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Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 253 – 257

The 2nd International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite for Food Security and Environmental
Monitoring 2015, LISAT-FSEM 2015

Detection of mangrove distribution in Pongok Island

Umroha, Wahyu Adib, Suci Puspita Saric*
a
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bangka Belitung, Kampus Terpadu Balunijuk Gedung Teladan, Balunijuk, 33172, Indonesia
b
Faculty of Fisheries, University of Bangka Belitung, Kampus Terpadu Balunijuk Gedung Teladan, Balunijuk, 33172, Indonesia
c
Faculty of Biology, University of Bangka Belitung, Kampus Terpadu Balunijuk Gedung Teladan, Balunijuk, 33172, Indonesia

Abstract

This paper describes the detection of mangrove density distribution in Pongok Island using remote sensing approach. The objective
aim of this research is to map out the distribution of the mangrove density using Landsat imageries and GIS technique. Landsat
imageries data Path/Row: 123/062 acquired in July 24th 2014 were used in this research. The mangrove and other land cover
delineation was conducted with visual interpretation by using standard false color composite of Landsat band 564. The mangrove
density was assessed using the vegetation index method, particularly through the NDVI formula with the range value from -1 to 1.
The study found that the mangrove density could be classified into three classes i.e spares (NDVI range: -1 – 0.33; equal with
<1,000 Trees/Ha), moderate (NDVI range: 0.33-0.42; equal with •1,000 to <1,500 Trees/Ha), and dense (NDVI range: 0.42-1;
equal with •1,500 Trees/Ha). The study recognized by the types of mangrove identified in Pongok Island are dominated by
Rhizopora sp, Sonneratia sp, Avicennia sp, and Bruguiera sp.
© 2016
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V.is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
B.V. This
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015
Keywords: density; distribution; mangrove

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-812-7826-932.

E-mail address: sucipuspita1332@yahoo.com

1878-0296 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of LISAT-FSEM2015
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.076
254 Umroh et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 253 – 257

1. Background

Mangroves are one of the productive and highly adaptive ecosystems on the Earth, and provide invaluable services
to the coastal communities. Ecological and sustainable management of the mangrove ecosystem requires crucial
knowledge of variability and dynamics over a time and space [1]. Mangrove forests grow near the big river estuary
where the river delta gives a lot of sediment (sand and mud). Mangrove roots collect sediments and slow the water
flow to protect the coastline and prevent the erosion [2]. Mangrove can only grow in areas away from direct waves
[3] Mangroves protect shorelines from erosion by stabilizing sediments with their tangled root systems. They maintain
water quality and clarity, filtering pollutants and trapping sediments originating from land. Mangroves function as
nurseries for shrimp and recreational fisheries, exporters of organic matter to adjacent coastal food chains, and
enormous sources of valuable nutrients [4]. Mangrove forests cover the intertidal area created by coastal accretion as
a result of the interaction between river and sea [5]. Remote sensing has been used extensively to map and monitor
mangrove environments over the past two decades. It offers some key advantages for mangrove studies, including
indirect access to mangrove habitats that are usually hard to access [6, 7] . This research coverage area is Pongok
Island, a small island that has mangrove ecosystems. Pongok Island is a sub-district in South Bangka, a regency of
Bangka Belitung Province. Mangrove condition in this island has good density, because several areas have been
designated as marine protection area. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used to evaluate, monitor and inform
the distribution of mangrove density in this area.

2. Methodology

2.1. Study area

Pongok Island is located in South Bangka, one of regency in Bangka Belitung Province. Pongok is located
geographically in 107o03’25”E and 02o51’52”S. Sampling stations of mangrove community structure are in 5 points
of Island. Field study was conducted to collect the information about mangrove species, measure mangrove density
and monitor the condition of mangrove area. Map location of study area in Pongok Island is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Pongok Island.

 Umroh et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 253 – 257 255

2.2. Materials and methods

Data of Landsat imagery date acquisitions July 24th 2014 were used in this study. Landsat image was processed
using software ENVI 4.3 and ArcGIS 9.3. This software were needed to analyze and integrate spatial data. The data
of Landsat image was projected to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system, Datum WGS 1984, zone
48 South, Path/Row: 123/062. Bands combination of Landsat image was used to identify mangrove area. The bands
combination was known as False Color Composite (FCC). FCC applied on Landsat image was composite of band
564, this band combination can make mangrove look different from other objects. Mangrove area were identified and
delineated through visual interpretation by digitalizing on screen. The further step after identifying mangrove area
was applying NDVI transformation to grouping mangrove density into three classes.
NDVI method was used to evaluate the forest density cover of mangroves [8]. Determination of mangrove
conducted with visual interpretation and delineation object showing existence mangrove. Mangrove can be identified
by using color combination (Red:Green:Blue), that is band IR (Infrared) presented at red layer (Red), band NIR (Near
Infrared) presented at green layer and Red band presented at blue layer [9]. On satellite images FCC, mangroves occur
in bright red color if it is in continuous patch [10]. The NDVI data layer is defined as:

ܰ‫ ܫܸܦ‬ൌ  ሺܰ‫ ܴܫ‬െ ܴሻȀሺܰ‫ ܴܫ‬൅ ܴሻ (1)

Where NIR represents the spectral reflectance in near infrared band and R represents red band. The NDVI real
values, by definition, would be between -1 and +1, where increasing positive values indicate increasing green
vegetation and negative values indicate non-vegetated surface features such as water, barren land, ice, snow, or clouds
[11]. The various satellite-derived indices such as NDVI, Ratio of NIR and Red wavelengths can also be effectively
used to monitor the vegetation status and condition of mangrove ecosystem. NDVI is based on difference between
maximum absorption of radiation in red due to chlorophyll and maximum reflection of radiation in NIR due to leaf
cellular structure. The combination of red and Infrared (IR) bands along with vegetation indices help in distinguishing
between mangroves, swamps and other vegetation in the wetland zones [12].

3. Results and Discussion

Types of mangrove dominated in Pongok Island are Rhizopora sp, Sonneratia sp, Avicennia sp, and Bruguiera sp.
Image processing from Landsat 8 divided mangrove density into 3 classes based on NDVI range from Ministry of
Forestry. Density classes are spares (NDVI range: -1 – 0.33; equal with <1,000 Trees/Ha), moderate (NDVI range:
0.33-0.42; equal with •1,000 to <1,500 Trees/Ha), and dense (NDVI range: 0.42-1; equal with •1,500 Trees/Ha).
In 2014, tin (Sn) mining activity in Pongok Island was not found, thus the mangroves ecosystem in the island
during the observation was generally in better condition compared to prior years. Formerly, the mangrove population
was decreased because people used the mangrove tree for firewood and built their house. People also used mangrove
to build boats and other utilities. Activities involved mangrove exploitation such as logging and mangrove extinction
had been over in 2014, therefore, the mangrove ecosystem could be visually observed in good status (based on Decree
of the Minister of Environment No.201/2004 - Criteria and Guidelines for Determining Mangrove Damage). One of
the strategy in maintain the marine ecosystems such as mangrove ecosystem, sea grass, and coral reef in Lepar Island
and Pongok Island is establishment of coastal conservation area in certain areas, for example is in Penutuk Village,
organized by LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Science) and Head of Penutuk Village (based on Decree of the Head Village
Penutuk No 04/KEPDES/DPL/DPTK/V/2010). With this establishment, people started to know the benefits and the
importance of the coastal ecosystem and started to maintain their coastal environment.
Based on research by Ilyas [13], the result of people perception about mangrove conservation in Celagen Village
and in around Pongok Island showed that 51.28% people are strongly agree with the conservation, and 48.72% people
are agree with the conservation. This result showed that people have good vision and highly supportive mindset to the
mangrove conservation. And based on that result, people understand and realize that mangrove is very important to
be protected and maintained because of their function to absorb abrasion and a place for coastal biota to live. The
monitoring of mangrove density in Pongok Island shown in Fig. 2 and the coverage area of mangrove density shown
in Table 1.
256 Umroh et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 (2016) 253 – 257

4 Umroh et al./ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2016) 000–000

Fig. 2. Mangrove density mapping in Pongok Island.

Table 1. Coverage area of classified mangrove density year 2014 in Pongok Island.

Classes of density Coverage area (Hectares)

Spares Mangrove 164.61

Moderate Mangrove 24.75
Dense Mangrove 1,801.35
Total 1,990.71

4. Conclusion

This study concludes that mangrove density distribution could be well classified using Landsat imageries with
accuracy of approximately 86%. Mangrove in Pongok Island are dominated by Rhizopora sp, Sonneratia sp, Avicennia
sp, and Bruguiera sp. Overall, based on field study on mangrove community structure, mangrove in Pongok Island
has good density. It is shown by dense mangrove coverage area, which is the highest among the other density classes
about 1,801.35 Hectares. Condition of mangrove density in Pongok Island is supported by local people who highly
support the mangrove conservation to protect coastal area. Local people do not allow tin mining activities conducted
in Pongok coastal area. However, further monitoring by time series satellite images is still needed to identify the
changes of mangrove coverage area.

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