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Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
2009
Matthias Kroger
Institute of Machine Elements, Design and Production
Weihua Li
University of Wollongong, weihuali@uow.edu.au
Xianzhou Zhang
University of Wollongong, xianzhou@uow.edu.au
Prabuono B. Kosasih
University of Wollongong, buyung@uow.edu.au
http://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/4155
Publication Details
Li, W., Popp, K., Zhang, X. and Kosasih, P. B. 2009, ''MRE properties under shear and squeeze modes and applications'', in 11th
Conference on Electrorheological Fluids and Magnetorheological Suspensions, 25-29/08/2008, Dresden Germany, Journal of
Physics, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 1-4.
Key Words: magnetorheological elastomers, shear and squeeze mode, adaptive tuned
dynamic vibration absorber.
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT MATERIAL SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES, Vol. 21—October 2010 1471
1045-389X/10/15 14717 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/1045389X09355666
ß The Author(s), 2010. Reprints and permissions:
http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
1472 K. M. POPP ET AL.
Sensor 4.0
0 kA/m
3.5 T 50 kA/m
100 kA/m
Mass
3.0 150 kA/m
Transmissibility
200 kA/m
2.5 250 kA/m
MRE 300 kA/m
2.0
Coil 1.5
1.0
Base
0.5
Shaker 0.0
0
f0 50 100 150 200
Frequency (Hz)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. Experimental setup for measurements in (a) squeeze mode, (b) shear mode, and (c) recorded frequency responses.
Table 2. Measured resonance frequency f0, amplitude T and MR effect for MREs in shear mode.
Current (A) B (mT) Tmax f0 (Hz) B (mT) Tmax f0 (Hz) B (mT) Tmax f0 (Hz) B (mT) Tmax f0 (Hz)
Table 3. Comparison of test data and calculated results for MREs in squeeze and shear mode.
Measurement Calculation
Current Shear
(A) B (mT) f0 (Hz) Tmax B (mT) f0 (Hz) Tmax f0 (Hz) G0 (f0) (Pa) Tmax f0 (Hz) G0 (f0) (Pa) Tmax strain (%)
working frequency range. The initial resonance fre- with a parallel-plate configuration was used to measure
quency in squeeze mode without an applied magnetic material properties of MR elastomers. The MRE sam-
field is almost twice as high as in shear mode. Also the ples were cut into standard ones with a diameter of
absolute changing frequency increment is higher in 20 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. Each sample
squeeze mode with 37 Hz than in shear mode with was placed in between the plates, and the squeeze
28 Hz. This indicates that the MR effect is dependent force, ranging from 5 to 15 N, were placed to the
on the working mode of the MRE, which should be sample through the upper plate. After which, oscillatory
considered in developing MRE-based devices. shear was applied to obtain dynamic performances of
the samples. In these tests, five strain amplitudes,
Characterization of Material Properties using MR 0.1%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, were selected to mea-
Rheometer sure viscoelastic properties of these samples under vari-
ous magnetic fields.
The rheomoter Physica MCR301 (MEP instruments, Viscoelastic properties of MR materials are generally
Anton Paar Germany GmbH), as shown in Figure 2, characterized by using the amplitude sweep mode and/or
1474 K. M. POPP ET AL.
180,000
frequency sweep mode (Li et al., 1999). In this study, the Figure 3. Storage modulus dependent on shear strain at a current
frequency sweep mode was used to study the effect of intensity of 409 mT.
strain amplitude and magnetic field on the viscoelastic
properties of MRE samples. At a constant magnetic 180,000
field of 409 mT, the storage modulus versus frequency 160,000
Storage modulus (N/mm2)
10%
loss factor values can be up to 0.9, which demonstrates 0.6 15%
that MRE have non-linear viscoelastic properties. This 0.5
behavior was also detected at MR fluids (Li et al., 2003) 0.4
and will be considered in future studies. 0.3
0.2
COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORETICAL 0.1
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Modeling Analysis Frequency (Hz)
In squeeze mode the MRE acts like a compression Comparison and Discussion
spring where its stiffness depends on the Young’s mod-
ulus E and the length ‘: By substituting the measured values of the storage
EA modulus and loss factor as well as other parameters
ksqueeze ¼ : ð3Þ into Equation (8), the transmissibility and the resonance
‘
frequency f0 of MRE 3 at various magnetic fields were
Thereby the Young’s modulus can be determined by the calculated and listed in Table 3. For both shear mode
shear modulus with: and squeeze mode, the calculations are very close to the
experimental results. Thus, the model analysis is
E justified.
G¼ : ð4Þ
2 ð1 þ Þ The resonance frequency in shear and squeeze
mode shows an increasing trend with magnetic field,
For a rubber-like material the Poisson’s ratio m is set to a which is due to MR effect. However, the resonance fre-
constant of 0.5. With this value and h ¼ ‘ the stiffness of quency at the squeeze mode is much higher than that
the compression spring is three times higher than for the in shear mode, because of the different modes the elas-
sheared spring which indicates higher natural frequen- tomer is subjected to. The results shown in Table 3 dem-
cies as already recorded in Table 2. Investigations have onstrate that the relative MR effect is higher in
shown that the shear modulus for elastomers is complex shear mode than in squeeze mode, whereas the abso-
and has to be expressed by an energy storing part G0 and lute increase of the resonance frequency with 37 Hz
an energy dissipating part g, called loss factor. The gen- is higher in squeeze mode. It is also visible that the high-
eral shear modulus is now substituted by the complex est MR effect obtained in shear mode is about
one of the MRE: 100%, which might be sufficient for practical applica-
tions. The highest MR effect for MR material is depen-
G ¼ G0 ð1 þ iÞ: ð5Þ dant on the magnetic saturation (Davis, 1999;
Carlson and Jolly, 2000; Nguyen et al., 2007; Stepanov
Including this expression in Equation (3) the complex et al., 2007). For an iron particle, the saturation
stiffness of the MRE can now be written as: flux density is about 2 T. Unfortunately, we cannot
characterize the highest MR effect because of the
G A G0 A
k ¼ ¼ ð1 þ iÞ: ð6Þ facility limitation.
h h
1476 K. M. POPP ET AL.
(a) (b)
4
Excitation
force (N)
2
0
ma xa –2
k∗ –4
m 0 50 100 150
60 Without absorber
x 40 Passiv absorber
Response
force (N)
k c 20 MRE absorber
0 (real time control)
–20
–40
–60
0 50 100 150
Time (s)
Figure 8. Mechanical model of an ATDVA (a) and amplitude response for simulated setups (b).
DEVELOPMENT OF MRE VIBRATION shear and squeeze mode were presented. The results
ABSORBER show an increase of the natural frequency about 28 Hz
for squeeze mode and 37 Hz for shear mode. A one
To verify the efficiency of an adaptive tuned dynamic degree of freedom model was used to study the MRE
vibration absorber using MR elastomers in shear mode performances under both modes. The modeling analysis,
a simulation was developed with Matlab/Simulink. The in terms of strain and frequency dependence of storage
mechanical model of the absorber is shown in Figure modulus, agreed well with experimental results. The effi-
8(a). On a mass m which is connected to the base via a ciency of a MRE-based vibration absorber was simu-
spring with stiffness k and a damper with damping lated and compared to setups without an absorber and
factor c, a second mass ma is mounted. The complex with a passive one. The comparison indicates that the
spring between both parts simulates the MRE. In the MRE vibration absorber is superior to the other two
simulation the mass ratio between ma and m was set to cases by significantly reducing the responding forces
0.01. The main mass was excited by a multi disturbance even for low mass ratios.
which consisted of three sine sweeping force signals with
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