for a long solenoid is based on the assumption that B

is � o (N /�) I ins ide , and zero outs ide . Wi th this assumption , the
coup ling coefficient k is zero , and M is zero .

12-1 3 ( 12 . 7) VOLTAGE SURGES ON INDUCTORS

+
R

a) V =( R + Rs ) I + LdI /dt "" Rs I + LdI /dt , 100 "" Rs I - 10 4

4
Th e v o1 tages acros s Rs an d 1 are b oth ab out 10 V .
b ) Connect the diode as in figure b . Upon opening the switch , the
current is I - (V/R) e -Rt /1 10 e-t . =

12-14 ( 12 . 7) TRANSIENT IN R1C CIRCUIT

In circui t a, V/V s 1-exp (-t /RC)
=

3
In circuit b , 1 10 4 x 10 -6 / 4 2 . 5 x 10 -
= = H,

1d 2 Q / dt 2 + RdQ /dt + Q / C = Vs .
As in P rob . 12-1 5 , the particular solution is Q Vs C
1n 2 + Rn + l / C 0 , n = - (R/2L) ± (R2 / 41 2 - 1/1C) 2 ,
.1
=

3
R/2L 100 /5 x 10 -
= 2 x 10 4 1/1C .
= =

Thus the two values o f n are equal and

Q (A + Bt) exp (-Rt /21) + V s C .
=

At t = 0, Q = 0 and A = -V s C . Also ,
I dQ /dt exp (-Rt /21) [B - (R/21) (A + B t) J .
=

At t 0 , I = 0 and B - (R/21) V s C .
= =

54
Finally , Q -Vs C ( 1+Rt /2L) exp (-Rt / 2L) + V s C
S ince R/2L 2 /RC , Q Vs C[ 1 - ( 1+2t /RC) exp ( - 2 t /RC ) J ,
=

v =Q / C , V/Vs 1- ( 1+2 t /RC) exp ( - 2 t /RC) .

=

Summarizing ,
V/V s l-exp ( - t /RC) , for circuit a .
V/Vs 1- ( 1+2 t /RC) exp (-2t /RC) , for circui t b.

S etting t /RC = t ' ,

/. 0
V/V s l - exp ( - t ' ) , for a ,
V/Vs 1 - ( 1+2 t ' ) exp ( - 2t ' ) , for b.

The figure shows Q /V s C as a function

of t for the two circuits . The
charges are the same at t 1 . 2 6 RC . = 0 3
t'
The circuit with the inductor is slower
at firs t , and then faster . The
inductor is not us eful .

12 - 15 (12 . 7 ) TRANS IENT IN RLC CIRCUIT

a) LdI /dt + RI = V, I Aexp ( - Rt /L) + V/R
=

S ince I 0 at t 0 , I
= = (V/R) [ l - exp ( -Rt /L) J
= lO [ (l - exp ( -lOt ) J .
b ) LdI /dt + RI + Q / C V , Ld Q /dt 2 + RdQ /dt + Q / C
=
2 V
The particular solution is Q vc = 10 -4 . =

The complementary function is

Q Aent , n [ - R± (R 2 - 4L / C) ! J / 2L - 5 ±10 3 J. ,
=

Q exp (-5t) (BcoslO 3 t + Ds inlO 3 t) + 10 - 4 .

.
S lnce Q 0 at t = 0, B - 10 -4 ,
= =

Q exp (-5t) ( - 10 -4 cosIO 3 t + DsinlO 3 t ) + 10 -4 ,

I dQ /dt exp ( - 5 t ) ( 5 x 10 - 4 cosIO 3 tHO -1 s inlO 3 t - 5Ds inlO 3 t +10 3 Dcos lO 3t)
Als o , 1 = 0 at t O . Then D -5 x lO - 7
= =

Q = exp (-5t) ( - 10 - 4 cosIO 3 t -5 x 10 - 7 s inlO 3 t ) + 10 - 4 ;::; -10 - 4 exp (-5t) cos IO 3t

+ 10 -4 .
I -10 -4 exp ( - 5t) ( - 10 3 s inlO 3 t) + 5 x 10 -4 exp ( -5 t ) coslO 3 t
= 0 . lexp ( - 5t) s inlO \ + 5 x 10 exp ( - 5 t ) coslO \ ;::; 0 . lexp ( - 5t) s inlO \ .
-4

55
 CHAPTER 13

13-1 ( 13 . 1) MAGNETIC FORCE

--

BIL = 5 x 10 -2 x 400 x 5 x 10 - 2

13-2 (13 . 1) MAGNETIC FORCE

a) Let the wire have a cross-section a , and let the current density
be J . For a length o f one meter ,
BJa p ag , J pg/B = 8 . 9 x l0 3 x 9 . 8 x lO - 4 8 . 7 x l0 8A/m2
= =

I 8 . 7 x l0 8 a A
b) R' 1 / 5 . 8 x 10 7 a . "/m
p' ( 8 . 7 x l0 8 a) 2 /5 . 8 x l0 7 a 1 . 3 x lO lO a W/m
If a 10 - 8 , then p ' 130 W/m . The wire will become very hot .
=

Convection will spoil the measurement .

c) In the Northern hemisphere there is a South magnetic pole . The
lines of B point S outh . The current mus t p oint Wes t .
d ) At the p oles the lines o f B are vertical and the magnetic force
on a horizontal wire is horizontal and perpendicular to the wire .

13-3 (13 . 1) MAGNETIC FORCE

--
F 50 x 100 x 0 . 5 x 10 -4 x s in 70 a
= 0 . 235 N

13-4 ( 13 . 1) MAGNETIC FORCE

+ + + + +
F = I a y),h d,Q, a x B = -I aB x ':I',h d,Q, a O.

13 - 5 ( 13 . 1) ELECTROMAGNETIC PUMPS - -

Cons ider an element of volume 8 J dx dy

dxdydz , as in the figure , with the

current flowing along the z-axis .
+
The current is Jdxdy . Both J and
+
B are uniform ins ide the infini -
tesimal element of volume . The
force per unit volume is dx

56
13-6 ( 1 3 . 1) HOMOPOLAR GENERATOR AND HOMOPOLAR MOTOR

2
v = = B wR /2 = I x ( 3 000 X 2 1T / 6 0 ) 0 . 2 5 / 2 = 39 . 2 7 V .

1 3 - 7 (13 . 1 ) HOMOPOLAR MOTOR

The curr ent has a radial comp onent p o in t ing towards the axi s . The
a z imuthal c omp onent o f the current g ives a B p o in t ing to the righ t .
The whe e l turns counterclo ckwis e .

13-8 ( 1 3 . 2 ) MAGNETI C P RE S SURE

- - - -
- - - .
-
---{Br--.__
---------
----
-
--c:)--::=::---- - _.

.. - - - �

---{B,---
------c:)r----
------c:)1----
a) We h ave p r e c i s e ly the s i tuation des crib ed in S e c . 13 . 2 .
b ) Inside the inner s o lenoid , there i s zero magnetic f i eld . B e tween
2
the two s o l enoids th e f ield is B . The magnetic p r e s s ur e B / 2 � pushes
o
inward on the inner s o lenoid .

13-9 ( 13 . 2 ) MAGNETI C P RE S S URE

P a '" ( B / 2 x 41T x lO ) 10
2 2 -7 2 -7 -5
a) B / 2� = B / 2 X 41T x lO a tmo spheres
o
2
� 4 B atmospheres .

b)

57
c) ( i) The pres s ure is always equal to the energy den s i ty

( ii ) The e l ectric "pres sur e " we have cons idered is as s o ciated with
th e fact tha t lines o f force are under tens ion . This "pres s ur e " is
always attractive . (We have no t cons idered the r epuls ion b e tweeen
2
electric lines of force , whi ch gives a p o s i t ive pres s ure of E E / 2 .
o
For examp l e , if we have two electric charges of the s ame s ign , one
2
can f ind th e corre c t force o f r epul s i on by in tegrating E E / 2 over
o
the p lane half-way b e tween the charges , where the lines of force clash) .

( iii) The magnetic p r e s s ur e we are concerned with here is as s o ciated

with the lateral repul s i on b e tween l ines of force . This p r e s s ure is
repuls ive .I n P rob . 15-6 we are concerned wi th the tens ion in the
2
lines of force , which gives an at trac tive "pressure" of B / 2 )1 .
o
( iv) In pratice , the electric " p res sure" is nearly always negligib le
while magnet i c pres sure is o f t en larg e . For examp le , a large E of
6
10 V /m g ives an electric " p re s s ure" o f 5P , wh ile a large B o f 1 T
5
g ives a magnetic p r e s s ure of 4 x 10 P .

13-10 ( 1 3 . 2 ) MAGNETIC PRE S S URE

a) B = )1 I /2 �R out s ide , B = 0 ins ide , from Ampere ' s circuital law .
o
2 , 2 2
Thus P ( 1 /2 )1 ) ( )1 I / 2 �R) = ( )1 / 8 � ) ( I /R) .
m o o o
-7 2 8 -8 7.
b) P ( 4 rr x lO / 8 � ) ( 9 x 10 / 2 5 x lO ) = 5 . 7 3 x 10 Fa :::; 5 . 7 3 a tmo-
m
spheres .
Re ference : J . Phys . D . App 1d Phy s . �, 2 1 8 7 ( 19 7 3 ) .

13-11 ( 1 3 . 2 )
--
MAGNETI C P RE S S URE
-7 5
a) P = 1 / 8 � x 10 "" 4 x 10 P a "" 4 atmospheres .
b ) The p r e s s ure would b e unchanged , s ince B is uniform in side a long
s ol eno i d .

13-12 ( 1 3 . 3 ) ENERGY S TORAGE

2 -12 12 3
E E /2 8 . 85 x lO x 10 / 2 = 4 . 43 J /m
o
2 -7 5 3
B / 2 )1 1 / 8 � x 10 = 3 . 9 8 x l0 J /m
o

13-13 ( 1 3 . 4 ) MAGNETI C PRE S S URE

a) The magneti c force i s 2 �R2p ' It a c t s through a d i s tance dR .
m
Then the work done by the magnetic force is 2 �R2p dR .
m

58
b ) The mechanical work done i s
Z 'TTR f(, (B / Z )l ) d R = Z 'TTR j(, [<)l NI / f(, ) / Z )l J dR
Z Z Z 2
'TT )l I N RdR / ,Q"
0 0 0
=
o
Z
c) I (Nd 1» = INd ( 'TTR )l NI / f(,)
o

13-14 ( 1 3 . 4) FLUX COMPRE S S I ON

a) As the tub e shrinks in d i ameter ,

an a z imuthal current is indu c ed E x p l o . i ve

that main t ains the enclosed mag­

netic f lux app roximately con s t ant .
Z Tu b e
Hence B B (R / R) .
o 0
�

3 -7
b) B = )l a , a = 10 / ( 4 'TT X 10 )
o
9 (1)
� 10 A/m
Z 3
c) B � 10 ( 10 / 1) = 10 T. (Z)

d) The s o lenoid maint ains a con s t an t Bi n i ts interior . The curren t

o
in the tub e in creas e s the induction ins i de the tub e to B . Thus the
increas e in magne t i c energy i s

lM
m
Z Z
'TTR L B -B(o
Z Jj Z )l
o
Z
= 'TTR L (R
o
4
/ R4 _ 1J B o Z / Z )lo ' (3)

-4 4 Z -7 6
'TT x ( 10 /4 ) x O . Z ( 10 _ l) 10 / 8 'TT x lO � 6 x l0 J. ( 4)

The s ource s upp lies an extra en ergy

6W
s
oo
J
N I ( d 1> / d t ) dt = NI 6 1>
0 0
Z
NI 'TTR ( B -B ) ,
0 0
= (5)
0
Z Z
NI IlR R , R - 1 B
o 0 /
(
Z
0
1 Z
'TT R (B L / )l ) R
0 0
Z
0 1
J Z
R -1 B ,
0
= [ ' ) (6)

Z Z 2 -7 2 -Z -4
( 'TT / )l ) LB (R -R ) = ( 'TT / 4'TT x lO ) O . Z x lO ( 10 -10 ) / 4
o o o
5
� 1 . 3 x l0 J. (7)
Th e exp l o s ive s up p l i e s an energy

- f R
[
Z Z
Z 1TrL ( B -B ) / Z )l dr
o o
J - ( 'TTL / )l )
o
J[ /
R
R
0
4 4
r _l h
) 0
Z
rdr , (8)
R R
o o

( 'TTL / )l ) B
o 0
Z
[ R
0
4 Z Z
/ZR + R / Z _ R
0
z) � 6 x l0
6
J. (9)

Note that 6W = 6W + W
m s exp 1
Note also tha t , although the magnet i c f ield j us t ins ide the s o l enoid

59
is unaffected by the current I in the tub e , the current I produces a
a A/a t in the s o leno id that makes W '" O . The exp los ive s upp lies mos t
s
of the energy . We have neglected the mechanical en ergy required t o
crush the tub e , acous tic energy , e t c .

13- 15
-- ( 13 . 4 ) PULSED MAGNETI C FIELDS
2 6 6
a) W = ( B / 2 ]1 ) V = 4 x 10 J . C o s t ", $ 8 x 10
m o
6 6 6
b) W 4 x 10 J
=: 4 x 10 / 3 . 6 x 10 '" 1 kwh .
=:
Co s t '" 2 to 10 cents ,
m
depending on p r evai l ing rates .
2 9 4
c) p =: B / 2 ]1 '" 4 x 10 P a '" 4 x 10 atmospheres .
o

13-16 ( 1 3 . 5 ) MAGNETI C ENERGY

a) W
m =:
I ' / 2 + I fl /2
/ a b b =: I ( fl +
a aa \ a ) /2 + I b ( flab + \ b ) / 2
b) W
m

13-17 ( 13 . 5 ) ENERGY S TORAGE

1 (11) / 2
2
a) W = LI / 2 = = I fl / 2
m
2 2 2 2
b) W = I (N ¢ ) / 2 INTIR ]1 NI / 2 £ ]1 TIR N I / 2 £
0
=:
m o

13-18 ( 13 . 5 ) ENERGY S TORAGE

a) i) LdI / d t = V, I ( V /L) t
2 2
i i ) ( 1 / 2 ) (Vt /L) Vt (V / 2L) t

} ii) 2
11 / 2 =
2
L ( Vt /L) / 2 =
2
(V /2L) t
2

b) i) V = Q/C = ( I/C) t
2 2
i i ) ( 1 /2 ) [ ( I t /C ) I J t = ( 1 /2C) t
2 2 2 2
i i i ) CV / 2 = C (It/C) /2 = (I /2C) t

13-19 ( 1 3 . 4 ) ENERGY S TORAGE

2 -12 16 5 3
a) E E E /2 3 . 2 x 8 . 85 x 10 x 10 / 2 = 1 . 4 x 10 J /m
r 0
2 -7 7 3
B / 2 ]1 6 4 / 2 x 4TI x 10 = 2 . 5 x 10 J /m
o
2 7 2 7 10 13
b ) ( TID / 4 ) L x 2 . 5 x 10 = ( TID / 4 ) 2 0 D x 2 . 5 x 10 = 10 x 3 , 6 00 = 3 . 6 x 10 ,

60
D = 45 m , L = 900 �.

2 5 0 atmospheres
5 2
A = 1TDL = 1T x 45 x 9 00 = 1 . 2 7 x 10 m
Referen c e : Foner and S chwar t z , Superconduc ting Machines and Devi c e s ,
p 41 .

13-20 ( 13 . 6 ) SUPERCONDUCTING P OWER TRANSMI S S ION LINE

2
( 11 I /2 1TD) I
-7 11 5 2 -2
a) F
o ll o I / 2 1TD = 4 1T x 10 x ( 10 / 2 x 10 ) / 2 1T x 5 x 10
6
10 N /m
-7 5 -2
b) B 2 Il I / 2 1T ( D / 2 ) = 2 Il I / 1TD = 8 x 10 x 5 x 10 / 5 x 10 8 T.
o o
2 -7 7 3
B /2 Il = 6 4 / 4 1T x 10 = 5 x 10 J /m
o
2 -7 6 5 2 10
c) W = ( 1 / 2 ) 11 = ( 1 / 2 ) ( 6 . 6 x 10 x 10 ) ( 5 x 10 ) 8 . 2 5 x 10 J
-3 10 6
C o s t = 5 x 10 ( 8 . 2 5 x 10 / 3 . 6 x 10 ) = $ 115 .
Referen c e : P r o c . I . E . E . E . , Ap ril 19 6 7 p age 5 7 .

13-21 ( 13 . 8 ) ELE CTRI C MOTORS AND MOVING-COIL METERS

a) F = NIBb , p e rpendi cular to
1
b o th 1 and B
o

F
2
= NIB a , in the ver t i cal
� 2 3
-
direc tion B
F
3
= NIBb , p erpendi cular to 1
b o th 3 and B b I

F NIB a , in the vertical

=
4
dire c t i on

b) T = 2NIBb ( a s in 8 / 2 ) = NIB ab s in e

13-22 ( 1 3 . 8 ) MAGNETI C TORQUE

a) T I d <P / a e I d (B S cos e ) / 3 8
ISB s in e
->- ->- ->-
b) T = mxB

61
 13- 2 3 ( 13 . 8 ) ATTITUDE CONTROL FOR SATELLITES
a) iJl = NBA cos 8 , T = I ( a / a 8 ) (NBA cos 8 ) = NIBA s in 8
S ee figure for P r ob . 13-22 .
-3 -5 2
b ) IN = T /BA s in 8 = 10 / 4 x 10 x ( 11 / 4 ) 1 . 14 x O . 0 8 7 3 2 8 0 At

13-24 ( 13 . 9 ) ME CHANI CAL FORCE S ON AN I SOLATED CIRCUIT

nw
s
f I ( d iJl / d t ) d t = I n iJl

2 2 2
nW n (LI / 2 ) = ( 1 /2 ) I nL = ( 1 / 2 ) I n ( iJl jI ) = ( 1 / 2 ) I n iJl
m
Thus the mechani cal work , nw - nW , is equal to nW .
s m m

CHAPTER 14

14-1 ( 14 . 2 ) MAGNETI C FIELD OF THE EARTH

N
C! = M s in 8
e
If the sphere carried a surface +

charge den s i ty cr and rotated at

an angular velocity w , we would +

have
Cl = crv crwR s in 8 , crwR = M +

+ +
14-2 ( 1 4 . 3) EQUIVALENT CURRENTS
s

The surf ac e current density is the s ame as if a toroidal coil were

wound on the torus , and C! = M.
e

14-3 ( 1 4 . 4) EQUIVALENT CURRENTS

The equivalen t curren t s are equal
and in opp o s ite dir e c t ions . Thus
-+-
B = 0 ins ide the tub e .

--
M

62
14-4 ( 1 4 . 4) DIELE CTRI C S AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS COMPARED

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

( oj ( b)

a) b ) D i s unaffec ted , E i s reduced by E: ' S e e Figs . a and b .

r
c) The energy is minimum .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(C) (d )
d) e) H is unaff e c ted , B is increased by ll ' S ee Figs . c , d
r
f) The energy is minimum . S e e Fig . e .
Th e loop i s in s tab le equilib r ium .

(e)

14-5 ( 14 . 4 ) MAGNE T I C TORQUE

The magnet acts like a s o leno id . S ee P rob s 13-22 and 13- 2 3 .

14-6 ( 1 4 . 4 ) MEASUREMENT OF M
Boo s in 8 cos 8 00 s in 2 8
The f i e ld i s larg es t a t 8 45 degrees .

63
14- 7 ( 14 . 4 ) MI CROMETEORITE DETE CTOR

a) V ( d / d t) (Ml )
b
2 2
11)1 N a b z
O a
( d/dt) I
2 2 3 /2 b
2(a + z )

b ) S ee the figure
Reference : Rev . S c i . Ins tr . 42 6 6 3 ( 1 9 7 1 )

14-8 ( 14 . 4 ) ME CHANI CAL DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER

a) S ee curve .
2 2 5/2 4
b ) xz / (x + z ) 0 . 9 5 x l0 z ,
2 5/2 3
O . l / ( O . Ol + z ) = 9 . 5 x 10 ,

z = 14 . 4 mm
Reference : H . Wieder , Hall Genera­
tors and Magnetores i s tors , p 9 5 .

14-9 ( 14 . 5 ) MAGNETIZED DISK

Out s ide , we can us e th e field of a curr ent loop :
2 3 /2 2 3 /2
B = )1 Mt } /2 ( } + z ) , H Mt } / 2 ( } + z ) .
ex o ex
2 2
Ins ide , we have the s ame value of B , wi th z « a :

14-10 ( 14 . 6 ) T OROIDAL COIL WITH MAGNETI C CORE

Let N ' be the numb er of turns p e r meter in b o th cases . From Eq .
14-15 , H = N i l in b o th cases . Wi th the air core , B )1 N ' L With
a
th e magnetic core , B is larger by a factor )1 .
r
Th e equivalen t curren t s f l ow in the s ame direction as I .

14-11 ( 14 . 6 ) EQUIVALENT CURRENTS

64
b ) On the inner surfac e , a = M = B / Il - H = ( Il - l) H X H = X I / 2 rrb ,
e o r m m
in the s ame direc tion as the curren t
On the outer surface , a = X I / 2 rr c , in the opp o s i te direction .
e m

c) B = ll o I /2 rrr , as if the i ron were ab s ent .

14-12 ( 14 . 7 ) THE DIVERGENCE OF H

V .B ';7 · ( ll ll B) = 1l V Il . li + ll ll v . li 0
0
=
r o r o
r
+ +
V ·H ;< 0 if VIl ;< 0 and if VIl is n o t p erp endi cular to H .
r r

14-13 ( 14 . 8 ) THE MAGNETI ZATION CURVE

3
Interp olating logar i thmically b e tween the p oin ts marked 2 x 10 and
4
2 x 10 ,
3 4
Il r= 6 . l x 2 x l0 1 . 2 2 x l0 . =

14-14 ( 14 . 8 ) ROWLAND RING

a) H 5 00 x 2 . 4 / 2 rr x O . 2 ,::; 1000 A/m , B ,::; 0 . 5 T
-4
b) V = Nd CJi / dt N S dB / d t
= 10rr x lO
= x O . 5 ( 10 / 2 . 4 ) 6 . 6 mV

14-15 ( 1 4 . 9 ) THE WEBER AMPERE-TURN

A web er is a uni t of magnetic f lux , and d CJi / d t is a voltage .
Thus a web er is a vo l t s econd . The numb er of turns is a pure numb er .
S o [web er ] [ ampere ] = [ volt s e c ond ] [ amp e r e ] = [watt ] [ s e cond ] = [ j oule]

14-17 ( 14 . 9 ) TRANS FORMER HUM

The hum is due to magne tos tric tion
Reference : S tandard Handb ook for . Elec trical Engineers , S e c 11- 9 6
and f o llowing .

14-18 ( 14 . 9 ) P OWER LOS S DUE TO HY S TERE S I S

3
The area of the loop is app r oximately 2 . 8 x 16 , or 45 W /m cycle .

65
14-19 (14 . 9 ) THE FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER AND THE PEAKING S TRIP

Referen ce : H . Zij ls tra , Experimental Methods in Magne tism , Vo l 2 ,

p 3 7 , B r an d t , Introduc tion to the S o lar Wind p 145 ; M . S tanley
L ivings ton and John P . B lewe t t , P ar ticle Accelerators , p 2 7 6 .

CHAPTER 15

15-1 ( 1 5 . 2 ) RELUCTANCE
2 2
W ( 1 / 2 ) LI = ( 1 / 2 ) (LI ) I ( 1 / 2 ) (N <J» I ( 1 / 2 ) <J> /NI
m

15- 2 ( 15 . 2 ) RELUCTANCE

L = N <J> / I =
2
N <J> /NI =
2
N / G(
15-3 ( 15 . 3 ) CLIP-ON AMME T ER

I
a) <J> = B A � V IA/L ' B � V I /L
g g (2 rrR-L ) / V V A + L /V A 0 g 0 g
g r o g o

Without the iron core , B i s V I / 2 1fR and is much smal ler .

o

b ) The p o s i tion of the wire is unimp ortan t .

15-4 (15 . 3 ) MAGNET I C CIRCUIT

For V = 500 ,
r
fl NI -7 -3
NI o 41f x 10 x 5 00 x 2 . 4 1 . 508 x 10
B =
2 1fR / V V +t / V 21fR/V H -3 -3
r 0 g 0 r g 2 1f x 0 . 2 / 5 0 0+ 10 1 . 2 5 7 / 5 00+10

= 0 . 43 T .

66
Thi s B is too large ; for � = 500 , B 0 . 32 T . Try � 525
r r
-3
1 . 50 8 x lO
B = 0 . 44 T .
-3
1 . 2 5 7 / 5 2 5+ 1 0
This B is again too large ; for � = 525 , B = 0 . 38 T . Try � = 550
r r
B = 0 . 45 9 T , ins tead o f 0 . 5 o n the graph . Thi s i s s at i s f ac tory .

15-5 ( 1 5 . 3 ) MAGNE TORE S I S TANCE MULTIPLIER

1 5 - 7 ( 1 5 . 4) RELAY
2 2 2
F = (B / 2 � ) A = (A/ 2 � ) ( � NI /t ) = ( � A / 2 ) (NI / t )
o 0 0 0

-7 -4 4 -2 -3 2
( 4 7T x lO x lO / 2 ) (10 x lO / 2 x lO ) = 0 . 16 N .

15-8 ( 15 . 3) MAGNET I C FLUIDS

a) Th e magnetic f lux is concen trated in the f lui d , where B i s large
enough to g ive an appreciab le magnetic pres s ure .

b ) S ee the l i terature p ub lished by Ferr o f luid ics Corp .

CHAPTER 16

16-1 (16 . 1) RE CTIFIER CIRCUITS COMPARED

67
1 6 - 2 ( 16 . 2 ) RMS VALUE O F A S INE WAVE

V !mS ( l /T) f T
V
0
2 2
co S Wtdt [ V
0
2
/WT Jf : 2
2
os ada
o 0

RMS VALUE
[ }
16-4 ( 16 . 2 )
2 � �
a) V ' b ) 4V /2 = 2 V
O 0 O

c) i ( l /T) r[ V o ( 1- 2 t /T) ] 2 dt } � =
�
( Vo /T ) [r 2
y
( 1- 2 t /T) c:lt

d) For the comp l ete s ine wave , V V / 2 2 , so that the me an s quare

,
rill S O
2
value i s V / 2 . For the half s ine wave , th e mean s quar e value i s
0
2
V o / 4 , and V = V /2 .
rms O

16-5 ( 1 6 . 3) THREE-WIRE S IN GLE-PHASE CURRENT

----r-
2 2 ( 2 40) 339 V =

16-6 (16 . 4) THREE-PHASE CURRENT

c o s wt + coswtCO S ( 2 1T / 3 ) - s inwt s in ( 2 1T / 3 ) + c o s w t COS ( 4 1T / 3 ) - s inwt s in ( 41T / 3 )
cos wt [ 1+ cos ( 2 1T / 3 ) + co s ( 41T / 3 ) ] - s inwt [ s in ( 2 1T / 3 ) + s in ( 41T / 3)]
0 0
cos wt [ l+ c o s 120 + c o s 2 40 ° ] - s inwt C s in 120 + s in 2 4 0 ° ]
0 0 0 0
coswt [ l+ cos 120 +c os ( - 120 )] - s inwt [ sin 120 + s in ( -120 )]
0 0
c o s w t ( 1-0 . 5-0 . 5 ) - s inwt ( s in 120 - s in 120 ) = 0

1 6 - 7 ( 1 6 . 4) ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

a) Us ing trigonome tric fun c t ions ,
B = B [ co s w t - 0 . 5 co s (wt+ 2 1T / 3 ) - 0 . 5 c o s (wt + 4 1T / 3 ) ]
x o
B [ co s w t - 0 . 5 (cos wt c o s 2 1T / 3 - s inwt s in2 1T / 3 )
o
-0 . 5 (cos wt cO S 4 1T / 3 - s inwt s in41T / 3 ) ]

= B [ co s wt - 0 . 5 (-0 . 5 cos wt - O . 5 /3 s inwt) -0 . 5 ( - 0 . 5 c o s w t+ 0 . 5 !:3 s inwt) ]

°
= 1 . 5 B cos wt
°

68
B B 0[ 0 . s l3c O S ( Wt+21T/3) - 0 . s l3 coS (Wt+41T/3) ]
y
O . S !3B o (cosWtc O S21T/3 - sinwtsin21T / 3 - coswtcos41T/3+ s inwts in41T/3)
O . S I3B o (-0 . Scoswt - O . S /3 s inwt + O . Scoswt - O . S l3 s inwt)
-2 ( 0 . S I3) 2 B o s inwt -l . SB 0 s inwt
=

7 7 7
S o B 1 . SB coswti - 1 . SB s inwtj , B 1 . S B O '
O
=

O
=

b) Using exponential functions ,

B x B o [ expj wt - O . S expj (Wt+2 1T 13) - O . S expj ( Wt+41T 13) J ,
=

B o expj wt ( 1-0 . S expj 2 1T/ 3-0 . Sexpj 41T/3) ,

=

= B o exp j wt [ 1 - O . S (-O . S+O . S l3j ) - 0 . S (-0 . S-0 . S /3j ) J ,

= 1 . SB o exp j w t ,
By B 0 [ 0 . S l3expj (wt+21T/3) - 0 . S !3expj (wt+41T/3) J ,
O . S I3B o expj wt (expj 2 1T 1 3-expj 41T 13) ,
O . S I3B o expj wt (-0 . S+0 . s l3j +0 . S+0 . S /3j ) ,
2 ( 0 . S I3 ) 2 B o j expj wt ,
1 . SB 0 expj (Wt+1T 1 2 ) •

Thus B = 1 . SB o (coswt! - s inwtj) as previous ly .

16-8 (16 . 4) DIRE CT - CURRE NT HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMI S S ION LINE S

1 .1
a) 2 (V / 2 2 ) I
o Sp
2V I ' I
o DC Sp
2 2 1 DC
.1 .1
2
b) 3 (V /2 ) I = 2V I ' I ( 2 / 3) 22I 0 . 9 4I
o TP o DC TP DC DC

69
16-9 ( 16 . 5 ) ELECTROMAGNET OPERATING ON ALTERNATING CURRENT
q,
rms
= NI
rms
jQ= (NV
rms ,
./ wL ) /Q. = V
rms I
i Nw , from P r ob 15- 2 .

1 6 - 10 ( 16 . 6 ) COMPLEX NUMBERS
a) 1 + 2 j = 2 . 2 3 6 L 1 . 10 7 ; - 1 + 2 j 2 . 236L 2 . 034 ;
-1 - 2j = 2 . 2 3 6 L 4 . 2 4 9 ; 1 - 2j 2 . 2 3 6 £-1 . 10 7

b ) ( 1+ 2 j ) ( 1- 2 j ) = 1 +4 = 5;
2
( 1+ 2 j ) = 1 - 4 + 4j = - 3 + 4j
2
1 / ( 1+ 2 j ) = 1 / C- 3+ 4 j ) = ( - 3-4j ) / (- 3+ 4j ) ( - 3-4j ) = ( - 3-4j ) / ( 9+ 1 6 )

= -0 . 12 - 0 . 16 j

( 1+ 2 j ) / ( 1- 2 j ) = ( 1+ 2 j ) ( 1+2 j ) / (1+ 4) -0 . 6 + O . 8j

1 6 - 11 ( 1 6 . 6 ) COMPLEX NUMBERS
2 . 2 3 6 L 1 . 10 7

16-12 ( 16 . 6 ) COMPLEX NUMBERS

2 3 4 5
exp j x = 1 + jx - x /2 ! _ j x /3 ! + x / 4 ! + j x /5 !

cosx = 1

- J. X / 3 '
3
j s inx = + jx •

16-13 ( 16 . 6 ) COMPLEX NUMBERS

expj 1l = C O S 1l + j s in1l = -1

16-14 (16 . 6) COMPLEX NUMBERS

a) Multip lication by j in creases the argumen t e by 1l / 2 radians .
b ) e increases by 1l .
c ) e decreases b y 1l / 2 .

16-15 ( 16 . 7 ) THREE-PHASE ALTERNAT ING CURRENT

o o 0
cos wt - c o s ( wt+120 ) cos wt - c o s w t c o s 1 2 0 + s inwts in120
=

1
o 0
0 / 2 ) cos wt + 0 2 / 2 ) s inwt
: [o! J
coswt ( l + c o s 6 0 ) + s inwtsin 6 0 =

3 �
/2) c o w t + C 2 ) s inwt F o
o!) 0
( co s 3 0 coswt + s in30 s inwt)
=

3 2 cos ( wt-30 ) 3 2 c o s ( wt-1l / 6 )

=

70
16 - 16 ( 16 . 7 ) CALCULATING AN AVERAGE POWER WITH PHASORS

a) P av =
T
I
( l /T) V0 coswtI 0 cos (wt+�) dt
o

(v I 0 /T)
o I coswt ( coswtcos � - s inwtsin�) dt
T

[ !
o

"
"
!
(V 1 0 /T) C O ", c " e 2 wc" - eln { coewMnw" C (v I 0 /T) cos�(T /2)
o

(V o I 0 /2) cos l.!(

The integral of sinwt C O E Wt over one period is zero .

b) P av = (1/2) R c fv0 exp ( j wt) I 0 exp - j ( wt+�)
L
J = ( 1 / 2 ) V0 I 0 cos<P

CHAPTER 17

17 - 1 ( 17 . 1) IMPEDANCE

a) Z R + J. wL + RR/j wC
R + J' wL + R(l - Rj wC)
+ 1/ j wC R2 w 2 C 2 + 1
= =

R + 2 2 R2
R w C +1
2
+ J WL - 2 R2 wC2
R w C +1
.[ 1
Z 2R at f = 0 and Z + j wL at f + 00
=

b) R + R/ (R2 w 2 C 2 +1) 10 + 10 / ( 100x41T 2 x10 6 x25x10 - 18 +1) = 20(1

=

wL - R2 wC / ( R2 w 2 C 2 +1) 2 1Tx10 3x5x10 -3 - 100x21Tx10 3 x5x10 -9 / 1 31 . 4(1

0
1Z1 ( 2 0 2 +3 1 . 4 2 ) ! 3 7 . 2 (1 � = arc tan ( 3 1 . 4 / 20) 5 7 . 5 =

0
c) I y l l/ I Z I 2 . 69 x 10 - 2 S , � = -5 7 . 5
d) P 201 2 0 . 20 W
e) No
f) X is induc tive (posi tive) for L > R2 C / CR2 w 2 C 2 +1) , which is always
true
g) X is zero at f O.

71
1 7 - 2 ( 17 . 1) REAL INDUCTORS
2
( R+j wL) / j wC R+j wL ( R+j WL) [ ( 1-W LC) - Rj wC J
Z =
2
R+ j wL+1 /j wC . 2 2 2 2 2
RJ wC-w L C+1 ( l-w LC) + R w C
2 2 2 2 . 2 2
R ( l- w LC) + Rw LC + j w[ L ( l-w LC) - R c J R+J w [ L ( l-w LC) - R c J
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( l- w L C ) + R w C ( l-w LC) + R w C

17-3 ( 1 7 . 3) COMPENSATE D VOLTAGE DIVIDER

R /j wC
2 2
R + 1 / j wC
2 2
V /V
a i R / j wC R / j wC R R
2 2 1 1 2 1
+ +
R + 1 / j wC R +1 / j wC R j wC + 1 R j wC +1
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

17-4 ( 17 . 3) RC FILTER

0. "1

0,/ 10

a) Call V ' the po tential at the conne c t i on b e tween A and C

v /V ' = D / ( C +D) ,
o

B ( C+D)
,
B ( C+D) + A (B+ C+D)

BD BD
V /V = ( V /V ' ) ( V ' / V ) = =
o i o i B ( C +D) + A ( B + C+D ) AB + (A+B ) ( C+D)

b) A = R, B = l / j wC , C = l/jwC , D = R

R/j wC R 1
V /V = =
a i 2 2
R/j wC + (R+ 1 / j wC) R + R j WC + l / j wC + 2R 3 +j (RIDC - l / RwC)

72
I vo /V1.. I is maximum at RwC = 1. Then V I v . = 1 / 3 .
0 1.

I v o /v1.. 1 =
1
When ( 1 / 3 ) / 2 2 , RwC = 0 . 30 3 or 3 . 30 . The p a s s -b and is very
b road .

1 7 -5 ( 1 7 . 3) MEASURING AN IMPEDANCE WITH A PHAS E - S EN S ITIVE VOLTMETER

r = V / V = Z / (R ' +Z ) ,
2 1
Z R ' r / ( l-r) = R ' (a+b j ) / ( l-a-bj )
2
RT =
Z ( a+b j ) ( l-a+b j ) a (1-a) - b + j b )
2 2 2 2
( I-a) + b ( I-a) + b

S e t t ing Z =
R + jX,
2 2
a_a _b x
, "'jiV =
R b
=
1 + Ir I2 1+ IrI
2 2 2
RT 1 + a + b _ 2a - 2a - 2a

2
r co s e _ r r s in e
=
R o 0 X 0
i' = 2
- 2r c o s e , i'
2
1+ r 1+ r _ 2r cos e
o 0 o 0

Reference : E lec troni c s , July 2 5 , 1 9 7 4 , p 1 1 7 .

1 7- 6 ( 1 7 . 3 ) IMP EDANCE BRIDGE S . THE WIEN B RIDGE

73
 1

For R R /2 , R= R , C C ' the firs t equation is s atis f i ed

= =
1 2 3 4 3 4
and the s e cond one yields R wC 1. =
3 3

17-7 (17 . 3) LOW-PAS S RC FILTER

_0 I1z
� 0r-___________________15
1 50 H z
O ------------------___
�
O

I V0 / V l. I
l / j wC 1
a ) V /V ' ::; 1 / RwC l. f Rw C » 1 •
0 l = R + l / J' " ,C
w Rj wC + l '
�
2 2 2 8 2 2 -8 -' 2 2 -'
b) I V /V . I = l/ (R w C +1) 2 = 1 / ( 10 X41T xf x10 + 1 ) 2 = 1 / ( 41T f +1) 2
o l

c) db = 2 0 log l V Iv .
o l
I.

17-8 (17 . 3) PHASE SHIFTER

_ I ?O°L-- ____ -:-___�

0, J I. � ItJ
Rw C

V
[ R
o = [R+1 / j wC
-
l / j WC
v
R-1 / j wC
V
R+1 / j wC i = R+ 1 / j wC i
) =
R+ j /wC
R-j /wC

2 j arc tg ( l /Rw C)
V /V . = exp
o l

17-9 ( 1 7 . 3) MEASURING SURFACE POTENTIALS

a) V = d E = d E '
a a d d
cr = E E + E E E E E + E E ( d E /d )
o a r o d o a r o a a d

74
 E ( a / E ) / ( l+ E d / d )
a o r a d

b) a . E E a / ( l+ E d /d )
J. o a r a d

c) V d E ( ad / E ) / (l+ E d / d )
a a a 0 r a d

d) IR = ( dQ / d t ) R = V ( dC / dt) R
-13 - 13
C ( 10 / 2 ) ( l+ exp j wt ) , dC/dt ( 10 / 2 ) j w exp j wt
-13
IR = ( 10 / 2 ) j w ( exp j wt ) RV

References : S tatic E l e c tr i f ication 19 7 5 , p ages 1 7 3 , 1 8 2 ; Catalog o f

Monroe E l e c troni cs .

1 7- 1 0 ( 1 7 . 3 ) RE FERENCE TEMPERATURE S NEAR AB S OLUTE ZERO

Let I and I be th e currents in the primar ies and in th e s e condaries ,
p s
respec tively . At balance , V = O.

Then j wM I R I ' j wM I = R I ' M /M =

Rl /R2
1 p 1 S 2 p 2 s l 2
Reference : Rev . S c i . Ins tr . 4 4 , 1 5 3 7 ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

1 7 - 11 ( 1 7 . 3 ) REMOTE-READING MERCURY THERMOMETER

a) S in c e C » C , the c ap a c i t ance of C and C in s e r i es may b e s e t
l 2 l 2
equal to C and
2
R
V ' /V = = Rj wC / (Rj WC +l) ,
s R + l / j wC 2 2
2
where C varies l inearly wi th the temperature .
2

b ) S in c e V ' i s to vary linearly wi th C , w e mus t have that Rw C « 1,

2 2
and then V ' « V
S

c) C is a cylindrical c ap a c i t or wi th an out s i d e radius o f , s ay , 2 mm .

2
The mercury column has a radius o f , s ay , 0 . 05 mm . Then
C ::::; 2 1fE E L / 9,n (2 / 0 . 0 5 ) = 2 1fE E L / 9,n 4 0 ,
2 o r o r
-12
"" (2 1fx8 . 85xlO x3 / 9,n 40 ) L "" 4 5 L pF .
We have s e t E "" 3 . Here L is the leng th of the mercury c o lumn ins ide
r
the e l e c t rode C . S et ting L "" 1 0 0 mm , if R » j wL ' R » j wL '
l ls 2 2s

75
 . 7 -1 2
d) C '" 5 pF , R « 1 /w C 1 / 2 -rr x 10 x 5 x 10 3000 11 .
2 2
S et t ing R '" 3011 ,
RwC '" 1 / 100 , V ' /V '" 1 / 100 , V' '" 0 . 1 volt .
2 s
Reference : Review o f S ci en t i f i c Ins trument s � , 1 9 5 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

1 7 - 12 ( 1 7 . 3 ) WATTMETER
S ince wL « Z , we may s e t th e voltage acro s s the load equal to that
a t th e s ourc e .
Als o , s ince R » Z , we may set the curren t through
1
the load equal to the curren t supplied by the s ource .
The coil produces a B that is proportional to , and in phas e with ,
the curren t through Z .
The vo l tage acr o s s R i s R / ( R +R ) t imes the voltage acro s s the
2 2 l 2
s ource . Then

v ' av =
0 0
KV I (co s tp/ 2 ) = KV I
rms rms
costp

1 7- 1 3 ( 1 7 . 3 ) TRANS IENT SUPPRE S S OR FOR AN INDUCTOR

We can calculate the voltage acros s the induc tor , after the swi tch
is opened , in ano ther way . We consider a clo ckwi s e mesh curren t in
L and C .
a) Firs t , we f ind Q and I as functions of t , with th e swi t ch open .
From Kirchoff ' s vo ltage law ,
2 2
LdI / d t + 2 RI + Q / C
C , Ld Q / d t + 2 RdQ / d t + Q / C
= O.
=

2
0
Try a s o lution of the form Q Q exp n t . = Then Ln + 2Rn + l / C 0
2 2 2
n -R/L ± (R /L - l /LC )
= -R/L , s in ce R= = L/C . The two roots are
equal .
Then Q ( A+B t ) exp ( -Rt/L) .
Set Q Q at t O. Then A Q . =
o o
N ow I dQ / d t exp (-Rt /L) [ - (R/L) (A+B t ) +B J
10 a t t O. 1 + RQ /L ,
0
S et I Then B =
o
Q exp ( -Rt /L) ( Q +l t+RQ t /L ) ,
o o o
0 0 0 0 0
I = exp (-Rt /L) [ - (R/L) ( Q +1 t+RQ t iL) + 1 + RQ . /L J ,

0
exp ( -Rt/L) [ I - (R/L) ( I +RQ /L) t J .
o 0

and 1 . S e t I and I the

0
b ) Now let us f ind a rela tion b e tween Q
o L C
currents through the inductor and c apaci tor b efore t 0 in the =

76
directions shown , s o as to give a
clockwis e current in the right­
hand mesh when the switch is open .
+
Then V
1
1 = - 2 � 2 12 cos [ wt-tan-1 ( w1/R) ] ,
( R +w 1 )
Vo -1
2 l/w 2 C 2 2i cos [w tHan ( l/RwC) ]
(R + )
= d Q /dt ,
Vo -1
Q =
2 2 2 2i sinew t + tan ( l / RwC ) ] ,
W(R +l/w C )

2 2 2
I -Vo R/ (R +w 1 ) ,
o

Vo -1
2 2 � sin [ tan ( l /RwC) ]
W(R + l /w C ) 2
2

Io 2 2 2 �
R (R w C +1) -R/1 -1 / ( 1C) 2 .
Qo -
=
C (R 2 + w 2 1 2 )

If the source supplied DC , ins tead of AC , I o would be - Vi R , Q o wou l d

l
be VC , and I o / Q o would again be -l/RC , or -1/ (1C) 2 .
Since 1 0 -RQ o /1 , Q = Q o exp (-Rt /1) , I = I o exp (-Rt /1)

c) The vol tage acros s the inductor , after the swi tch has been opened ,
is
RI + 1dI /dt = RI o exp ( ) + 1 (-R/1) exp ( ) 0, =

desp i te the fact that I decreases exponential ly with time .

Reference : R eference Data for Radio Engineers , p 6 - 12 .

17-14 ( 1 7 . 3 ) SE RIES RESONANCE

j y
Z R + j ( w1-l /wC)
=

Z ->- _00 j for w ->- 0 , Z R for w 2 1C = 1 ,

Z ->- ooj for w ->- 00
R X

77
17-15 (1 7 . 3) PARALLEL RESONANCE

°
1 00 t 90
Q

I O � j.f'Z.
1 4 Ie liz.

-IfI
-100

(R+j wL) / j wC R+j wL

a) -_ R+j wL+1/j wC
RJ. wC-w 2LC+ 1
Z

(R+ j wL) (1-w 2LC-Rj wC) R + j w [ L ( 1-w 2 LC) - R2 C J

2 2 2 2
(l-w 2 LC) + R w C (l-w 2 LC) 2 + R2 w 2 C 2
=

Real part of R
2
( l-w LC) 2 + (R2 w 2 C 2 )
Z

Imaginary part of Z
21Tf[ 10 - \ 1-41T 2 f 2 10 -9 ) _ 10 -4 J �
( ) 2 + 10 -10 41T 2 f 2
=

Magnitude of { 100 + 4 1T 2 f 2 [ J 2 } �
��������- �
) 2 + 10 -10 41T 2 f 2
Z

Phase of Z = arc tan w[ J /R

b ) X = 0 when [ J 0 , or when =

L ( l-w 2 LC) R2 C , 1 - w 2 LC R2 C /L , w 2
= = ( l-R2 C /L) /LC =

f = [( 1-R2 C /L) /LC] � /21T = [ ( 1-10 - � /10 -3 ) /10 -9] � /21T = 4 . 7 7 kH z

c) 1 - w 2LC 1 - 41T 2 x 6 4 x 10 6 x 10 -3 x 10 -6 1 - 41T 2 x 64 x 10 -3 = -1 . 5 27

= =

10 + j ( 2rrx8x10 3 ) [ 10 -3 (-1 . 52 7) - 10 2 x 10 -6 ] = 10 - 81 . 7 8j
2 . 33 2 + 10 2 x 41T 2 x 64 x l0 6 x 10 -12
Z
=
2 . 584

d) Z = R ' + l/j wC ' , R ' = 3 . 86 9 , C' = 0 . 629 ]IF

Reference : Philips Technical Review 31 No 4 ( 19 7 1) .

78
17-16 ( 17 . 4) S TAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION

,o,,��� ,, -,
- 0 .1 5 92 J

- 8.063 X 10-7 j

T1 - 2. 533 X 10- 4

17-17 ( 17 . 4) STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION

A

17-19 (17 . 4) B RID GED-T

R + Z 0, R = = -Z ,

1 /R = -Y =- [Zj W C - wZ C Z ( r+j wL)]

-Zj wC + wZ C Z r + j W3 LC Z
Then wZ C Z rR = 1 , wZ LC = Z.

79
17-20 ( 17 . 5 ) MUTUAL INDUCTANCE ('
Trans form the circuit into the one (5
< Ul
shown in the figure of the preceding pag e . �

10
I 1 - I 2 -- C ! ) 3 0
5+ 10+2rrx10 x1 . 9 j 2 rrx 10 3x 0 . 9 J
_
' -;-
(!)
�
2
2
= 5 / 1 5+5+100rrj l = 5 / 1 10+314j l = 5 / ( 10 +314 ) 2
2 1 ....
= 1 . 5 92 x 10 -2A = 15 . 9 2 rnA

CHAPTE R 18

18-1 ( 18 . 1) DIRE CT - CURRENT MOTO RS

a) R eplace V ' by a resis tance R ' V ' /I . Then the power supplied
by the s ource is
IV = I ( I R+I R ' )
The first term represents the var ious los s es and IV ' is the useful
power .

c) At no load , V ' -+ V , 1 = (V-V ' ) /R -+ O , B -+ O .

Since V "" V ' ''' wB , w -+ oo .
d ) IV ' increases . The motor slows down and V ' decreases , s o I
increases faster , R ' V ' /I decreases and the efficiency decreases .
=

18-2 ( 18 . 2) POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION

a) I z l 600 / 100 6 . 00 Q
R 6 x 0 . 65 3 . 9 0 $I ,
x = 6 x sin (arc cos 0 . 65 ) = 4 . 55 Q �x
b) I viz = V(R-j x) / l z I 2
R
(600 /36) (3 . 9 0-j 4 . 55)
The in-phase componen t is
(600 /36) 3 . 90 65 . 0 A .
The quadrature comp onent is 76 . 0 A ,
2
lagging . Check : 6 5 . 0 2 + 76 . 0 2 = 100 •

80
 c) VwC = 7 6 , C 7 6 / ( 600x21rx60)
= 366 ]l:F . =

This capacitor would cos t ab out $ 400 . 00 .

R eference : S tandard Handb ook for Elec trical Engineers , 5 - 9 8 and
16-185 .

18-3 ( 18 . 2 ) POWER-:FACTO R CORRECTION WITH :FLUORES CENT LAMPS

The in-phas e component of the current is 80 /120 = 0 . 6 6 7 A .
S in ce cos 'i' 0 . 5 , 'i' 60 degrees . The current is 2 x 0 . 66 7 1 . 33 A
= =

The reac tive current i s 1 . 33 sin 60 0 1 . 16 A . =

Then VwC 1 . 16 , C 1 . 16 / (2�60x120) � 20 ]l:F .

= =

References : Henderson and Marsden , Lamps and Lighting , p 32 5

S tandard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , 19 -33 .

18-4 ( 18 . 3) ENE RGY TRANS :FE R TO A LOAD

R L

c R(I t- j)

a) rI = RI ' + (Q ' / C) , rj wQ = Rj wQ ' + Q' /C � Rj wQ '

Q' � (r /R) Q , xco (r/ R C) Q
b) W = fVIdt f VdQ co fYd X
0 one cycle one cycle

81
c) i) For a resis tor , V V o coswt , I (V o /R) coswt dQ /dt ,
Q (V 0 /wR) sinwt .
=

See Fig . R
ii) For a capacitor , V V0 coswt , Q CV 0 cos wt .
S ee Fig . C .
iii) For an inductor , V Vo coswt , Ldl /d t Vo coswt ,
= =

2
Ld 2 Q /dt 2 Vo cos wt , Q - (V o / W L) coswt .
= =

See Fig . L .
iv) For a resistor in series with an inductor , with R = j wL ,
jwQ = I = Vo exp j wt / (R+j wL) = (V/ R) exp j wt / ( 1+j )
l
= ( V o /2 2 R) exp j (wt-1T/4) ,
;L
Q ( V o /22 wR) exp j (wt-1T/4- 1T/2)
=

See the fourth figure .

Reference : Rev . S ci . lns tr . �, 109 ( 19 7 1) .

lS-5 ( lS . 3) ENERGY TRANSFE R TO A LOAD ,

Let the voltage across G , at a
given ins tant , be V . The voltage V

at y is then approximately equal

to V . Let the current through Z ,
at a given ins tant , b e l , and the
pulse duration be T . Then the energy
dis sipated in Z during a pulse is
T ale
W J VIdt Vd Q J
o one cycle
The voltage a t x i s Q /C . Then the spot on the os cilloscop e s creen
des cribes a curve as in the figure .
The area under this curve is proportional to the above integral .
Reference : Rev . S ci . lns tr . �, 1004 ( 1974) .

S2
A positive X2 is equivalent to a negative X in the primary .

lS- 7 ( IS . 4) MEASUREMENT OF THE COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING k

With the secondary open , Z oo Z l j wL 1 . = =

With the secondary short- circuited ,

2 2
Z o j WL l + w i /j wL 2 j wL l - j wL lj WL 2k /j WL2
= =

2
Z O /Z oo 1 - k .
=

lS - S ( lS . 4) REFLECTED IMPEDANCE
a ) Z in 2 2
= Rl + j wL l + W M / (R2 +j WLZ )

[ 2
( 1+j R2 ) R2 / R2 +1 J
b)

0.1 10

lS-9 (IS . 4) MEASURING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE

Draw a line around the periphery
of the figure with conducting ink .
Then measure the voltage induced
when the Helmholtz coils are fed ,
say at 1 kilohertz .
The sys tem can b e calib rated with
a circle or with a rectangle of
known area .
Reference : Rev . S ci . Ins tr . 41 , 1663 (19 70) .

lS-lO ( lS . 4) S OLDE RING GUNS

a) R = 9v / Acr = 10 -1 /4 x lO - 6 x S . S x lO 7 = 4 . 3 x lO -4 >l

I sec (100 /4 . 3 x lO -4 ) ! = 4S0 A , V se c = 4S0 x 4 . 3 x lO -4 ",, 0 . 2 volt

b ) Ipri 100/120 = O . S A .

S3
18-11 (18 . 4) CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Disregarding the s ign , the induced electromo tance is d�/dt , with

I
b+a
(v o I /2 rrr) 2 adr ( V o a /rr) Itn[ (b+a) / (b-a) J ,
b-a
v = ( v a/ rr) tn[ (b+a) / (b-a) J dI / d t .
o
Reference : Rev . S ci . Ins tr . �, 32 4 ( 1 9 7 5) .

18-12 ( 18 . 4) INDUCED CURRENTS

Rt t /aA 2rra/ iba
= =

The tube is a single- turn s olenoid . Hence L

18-13 ( 18 . 5 ) EDDY-CURRENT LOSSES

S ee the s tandard Handbook for Electri cal Engineers , Sec . 2- 7 4 .

18-14 ( 18 . 5) EDDY-CURRENT LOSSES

For a s olid core , the p ower loss is
P I = V2 /R f'O (d� /dt) 2 / ( 4a/abL) (abL/4a) (diJ> /dt) 2 .
=

If the core is split into n laminations , insulated one from the othe�
P n n [ d (iJ> /n) /dt J 2 / ( 4an /abL) P l /n 2 .
= =

Reference : S tandard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , Sec . 2- 7 4 ,

9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 and following .

18-15 (18 . 5 ) HYS TERESIS LOS SES

( R- A ) / f
Place the laminations inside a sole-
noid and measure the resis tive part
R of the imp edance of the solenoid
as a func tion of the fr equency .
Then B
R A + B f + Cf 2 ,
=

where A is the DC resis tance .

Then
(R-A) / f B + Cf .
=

A plot of ( R-A) /f as a function of f gives both B and C .

84
18-16 ( 1 8 . 5 ) CLIP-ON AMME T ER
a) V NAdB / d t = NAwB = NAw� � I / 2TIr
r 0
3
10 ( 0 . 6 4 x 10
-4
) ( 2 TI x 6 0 ) ( 4TI x 10
-7 4
x 10 ) / 2TI x 1 . 5 x 10
-2
= 3 . 12 V
b) Loop the wire c arrying the unknown current s everal t imes around
the core .

CHAPTER 19

19-2 ( 19 . 3) MAXWELL ' S EQUATIONS

6 .5

-+ -+ -+ -+- -+ -+
� V x (H + M) - E � a E / a t = � ( J + ap / a t + V x M) , from Eq . 14-20 .
o o o o f
-+
Dividing by � and c anc eling V x M on b o th s id es ,
o
-+ -+ -+ ± -+ -+
VxM = J + ( a / a t ) ( E E + l' ) = J + a D / a t , f r om E q . 6 - 5
f o f

1 9 - 3 ( 19 . 3 ) MAXWELL ' S EQUATIONS

Us e the equat ions o f the pr evious prob lems , s e t ting n = E E E,
r 0
B = V
r 0
V a, a / a t = jw

19-4 ( 19 . 3 ) MAXWELL ' S E QUATI ONS

VxB- E V aE / a t = V j
o 0 0 m
-+
T aking the divergence of b o th s i de s and r ememb ering that V ' V x B = 0
-+
for any vector B ,

85
 19-5 ( 19 . 3) MAGNETIC MONOPOLES AND MAXWELL ' S EQUATIONS
->-

a) Taking the divergence of the equation for'V'x E and remembering

that the divergence of a curl is always equal to zero ,
( 3 / 3t) (V .B) = -v . !* , V .!* = - 3p */ 3t .
-+
b) From the equation for the curl o f E,

JV x E · da f E. J2 -J!*.�
-+ -+
= = -1 * .
s c

19-6 ( 19 . 3)
11 1N . m = 1 kg(m/s 2 ) m = 1 kg m 2 /s 2
1W 11/ s 1 kg m2 /s 3
1C lAs
1V lJ /C = l (kg m2 /s 2 ) /As 1 kg m2 /As 3
111 1V/A = 1 kg m2 /A2 s 3
1S 1 11-1 = 1A2 s 3 /kg m2
1F 1C/V = lAs / (kg m2 /As 3 )
1Wb 1Vs * 1 kg m2 /As 2
1T 1Wb /m2 1 kg /As 2
1H 1Wb /A**= 1 kg m2 /A 2 s 2

*From the fact that , in a changing magnetic field , the induced voltage
is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
**From L = '1! /I
Let us check

V
.
glves 1 kg m2
s -Z--Z A
kg m-2 ,
---- Correct
a) j wLI = =

A s A s3

The energy s tored in a capacitor is CV2 / 2 .

[ ]
b) Then
2
kg -m-2 = A2 s 4 kg m2
- Correct
--
2 2
s kg m A s3

86
 c) The energy �Itored in an induc tor is LI 2 /2 . Then
2 kg m
2 2
kg m _
2 - 2 2 A Corre c t
s A s
2
d) The p ower l o s s in a res is tor i s I R . Then
2 2
kg m
- = A2 �2 Corre c t
- s
3 A s3
2 .
e ) w LC lS a pure numb e r . Then
2 2 4
l � � - l . Correct
2 2 2
s A s kg m
2
etc .

CHAPTER 20

20 - 1 ( 20 . 4) PLANE WAVE IN FREE SPACE

E = E exp
o
j ( w t- z /'te..) , H = H exp
o
j ( wt- z / J:) ,
where E
o
and H
o
are ind ependen t o f x, y, z , t and have no z-comp onent

a) Then , from V · E = 0,
( a / ax) � oxexp j ( ) ] = 0 , ( a / ay) [E oyexp j ( ) ] = 0
Thes e equatiop s are iden t i t i e s
!I
b ) We have s imilar equation s for H .

c ) From V x l = -�
o
ag / at ,
-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+
i j k i j k
-+
0 0 a/ az -�
°
ag/ at , 0 0 -j / x = -j w� H
o
E
x E 0 E
x E 0
Y y
-+ ,... -+ -+ -+
Thus , C-j /1e") k x l = -j w�H , k x E = � wJ:H = �J cH
0 °

-+ -+ -+ -+
d) From V x H = E a l/ a t , k x H = -E cE
0 °

20 - 2 ( 20 . 4) LOOP ANTENNA

1rmax
o o
10 ( d 1> / d t )
max
= 10 c o s 3 0 ( dB / d t )
max
= 10 c o s 3 0 ( dE / d t )
max
/c
o 6 8
lO c o s 30 (2 rr x 3 x 10 ) 0 . 1 /3 x 10 = 5 4 . 4 mV .

87
2 0- 3 ( 2 0 . 6 ) P OYNTING VE C TOR
P 26 16 -3 2 5
a) Jl9- = 3 . 8 x lO / 47r x 49 x lO = 2 . 6 5 x lO E E 1 . 5 3 x lO V im
rms ' rms =

iU
b ) ,e9f q
-s
2 2 2 2
= E /E = ( l /R _ ) / ( l / R ) , E /E = RS /R _ E
E S S E s E S S
8 11 5
E = ( 7 x 10 / 1 . 5 x 10 ) 1 . 5 3 x 10 = 7 0 0 Vim
E

c) '&E = 2 . 6 5 x lO
-3
x ( 700)
2
= 1 . 3 x l0
3
W/m
2

3 4 2
= 6 0 x 1 . 3 x lO ( cal / 4 . l9 ) / ( 10 cm ) = 1 . 8 6 calorie /minute centi-
2
meter
Thi s quan t i ty i s called the s o lar cons tant
We have neglected ab s o rp ti on in th e atmosph ere .
The average daily f lux at the ground , in the United S tate s , is ab out
2
0 . 4 calorie /minute centime ter .
Reference : Ameri c an Ins t i tute of Phy s i c s Han db o ok , 3rd e d , p 2-143 .

20-4 ( 2 0 . 6 ) SOLAR ENERGY

f 3 2
At the surface of the earth , -6 = 1 . 3 x 10 W /m , from P rob . 20-3 .

P = �A / 5 0 , A = 5 0 P 0 = 5 x l0 / 1 . 3 x l0
7 3 4 2
� 4 i l0 m ,
or a s quare 2 0 0 me ters on the s ide .

20-5 ( 2 0 . 6 ) P OYNTING VE CTOR

.Rf1 = CE
o
E
2 8
= 3 x 10 x 8 . 8 5 x 10
-12 2
x 2 0 = 1 . 0 6 W /m
2

In one s e c ond , the energy ab s orb e d by one s quare meter of the copp er
she e t is 1 . 06 J .
This energy will increase the temperature of one kilogram of copper
by 1 . 0 6 / 400 ke lvin .
In one s econd the temp e ratur e of the she e t rises by 100 x L 06 / 400
= 1 . 06 / 4 = 0 . 2 6 5 kelvin .

20-6 ( 2 0 . 6 ) P OYNTING VE CTOR

a)

GJA CD oAjot Or
ct - - --- - ---

88
 b ) Energy f lows into the field .

20-7 (20 . 6) P OYNTING VE CTOR

"*

.J.av =

20-8 ( 2 0 . 6 ) P OYNTING VECTOR

N e ar the s ur face o f th e wir e ,
E = I R ' , H = I / 2 rra , l B" x It I
2
= I R ' / 2 rra
Thus the p ower loss per meter is
2
I R'
I

20-10 ( 2 0 . 6 ) COAXIAL LINE

J
R
2
E = A / 2 rr€ r , ( A / 2 rr € r) dr V , ( A / 2 rr € ) �n ( R /R ) = V,
o o 0 2 l
R
l
A 2 rr€ V / �n ( R /Rl ) ' E v/ r�n ( R / R )
o 2 2 l

H I / 2 rrr

J
R2
[ v/ r �n ( R /R ) J (I / 2 rrr) 2Tf r dr
2 l
VI 220 x 10 2200 W
R
l

20-11 ( 2 0 . 7 ) RE FLE CTION AND RE FRACTI ON , FRESNEL ' S EQUATION S

S e e E l e c t romagnetic Fie lds and Wave s , S e c 12 . 2 . 2 .

89