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Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions - Modena, Lourenço & Roca (eds)

© 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1536 379 9

Seismic resistance of masonry towers

D. Abruzzese & A. Vari


University ofRome "Tor Vergata ", Italy

ABSTRACT: The paper deals with structural identification of masonry structures. Dynamic analysis and
dynamic tests are the main tools adopted in this study, focused on "tall masonry structures", to evaluate the static
and dynamic behaviour of a masonry structure. The masonry material is assumed with limited but not negligible
tensile stress. Some analytical model has been developed, tuned with the results ofthe dynamic tests and adopted
to evaluate the dynamic vu lnerability of the structure. The subsoil and the foundation are considered involved
in the dynamic behaviour ofthe tower. The analysis allows to assess the seismic risk oftall masonry towers. As
case study a middle-age tower in Rome has been investigated. The results permit to evaluate the seismic intensity
which could lead the Tower to the collapse.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Seismic vibration of masonry tower structures Numerical


Simulation
In the last decades the research in the monumental Static and
Dynamics
and historical structures developed widely, consider- Behaviour
ing and improving methodology and techniques for
diagnosis and restoration. Some interesting studies in
this field are related with seismic behaviour of the
masonry towers structure, mainly since severa I co 1- Figure I. Methodology adopted in the paper.
lapses registered in Italy (Pavia, Florence, Bologna),
in Europe and eastern Asia (China). The knowledge the soil-structure dynamic interaction are fundamental
of the behaviour of these monuments seems very dif- to understand the whole behavior of the tower. The
ficult to be achieved, beca use the uncertainties about dynamic soil-structure interaction can be considered
the masonry material elastic characteristics and resis- not yet fully investigated, and in the paper will be
tance and the soil and foundation condition, mostly focused the importance of the matter in order to
under dynamic condition. investigate the seismic vulnerability the structure.
The use of measurement of vibration technique
1.2 Recent studies and methodology is highly efficient to evaluate the mechanical chara-
cteristics of the material when correlated with the
Many authors investigated the problems related with
results obtained with advanced models solved with
such kind of masonry structures. Some impor-
finite element analysis.
tant results have been achieved dealing with the
behaviour ofthe soi l and foundation ofleaning Tower The results obtained with such a process can be
utilized to evaluate the efficiency of possible rein-
(C.Viggiani , L.Binda), oron thedynamic characteriza-
tion by mean of measurement of vibration performed forcement. In Fig. I the diagram shows the method-
ology adopted to characterize the dynamic and static
on the towers in Pavia (G.M. Cal vi, G. Macchi,
parameter of the Tower studied in this paper.
A. Pavese). Main goal of these studies is to collect
more information about the towers in order to restore
or to reinforce the structures for a better protection
2 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
against the earthquakes, the most heavy load condition
for such a kind of monument.
2. 1 Structural characterization
As for other structures, the knowledge of mechan-
ical characteristics of the masonry material, the The paper describes the research performed on the
geotechnical properties of the foundation soil and Capocci's Tower in Rome. Afier a collection of

451
geometrical, historical, and architectural data a mea- done in neighbouring areas. The area where is located
surement campaign of environmental vibration was the tower is approximately at 47 m on the sea leveI ; the
performed, producing some information useful to stratigraphy shows a layer offilled ground of variable
determine elastic properties of the material and the thickness, then under that we can find some vo lcanic
dynamic behaviour ofthe whole system soil-tower. deposits from Pleistocene, belonging to the volcanic
group of the Albani 's Hills.
At the bottom ofthis deposit we find a sedimentary
2.2 The Capocci s Tower
layer of sand and clay belonging to the Sici Iiano period,
The Tower is located in the middle of S. Martino ai and under that a substrate of Pleistocene clay.
Monti square in Rome, and has seven floors and a
ground floor. The horizontal cross section is a squared 2.4 Environmental vibration test
plan, with the side, at the ground floor, between
8.20 m and 9.40 m. Is the highest building in the area Since is very difficult to use destructive tests such as
(36 .20m). flat-jack and drilling to get samples, mostly because
On the ground floor, from outside the wall appears the value of the ancient monument, a measurement
30 cm thicker, showing part of the foundation (4 m) of environmental vibrations has been performed, in
dug up from some works at the end ofthe XIX century. order to investigate the mechanic characteristics of
The externaI masonry ofthe wall is made ofbricks, the masonry. In fact, instead ofusing forced vibrators
partially restored after the works done in the 30's to (vibrodyne), the natural noise and vibration has been
"free" the tower from small earlier buildings surround- considered (wind, traffic, .. .). This technique allowed
ing. Today the monument has some windows on ali the us, after a careful choice ofthe positioning ofthe sen-
four façade, but they are different from the original sors, to get the natural frequency of vibration and
ones, with polygonal shape, now filled with bricks. Ali modal shape of the investigated structure from the
the internaI walls are covered with plaster, but between direct measurement. Because it is not possible to use
the fifth and the seventh leveI the masonry, with- devices with specific frequency, the signal recorded
out plaster, is completely visible. It appears made by is very low as well as the ratio s/n. This means that
irregular shaped tuffbricks, arranged in regular layer. the recorded signal must be amplified and processed,
From the first to lhe seventh leveI the structure of to filter the frequencies negligible in the study of
the tower is composed by the four thick brick walls, the vibralion ofthe whole structure (local and partial
while at the eighth we have four L-shape tuff columns vibration, phenomenon ofthe signal transferring, ... ).
at the corners, with the same thickness of the below Two types of sensors has been used to evaluate
walls, and the walls between them are thinner than the vibrations of the Capocci 's Tower during the test:
others. The four columns support a groin vault, above accelerometers and velocimeter. The devices has been
of which there is an open terrace. set at different floors ofthe tower, to evaluate lhe natu-
ral frequencies and, after numerical integration of the
signal and spectral analysis, also the displacement and
2.3 Geotechnical analysis then the corresponding mo de shape.
The Capocci's Tower is located in S. Martino ai Monti The use of both instruments allowed us to better
square, nearby the S. Maria Maggiore church, in the identify the noise and other spurious information in the
center of Rome. recorded signal (environrnental interferences, power
We could not perform new drillings to investigate supply, ... )
the soil of the area, but we used and elaborated some As shown in Fig. 3, the process ofthe different signal
information collected from other previous stratigraphy obtained from the devices result in the first five natural

e
-=-
+34,10
e
e
-=-
+26.50

-=-
+ 1L75
N

-=-
+3.50
J-.L....--'-' ~

Figure 3. Flow ofthe data processing ofthe signal recorded


Figure 2. The Capocci's Tower. during the dynamic monitoring of the structure.

452
frequeneies of the tower and the first two modal shape the monument and the "on site" reeorded measurement
(flexural modes) in the less stiff horizontal direetion. (Fig. I). The first model prepared was a 3D model
On the base ofthe values obtained a better finite ele- with a very detailed mesh (model n.l , 1074 elements,
ment model has been prepared and tuned. The recorded 15300 nodes), where all the opening (doors, windows)
values has been highly important also to investigate in and the masonry floors (vaults), were eonsidered.
soil-strueture interaetion. In this analysis, in whieh all the openings and ehang-
ing of the thiekness of the wall have been eonsidered,
the foundation and the foundation soil have not been
3 NUMERICAL MODELLING taken into aeeount, while an iterative proeess lead to
most reliable mechanieal charaeteristie ofthe material
The finite element model has been prepared using both masonry existing in the strueture.
a preliminary historie and teehnieal doeumentation of The setting of the model has been performed also
ACCElEROMETER VElOC1METER
eonsidering the different natural frequeneies obtained

H
33.10m
from the numerieal model and from the measurement
@ H" 0 H"A ~ =---
"on site". This method resulted in the values reported
27.45m in Table I. Sinee the values of the natural frequeney
H" ® H'A ~ =--- are strietly conneeted with the modulus of elasticity

@ H" ® H,A ~
22.30 m
=--- ~ ofthe material, also the effective Young 's modulus has

!--rj
been derivated. The eonstitutive model adopted for the
masonry is an elasto-plastic with softening for tensile
15.90m stress and with crushing for eompressive stress.
@ H" @ H'. \\.~ =--- In the same way as above deseribed, the seeond
model (model 2) has been optimised (1755 elements,
@ ~
a.SOm ~ 2440 nodes) used to evaluate the behaviour ofthe foun-

~
Hx1 @) HYB
dation soil. In this model a large part of soil under the

ZL 8 Table I. Values ofthe natural frequencies oblained from lhe


X '0'
30y
'0'
Triax
~ model and from lhe measurement "on site" .

Figure 4. Location of lhe sensors on the Tower during the Natural Experimental Modell Variation
monitoring of the environmental vibration. frequency (Hz) (Hz) (%)

1° flex X 2.00 1.958 -2. 1


1° flex Y 2.17 2.201 + 1.43
1° tors 6.70 6.696 +0.0001
2° flex X 8.52 8.683 + 1.91
2° flex Y 9.01 9.238 +2.53

Table 2. Mechanical properties of masonry.

Figure 5. Instrumentation based on the velocimeters. Young's modulus, E 40000 Kg/cm 2


(a) The signal is collected, recorded and processed with Poisson ratio, v 0.18
a AJO card on a notebook; (b) electromagnetic geophone Mass density, y 1800Kg/mJ

I
electromagnetic or velocimeler. Tension failure , f, 0.05 Mpa
Compression peak, fc 3.0MPa

I•
Constituli ve Model of
Interface
Develope mathematic;J.]
~ ~~
"","""~n", ~
"' 1.~O~ bsl o· plasuc model
forfinilt'
soiJ-ell"menlS

Model l\.'lodel i\'lodel


Figure 6. Instrumentation based on the accelerometer. I 2 3
(a) Signal conditioning and device to collect the signal ;
(b) piezoe lectric accelerometer on a rigid base. Figure 7. FE.M. ofthe tower.

453
lOAD CASE ::;
InÇf1lm.nt 1 l.Qlild FQçtor::: O 100E+01

RESU,T S FILE = O
STRESS
CO NTOURS OF SI

.746.878E3
-SS. ,638E3
-622 ,39BE.3

·S60.15SE3
"'97.91 SE3
""35 ,679E3
·373 ,,c39E3
-3 1 ' .199E3
·2<S.9S9E3
. 186,719E3
-124,4853
-62,2398E3

62 .2396E3
124 .'SE3
186,7t9E3

Mu Q.2333E.06 2t Node 109789

tA l" ..Q ,1826E.Oe a .. Nade 83859

Figure 8. Vertical stresses. The location ofthe cracks are visibi le. No pl astic zone for compressive stress are visible.

LOAO CASE • 251


Time Step 251 Time. O.IOOE-+02
RESUllS ALE. ,
RESPONSE T UoCe. 10 .0 04
STRESS
CONTOURS OF SZ

·Qe • .g15EJ
-914.585E3
-&-44_2HE3
.773.1S83E3
-703.5121:3
-61J.181EJ
-562.80iEl
... 92.'S!E3
.-422.107E3
-1$1 .756E3
·281.405E3
·2tl .054E3
·HO.702E3
·10.3S12E3

70.3512E3

Mel O,1070e.06 ai Nade 86027


Min -<I, 1019E·()7 aI Node 107972

Figure 9. Vertical stresses in the model 2. No plasticity in lhe soil fo undation.

454
tower, considered involved in the dynamic movement measured on site. In the two cases above mentioned
of the structure, has been modeled, while the details the numerical analysis do not show neither high defor-
of the tower (windows, door) has been reduced. AIso mation of the foundation or plasticity. This result is
the soil has been considered with a visco-elasto-plastic in good agreement with the characteristic of the soil
behaviour. obtained from the preliminary geotechnic analysis.
Finally a third model has been prepared (Model This model gave also some useful information to pre-
3,684 elements, 1124 nodes) to investigate the soil- pare the model3 (for the soil structure interaction), and
structure interaction. This model has a reduced mesh, specifically to build the interface elements required to
and it is easier to manage numerically, but is able to analyse the soil-structure interaction.
evaluate (simulate) the behaviour of the masonry and
ofthe foundation soil.
This ' reduced' model has been obtained with an 3.2 Seismic analysis
arduous preparation of the "interface-elements" , to
In 3.1.1 we discussed about the static behaviour of the
take into account the soil-structure interaction. With
tower anaiysed with dead load and normal live load.
this model has been evaluated the seismic vulnerability
We assumed a perfect restraint for the tower at the
for an earthquake accelerogram with different values
foundation. This assumption can be acceptable only in
of amplification until the collapse of the structure.
the case of moderate seismic action, or environmen-
tal vibration. When the seismic action is stronger, we
should consider for such a structure other parameters,
3.1 Static ana/ysis
such as the soil structure interaction. Then in the analy-
3.1.1 Masol1fy crack pattern sis it is necessary to know better the soil characteristics
The model lhas been used to evaluate the cracks in the and choose, according to the location ofthe area ofthe
structure under the dead load. The restraint at the bot- structure and its morphology, a suitable earthqllake to
tom ofthe structure has been assumed perfect, because assume as seismic action for the structure. AIso, it is
the type of load and the analysis. The constitutive necessary to use a finite element model able to con-
model for the material, as described above, is elastic- sider the behaviour ofthe soil and its interaction with
plastic with softening for tensile stress and crushing the structure. The model 3 is that one used to eval uate
for compressive stress. This model, during the load the interaction as described before.
process, can show the cracks (tension) and plasticity
(compression). The analysis shows, as we expected, 3.2.1 The earthquake record as seismic load
a compressive peak stress near the openings and at The evaluation of lhe seismic behaviour of the struc-
the basement, where the thickness of the masonry ture implies the need to find a suitable seismic action,
wall changes, with maximum values ofO.65 MPa. This considering the position of the structure and the soil
model shows also horizontal stress at the levei of the parameters. The choice of the accelerogram to test
basement and near the openings greater oflimit tensile dynamically the tower should be performed on the
stress for the material. In these points, as well as near base of geologic and morphology criterion. This cri te-
the groin vault ofthe last floor, some cracks appear. rion should lead to the choice of an earthquake signal
These results can be considered not dramatic for the recorded in a site most similar for morphology and
structure, since the stress and cracks have only local distance from a potential epicentre. The soil under
effect, and they are in good agreement with the current the foundation of the Capocci 's Tower offers good
state ofthe tower. The contact stress between the struc- characteristics of resistance and the bedrock seems to
ture and the soil is never greater than 5.5 Kg/cm 2 , even be very deep. Ali this information seem to suggest a
though this value can appear quite high, but cannot be seismic action redllced for some frequencies and not of
considered dangerolls for the structure, if we refer to high intensity. 1t seems possible to imagine a potential
the limit load ofthe fOllndation. earthquake with epicentre nearby the Castelli romani 's
hill , east of Rome, for what the seismic activity is well
3.1.2 Foundatiol1 sai! known. Taking into accollnt all the mentioned remarks,
Since we wanted to investigate the foundation soil of we choose the recorded signal in 1980 of the earth-
the tower, a large part ofthe soil around the tower and quake ofTorre dei Greco, when the epicentre was near
his foundation has been included in the model. In this the village of Sturno, Fig. 10. The geology ofthe area
state in the model 2 the soil ahs been considered visco- ofTorre dei Greco is composed by volcanic soil with
elastic-plastic according to a Mohr-Coulomb model thick layer of tuff (25 m) laying on lapilli and ash clay
with no associated flow, considering the case of satu- produced by the near volcano Vesuvio.
rated not drained and partially saturated drained soil. To test the numericalmodel ofthe Capocci 's Tower
Even in this case the results obtained confirm the we choose a sample of 20 sec extract from a 53 sec
reliability of the model and of the process of optimi- recorded earthquake. The response spectra of the
sation performed considering the natural frequencies whole record is shown in Fig. 10. From the analysis

455
Torre dei Greco (1980) - Italy Table 3. Comparision between the natural frequenc ies of
the three models and the frequ encies measured on site.

Natural Experimental Modell Model2 Model3


frequency (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)

1° fl ex X 2.00 1.958 2.00 1.942


8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Time (aec)
1° flex Y 2.17 2.201 2.344 2.325
1° tors 6.70 6.696 6.752 6.552
2° fl ex X 8.52 8.683 8.545 8.533
2° fl ex Y 9.01 9.238 9.277 9.327

Frequency (Hz)
9 10

Figure 10. Accelerogram used as seismic load at the base


of the tower and response spectrum.
11 12 13 14 15

. .
·;_:o : o: i~~
;; .(l.S

.!! -,
g · 1,5
.. -2
-2,5
:
~:u
" I P , •• , ,<)+.,..,..,......i
J.,.... '

o 5 lO 15 20 25 30

of the response spectra we can notice large number of AI =I -


Time (sec)
Ai=0,5 - Ai=O,25
peaks in the frequencies between 0.5 and 3.5 Hz, with
other peaks around 4.5 Hz, 8 Hz, 9 Hz. Figure 11. Seismic acceleration applied at the fo undation
Considering the natural frequencies of the tower, ofthe tower with different ampl ification fa ctor Ai.
the frequency contents of this earthquake can activate
the main natura l vibrations of the structure, resulting Speclral Response Non-reinforced Towe r
even amplified.

3.3 Results
The analysis of the vulnerability of the structures
consists mainly of searching the potential collapse
Frequency (Hz) 10
mechanism, related to the load applied.
- A=0.25 - A=O.5 - A= 1
The model 3 has been made in order to evaluate in a
more economic and concise way the global behaviour Figure 12. Response spectra on the top of the tower for the
of the three-components system soil-foundation- three different amplifications Ai.
structure. Then an interface element between the soil
and the foundation with visco-elastic-plastic behaviour
has been used to take into account the interaction of end of the earthquake. The results of th is analysis are
the structure and the foundation without disregard the summarize in the Figs. 11- 13 . As the amplification Aj
non linear characteristics ofthe soil (internai frictio n, of the seismic action raises some cracks appear on the
plasticity effects, hardening). top of the basement, due mostly to the shear stress of
As for the previous cases, the preparation and opti- not much likely effect of some blocks "exploded" for
mization of the model has been made on the base of the peak of the stresses.
results obtained with the other models already studied As well as the Aj parameter arises, and until the
(l and 2) and on the base ofthe on site measurement. structure reaches the collapse (Fig. 12c), highest
The tuning process provided the results shown in stresses appear always at the foundation, due to the
the Table 3. tens ile stress attained between the foundation structure
Tall masonry structures, as towers, chimney, bell and the soi!.
towers, have in seismic action the most heavy load From the analysis it is evident the importance ofthe
condition. We wanted to evaluate the collapse mecha- connection between fo undation and upper structure,
nism and the limit value ofthe seismic load compatible because the highest stress appear in the transi tion zone.
with the structure by using in a step-by-step analysis It can be useful to mention that the interface elements
the recorded signal ofthe earthquake mentioned scaled we used in the analysis are helpful also to analyse in
with different amplification factor Aj. detail collapse mechanisms also for the soil, but in this
In the analysis we use a time step of 0.0325 sec, case they did not occur.
the total length of the record is 30 sec, where only in From the analysis of the response spectra we can
the first 20 seco We apply the earthquake. This way we remark that the most relevant frequencies noticed do
can also analyse the behaviour of the tower after the not change as the seismic amplification change. Along

456
L(),oJ)CA$E. !067
· O' ...
T,·.... S.. '!06 Tl, ... i·02
MS\A.TSI'lU'· ,

_....
I'IESI"Ol'tSEfI"'l! o " .)

"''''
CONTOUJt$~U

""
.eN017U
.tS5'C2ES
.5&217JU
..!U252El

-52 U S2H
o
", ... oe'&eE.o5.,Na... ,oe
""n.o 7'5,E·oe"_.2'~1

Figure 13 . Crack pattern appearing after lhe end of lhe earlhquake. The formalion of lhe cracks occurs in lhe foundalion , (at
Ai = 1.03) wilh a collapse mechanism indicaling overlurning.

the shaft of the tower we can not observe cracks, due cr


to plastic hinges, and we can state that the collapse
occurs in a fragile way.
Loading path

4 THE STRUCTVR<\L REfNFORCEMENT

The analysis carried out shows the potential collapse Hysteresis


mechanisms depending on the seismic load on the
structure. Under seismic loads a possible collapse
mechanism has been highlighted with cracks at the
foundation caused by the high tensile stress. lt seems
then reasonable to suggest a structural reinforcement 8% E
of the connection structure-foundation in order to
improve the seismic behaviour ofthe tower. Figure 14. Comparision between the behaviour of a typi-
cal steel and a Nitinol alloy. Notice lhe perfectly reversible
defonn at ion up to 8%, and the large area inc1uded in the cyc1e.
4.1 .1 Shape memory alloy devices
Several applications of shape memory alloys have
been done until nowadays, especially for thermo- These technologies use metallic alloys (called
mechanical devices. In this applications the material "shape memory alloy") with very particular charac-
has huge potentialities, mostly for actuators and sen- teristics, such as super-elasticity, that is the property
sors. SMA elements have been used for safety devices of metal to have huge deformations (10 times the
for example, such as temperature indicators, electrical, deformation ofa conventional steel), without showing
or gas distributor switches. hardening (Fig. 14).
On the contrary, many other SMA applications do The latest characteristic has been considered the
not use the memory shape etfect, but the pseudo-elastic most useful to protect monumental structures from
one: for example in mechanical structures with high seismic damages, because it is used to build "forces
dynamic stresses they are used to reduce vibration, or controller" devices. The devices can limit the stresses
for other aims, mostly to protect buildings from the in the masonry material and also dissipate a part ofthe
earthquakes etfects. energy stored up, instead of releasing it completely
The research project ISTECH for the first time ana- (Fig. 15).
Iyzed the possibilities of applications of these devices SMADs are used mostly for connection between
in the restoration field. The Project began in March vertical walls and horizontal floors of a masonry build-
1996 and ended in June 1999 and its target was to ing, instead of the traditional steel chain bars or in
develop new technologies for structural restoration and addition to , in order to avoid the collapse of verti-
seismic improvement of architectonical heritage. cal walls pushed out of their plane under horizontal

457
--
5 Hz
600Mpa

500Mpa ,.....
f...--
7
.,/'
/J
1Hz

c /' I-- -::: r::::: lh 0.1 Hz


.~
~
:a
400Mpa

300Mpa
v: ..... , ? F-:
- ~/ V
~ ~ --- ./ "
10 16 20 lO
E T ime (uc )
~ 200Mp'I ---- Ai"'2 - Ai:a1-Ai=O,25

100Mpa JV f-"""

P
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0. 05
Figure 17. Accelerati ons evaluated at the top of the tower
for different amplification of the earthquake.
Axial defonnation

Figure 15. Hysteresis cycle vs. the load frequency.


(ISTECH Project, 1999).

9 A A A f

'0
O

m Figure 18. Response spectra of the accelerations for differ-


ent amplification of the earthquake.

fj_ m
m
-m-
m ------

.l:i2JGJ2J2J2
. . .:. . . J+·
I
0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5 1,75
Seismic amplification fac tor
- Non-Reinforced Model - Reinforced Model

i3~_
Figure 16. Sketch of the hypotesis of reinforcernent with
steel bar equipped with SMAD.
.~
j•••.••••.•• J•••••••••••• l.• ·· .•••.••........••...•
2,5 - -- - -- - -- -. ; - - - .- ---- - - ~ -- - -- ---- -.~-- - -- - - - - ~ - .- .. --._-.; _.--. --
1.

seismic forces . The results of the ISTECH project


shown, through numerical analysis and experimental c:( 0,25 0,5 0,75
1 1,25 1,5 1,75
ou

tests, that memory shape alloy devices are more effi- Seismic amplification factor
-Non-Reinforced Model -Reinforced Model
cient than traditional steel chain bars. SMA devices

r!_
have been used in several monumental structures such
as S. Francesco basilica, inAssisi, and in the bell-tower
of S.Giorgio 's church in Trignano.

4.1.2 Application of SMA devices to the Capocci s


0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1, 5 1,75
Tower Seismic amplification factor
- Non-Relnforced Model - Reinforced Model
The Capocci 's Tower at the moment do not show cracks
neither soil/foundation deformations, and this condi-
Figure 19. Improvement of the behavi our of the tower:
tion can guarantee a quite good mechanical behaviour. displacements, acceleration, maximum stress.
The reinforcement hypothesis then should be a seismic
improvement, by using modem technologies such as
memory shape alloy. This effect could be obtained by glvmg a pre-
The structural reinforcement should improve the compression to the externai vertical walls, by steel
anchorage between the structure and the foundation, chain bars at corners; the chain bar should be dimen-
and give to the tower a larger reserve if stressed sioned according to the required pre-compression. The
by tensile stress. This hypothesis originates and has suggested design ofthe reinforcement foresees 5 chain
been suggested from the collapse mechanism that has bars in each comer, ali ofthem equipped with aSMA
already been studied and described before. device, which gives to the masonry a compressive

458
LOADCASE • UI
Tt..... \t>p,..." ... · " "E...l
ItES\.l.'SAl.E_ D
I'If:SI"OfdETtME_ H .II
SfMIS

.
- 1l5,DUU

I7S,DI8l.l
3$D_DH('
"." O.41D'E _ alNo-U 2 17t.1
Mj,, -olll-DE·07_I No ... 2 11 11

Figure 20. Distribution of the vertical stresses. At lhe collapse, with amplification Ai = 2, the cracks appear ali over the
foundation.

pre-stress of about 0.1 MPa average (Fig. 16). The The global structural stiffness of the Tower do not
chain bars connected with the SMADs could be steel change significantly, due to the particular typology
bars anchored with the basement in a suitable way, or of the reinforcement. In the reinforced tower model
modem, stain less, carbon bars. there are frequencies slower than the natural frequency
The 3D model should be modified introducing the of the original tower, when the collapse occur, while
effect of the pre-compression, performed by the chain, in lhe original tower model it does not happen. The
and through the ana lysis of the mode/ could be evalu- SMAD reinforcement let the tower have a plastic
ated the improvement after the intervention. The value behaviour and dissipate a larger part of seismic energy
of pre-compressive stress would be almost invariable (dissipation due to the SMADs' hysteresis cycle).
during the different loading steps, thanks to the SMA The typology of collapse is the same as the previous
devices, besides they allow the structure to dissipate case, but this time the whole foundation is involved in
a large amount of energy during the hysteresis cycles, the collapse mechanism. At the last step, before co 1-
in case of seismic loads. lapse, we can observe in the same time, masonry 's
plastic behaviour, in compression, but also cracks due
to high tensile stresses (Fig. 20) .
4. 1.3 Seismic ana/ysis of reinforced tower
The seismic vulnerability of the "simulated" rein-
forced tower will be evaluated loading it again with
the chosen earthquake, in the same way than before, 5 CONCLUSIONS
i.e. with increasing value of the amplitude until the
structure will collapse. The problem of protection of ancient masonry monu-
In Figs. 17- 18 the accelerations and the response ments against seismic actions is very complex. The
spectra are shown, as result of the calculation at the technicians working on the monument should pay
top ofthe tower; in Fig. 20 the distribution of stresses attention to the importance ofthe building, considering
is shown, at peak ofthe seismic action. We can notice carefully the structural problem without neglect histor-
lhat the growth of accelerations at the top of the tower ical and artistic aspects connected with the monumento
is not linear with the amplification (Ai) at the base. Studies on monuments should consider that restora-
In the reinforced structure the building could resist tion 's aim is mainly to preserve them from decay, as
to higher values of stress, anel, as final result, we can well as to protect them from damages due to seismic
state that the collapse is reached with an amplification and dynamic actions.
value that is twice as non-reinforced case (Ai = 2), as Besides, if we talk about tall masonry buildings,
we could expect. such as towers, we can 't forget to analyse the con-
Besides, in the reinforced tower the stresses dition of foundation soi!, which is strictly connected
decrease drastically by 35%, at the same amplification to lhe seismic behaviour of the whole structure. Her
value (Ai). (Fig. 19) we can recall one of the most famous examples of

459
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Yuan Jianli , Li Shencai. "On the method to model anci ent
The authors wish to acknowledge the Italian M.A.E. brick and stone pagodas by dynamic parameters", Earlh-
(Min .ofFor.Aff.) to support the research in the frame- quake Resistant Engineering, n.l , 1998.
work of the intemational cooperation with Chinese
University ofYangzhou.

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