PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

SECARA KIMIAWI
 Six chemical processes :

1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid

2. Reaction to produce an insoluble gas
3. Reduction of surface charge to produce coagulation of a
colloidal suspension
4. Reaction to produce a biologically degradable substance
from a nonbiodegradable subs.
5. Reaction to destroy or deactivate a chelating agent
6. Oxidation or reduction
 1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid

• Removing metals  alkaline precipitations,

precipitation of the metal as the sulfide,
precipitation as the phosphate, precipitation as
the carbonate, or co-precipitation with another
metal hydroxide, sulfide, phosphate, or
carbonate.
 1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid

Chemical substances
Chemical Application
Lime Heavy metals, fluoride, phosporus
Soda Ash Heavy metals
Sodium sulfide Heavy metals
Hydrogen sulfide Heavy metals
Phosporic acid Heavy metals
Fertilizer grade phosphate Heavy metals
Ferric sulfate Arsenic, sulfide
Ferric chloride Arsenic, sulfide
Alum Arsenic, fluoride
Sodium sulfate Barium
 Schematic for Removal by forming
an insoluble substances

Conditioning
Oxidation
or pH adjust
Raw pH or
adjust chelating Floc Sed Filt
Waste Chem
agent
destruct addition
Return
Steps For Seed

Sludge
Dewater,
Dry
 2. Reactions to Produce an Insoluble Gas

• If produce insoluble gas  it will remove itself

from solution as it is formed
• Ex :
2 NO2- + Cl2 + 8 H+ N2 + 4H2O + 2 Cl-

• Chlorine  added in the form of chlorine gas or

hypochlorite, or another chloride compound that
dissolves in water
 2. Reactions to Produce an Insoluble Gas

Chemical substances
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
SUBSTANCE TECHNOLOGY
Chlorine gas or other (1). Breakpoint chlorination to
chlorine compound remove ammonia
(hypochlorite, or chlorine
dioxide) (2). Alkaline chlorination of
cyanide
Sulfuric or hydrochloric Removal of sulfide as
acids (technical grade or hydrogen sulfide gas
waste acids)
 3. Reduction of surface charge to produce
coagulation of a colloidal suspension

• Industrial wastewater consists of colloidal

suspensions
• Destabilized industrial wastewater by
chemical coagulation  allow separation
of destabilized colloidal material from
water
 4. Reaction to produce a biologically degradable
substance from a nonbiodegradable subs.

• Unbiodegradable substances  altered to

biodegradable materials
• Hydrolysis (acid or alkaline)  break up large
organic molecules into smaller segments
• Ex: Substances from cellulose or derivatives  acid
hydrolysis + heat
 5. Reaction to destroy or deactivate
a chelating agent
• Chelating agents : organic materials (EDTA) or inorganic
materials (polyphosphates)
• ORGANIC CHELATING AGENTS :
– Destroy by acid hydrolysis
– Destroy by hydroxyl free radical oxidation :
• Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + ferrous ions)
• Hydrogen peroxide + UV light
• Ozone + hydrogen peroxide
• Ozone + UV light
– Destroy by adding potassium permanganate + heating
– Pass the wastewater through granular activated carbon
 6. Oxidation or reduction to produce a
non objectionable subs.

• Senyawa yg tidak diijinkan  dapat

dioksidasi secara kimia, menjadi CO2 dan
H2O
• Contoh :
– Menghilangkan chromium  reducing
hexavalent chrome ions (soluble in water &
highly toxic) menjadi bentuk trivalent
• Reducing agents : SO2, sodium/potasium bisulfit, or
metabisulfit, and sodium or potasium bisulfit plus hydrazine.
• pH  acid range
Chemical treatment
• Kelebihan pengolahan secara kimia:
– Efisiensi tinggi (dapat mencapai angka yang
diinginkan)
– Waktu dentensi relatif singkat sehingga volume
reaktor/unit pengolahan relatif lebih kecil
• Kekurangan
– Ada penambahan zat aditif sehingga
meningkatkan konsentrasi Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS). Penyisihan TDS relatif sulit dan mahal:
membran atau destilasi
– Meningkatkan beban pengolahan
– Biaya bahan kimia cukup mahal = biaya untuk
energi
 Water Softening
I. Introduction

A. Reasons to Soften
1. Reduce Soap Consumption
2. Improve Aesthetics of Water

3. Hot Water Heaters last longer

B. Reasons not to Soften

1. Expensive Process
2. May be less healthy

3. Competes with health related costs

 Water Softening

II. What is Hardness?

A. Hardness Classifications
a. Soft Water = 0 to 70 mg/L
b. Moderate Hardness = 71 to 150 mg/L
c. Hard Water = > 150 mg/L

B. T. Hardness, mg/L, as CaCO3 = (Ca X 2.5) + (Mg X 4.12)

(MW=100) (40 X 2.5 = 100) (24.3 X 4.12 = 100)
C. Carbonate Hardness as CaCO3 = T. Alkalinity as CaCO3
a. Removed by Boiling

b. Removed by Lime
D. Non-Carbonate Hardness = T. Hardness – T. Alkalinity

a. Unaffected by boiling
b. Removed by Soda Ash
 Water Softening

III. Methods of Softening

A. Lime-Soda Ash Chemistry
1. 1st Stage Treatment (Lime only)
a. Carbon Dioxide Removal (< 8.3 pH)
* CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
b. Carbonate Hardness Removal
* Ca + 2HCO3 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O(pH 8.3-9.4)

* Mg + 2HCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg + CO3 + 2H2O(pH >10.8)

c. Magnesium Hardness Removal (>pH 10.8)

* Mg + CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
* Mg + SO4 + Ca(OH)2 Ca + SO4 + Mg(OH)2
2. 2nd Stage Treatment (Soda Ash)

* Ca + SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + CaCO3

* Ca + Cl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH
SECARA BIOLOGI
 Pengolahan limbah secara biologi

• Proses yang menggunakan bahan organik sebagai

makanan bagi bakteri atau m.o lain
 bakteri, fungi, rotifera
• O2 dibutuhkan baik dalam bentuk yg larut ataupun anion
spt sulfat dan nitrat (aerobik)
• Produk akhir : penurunan jumlah polutan organik,
meningkatnya jumlah m.o, CO2, H2O, by-products
• Sebagai pengolahan sekunder, pengolahan secara
biologi dipandang sebagai pengolahan yang paling
murah dan efisien.
• Proses secara biologi berlangsung selama 1-7 hari
Pengolahan limbah secara biologi

• Membutuhkan O2
• Perlu energi besar
Aerobik • u/ BOD < 400 mg/l
• u/ COD < 2000 ppm

• Tidak membutuhkan O2
• Perlu energi kecil
Anaerobik • u/ BOD > 4000 mg/l
• u/ COD < 2000 ppm
 AEROBIK

• Jika bakteri berasal dari limbah maka yang tumbuh

bermacam-macam jenis bakteri dari mulai yang bersifat
patogen maupun probiotik.
• Dalam kondisi semacam ini maka proses hanya dapat
berlangsung secara aerobik.

Oxidized
Organic CO2
Matter M.O O2 M.O H2O Organic
Material
 Mikroorganisme

Microbial Metabolism

• General nutritional requirements -:

• Carbon Substrate (Org. Or Inorg.)
• Electron Donor
• Energy Source
• Need for molecular oxygen.
• Basic elements required-C,O ,N,H, P,S
• Inorganic elements: K,Mg,Ca,Fe,Na,Cl
 Mikroorganisme

GROWTH - CELL DIVISION

- O2 INCREASE IN BIOMASS
(assimilation)
consumption
2.0m

ORGANIC
POLLUTANT
AND NUTRIENTS
(C,P,N,O,Fe,S…)

SINGLE
CO2 evolved
BACTERIUM (dissimilation)

Controlled release of energy

Slow Burning!
Mikroorganisme

obligate aerobes:
need oxygen, use it as terminal electron
acceptor

obligate anaerobes:
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

facultative anaerobes:
under certain conditions can grow in the
absence of oxygen
 Mikroorganisme

• Bakteri • Fungi • Algae

• Nemotodes • Protozoa • Rotifera

Pengaruh kondisi lingkungan

Subs
Nutrients
conc

Temp D.O.

pH Mikroba mixing
Bioreaktor (untuk pengolahan limbah)

1. Reaktor 2. Reaktor
pertumbuhan pertumbuhan lekat
tersuspensi (suspended (attached growth
growth reactor) reactor)
 Suspended Growth

• Terdiri dari berbagai jenis mikroba

• Mikroba tersuspensi dalam limbah
• Jumlah mikroba dapat terkontrol dengan baik 
mudah diuji di lab
• Contoh: Activated sludge : proses aerobik 
termasuk oksidasi karbon dan nitrifikasi
• Disertai flokulasi mikroba diikuti filtrasi dan
sedimentasi
Raw water

Grit Primary Secondary

screens Settling aeration chlorination
chamber Settling
tank tank

Reareation Activated
Sludge return
Activated Sludge
Pump
Effluent
to disposal

Sludge Sludge
Thickener Digestion To Sludge Drying

Flow Diagram of ASP

 Lumpur aktif
• Screening and Grit Units : to remove large objects and to
reduce particle size
• Primary Settling Tanks : to remove particles from water 
sedimentation
– Particulates suspended size : 10-1 to 10-7 mm
– ( > 10-4 : turbidity ; < 10-4 : color & taste)
– 70% of the solids and 30% of the BOD can be removed
• Aeration Tanks : provides 6 to 24 hours retention
– The contents  mixed liquor, and the solids are called mixed
liquor suspended solids (MLSS), living and dead microbial
cells
– microorganisms kept in suspension  4 to 8 hr (by
mechanical mixers and/or diffused air),
– M.o concentration  maintained by the continuous return of
the settled biological floc from a secondary settling tank to the
aeration tank.
 Lumpur aktif
• Final Settling Tanks : provide longer detention (2h) and lower
overflow rates (30 to 50 m3/m2.day)
• the sludge settles to the bottom of the tank still active and able to
remove more BOD from the waste water  maintains and
increases the microorganism concentration in the aeration chamber
– key factor to increase BOD removal from the waste water
• << 24 hr in the aerobic process BOD concentration should not
exceed about 2,000 mg/l on the effluent

• Thickener : part of the separation of the activated sludge

from the mixed liquor in the secondary clarifiers
– Type of thickeners Gravity Thickening, Thickening by
Flotation, and Centrifugal Thickening
– reduce sludge volume by 50 - 70%
 Suspended Growth
Advantages
• Diverse; can be used for one household up a huge plant
• Removes organics
• Oxidation and Nitrification achieved
• Biological nitrification without adding chemicals
• Biological Phosphorus removal
• Solids/ Liquids separation
• Stabilization of sludge
• Capable of removing ~ 97% of suspended solids
• The most widely used wastewater treatment process
 Suspended Growth

Disadvantages
• Does not remove color from industrial wastes and may
increase the color through formation of highly colored
intermediates through oxidation
• Does not remove nutrients, tertiary treatment is
necessary
• Problem of getting well settled sludge
• Recycle biomass keeps high biomass concentration in
aeration tanks allowing it to be performed in
technologically acceptable detention times
 Attached Growth

trickling filter

cakram biologi

reaktor fludisasi

RBC (rotating
biological contactor)

Seluruh modifikasi ini dapat menghasilkan efisiensi

penurunan BOD sekitar 80%-90%.
 Attached Growth

• All microbes attached to the medium 

batu, plastik, dll
• The microbes able to access the organis
matter in the waste water
• Trickling filter, RBC, Fluidized bed
 Penyaring Trikel

• Terdiri dr lapisan batu dan kerikil dgn tinggi

90 cm-3 m
• Air limbah dialirkan secara perlahan melalui
lapisan ini.
• Bakteri akan terkumpul & berkembang biak
pd batu dan kerikil mengkonsumsi
bahan organik yg terdapat dlm air limbah
Penyaring Trikel
INFLUENT RBC Flow Scheme
Primary
Treatment
Rotating
Biological
Pretreatment Contactors

Disinfection

Secondary
Clarifiers EFFLUENT
Solids Handling
 RBC Secondary Treatment
Rotating Plastic Media

1.6 rpm Provides Large Surface Area

40 %
Submerged

Microorganisms “Treat” the Wastewater by Using Organics

RBC COMPONENTS

CONTACTOR

Discs

Individual Disc Shaft

 Anaerobic digestion

• Anaerobic digestion is widely used to treat wastewater

sludges and organic wastes because it provides volume
and mass reduction of the input material.
• Anaerobic digestion is a renewable energy source
because the process produces a methane and carbon
dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping
replace fossil fuels. Also, the nutrient-rich solids left after
digestion can be used as fertiliser.
 Anaerobic digestion

• The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of

the input materials in order to break down insoluble
organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make them
available for other bacteria.
• Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino
acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and
organic acids.
• Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic
acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
• Methanogens, finally are able to convert these products
to methane and carbon dioxide.
 The key process stages of anaerobic digestion

There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis

A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined

above is as follows:
C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
 Anaerobic digestion

• Slow rate process  required long times

retention
• For waste of high organic strength --?
COD > 2000 ppm
• Capable treating some substances 
cellulosic materials, aromatic compounds,
chlorinated solvents
Aerobic vs Anaerobic
 Apa akibat dari proses biologi yang tidak
tepat pada pengolahan limbah cair ?

• Pengolahan secara biologi yang tidak tepat akan

menyebabkan timbulnya bau busuk dan penggumpalan
bahan berlemak. Jika tidak diatasi segera maka akan
sangat mengganggu.
• Untuk menghindari proses pengolahan limbah yang tidak
efektif dilakukan terlebih dahulu pre-treatment dengan
tujuan agar tidak terjadi over load COD, diusahakan
agar COD maksimal 2000 ppm.
• Tujuan pre-treatment adalah agar beban COD lebih
rendah dan limbah lebih homogen.
TERIMA KASIH