Welc0me to my presentation

MASUMA AKTER
ST.ID.20150109037
General pharmacology
What is pharmacology

 Pharmacology is the branch of science that

includes history, source, physical and
chemical properties, compounding, mode of
action, excretion, the therapeutic use and
side effects of drug.
Types of pharmacology

 There are two types of pharmacology:

 1. Pharmacokinetics: The part of pharmacology
that concerned with absorption, distribution,
metabolism excretion of drugs.
What the organism does to the drugs.
2.Pharmacodynamics: The part of pharmacology
that concerned with the biochemical and
physiological effects of drugs and their mode of
action.
What drugs do to the organism.
Some definition
 Side effect: It is the effect of drug which is
therapeutically undesirable but unavoidable.

Toxic effect: It is the undesirable effect of a drug

due to prolong use.
 Prodrug: Those drugs do not produce any
pharmacological effects until they are chemically
altered within the body are called prodrug.
 Efficacy: It is the first property of drug which
gives a measure of the amount of drug necessary
to produce an effect of a given magnitude.
 Potency: The second drug property.This is the
ability of a drug to elicit a response when it
interacts with a receptor.
Route of drug administration

1. Enteral:
* Oral
* Sublingual
* Rectal
2. Parenteral:
* Intravenous
* Intraarterial
* Intramascular
* Intracutaneous
* Subcutaneous
Oral route

Oral is the most common.

Advantages:
1. Self medication is possible.
2. Non invasive.
3. Cheap,safe and painless.
Disadvantages:
1. Irritating and unpleasant drugs cannot be
administrated.
2. Drug may discolor teeth.
3. Drugs cannot be used unconscious patient.
Oral medication
Sublingual

 A drug placed under the tongue, where it

dissolved.
Advantages:
1. More potent than oral.
2. Rapidly absorbed into bloodstream.
3. Lipid soluble drugs rapidly absorbed.
Disadvantage:
1.Large dose cannot be given.
2.Irritant dose cannot be given.
Subcutaneous

 Hypodermic into subcutaneous tissue, just

below the skin.
Advantages:
1. Onset drug action faster than oral.
2. Absorption rate is almost constant.
Disadvantages:
1. More expensive than oral.
2. Irritating drugs cannot be given.
Dose response curve

 It a relationship between dose & response.

 Types:
 Graded dose-response relationship
 Quantal dose response relationship
ED50 = effective dose in 50% of population

100

% subjects 50
ED50

0
0 X
DRUG DOSE
Factor affecting choice of
route of administration
 Physical & chemical properties of drug
 Site of action
 Effect of enzyme
 Rapidity of action
 Emergency of treatment
 Condition of the patient
Therapeutic index

• Effective dose (ED50) = dose at which 50%

population shows response
• Lethal dose (LD50) =dose at which 50%
population dies
• TI = LD50/ED50, an indication of safety of a
drug (higher is better
Thanks to all