7.

1
a) Calculate the scattering matrix for the two-port in the figure when both normali-
sation resistances are 1 Ω.
b) Check that the condition of losslessness
1 2 2
|S21 (jω)| = 1 − |S11 (jω)|
is valid for the S parameters you obtained.

a) The coupling is symmetric and reciprocal, meaning that it is sufficient to calculate, e.g., S11 and S21 .
Let port 2 be matched, i.e., a2 = 0:

1 I1 I2

E1 U1 1 U2 1

1
Zin =
s+1
and
1
−1

b1  Zin − R1 s+1 −s
S11 = = = 1 = .
a1 a2 =0
 Zin + R1 s+1 +1 s+2
To calculate S21 , let us express U2 with the help of E1 by using the voltage division rule
1
Zin E1
U2 = E1 = s+11 E1 = .
R1 + Zin 1 + s+1 s+2
 r 
b2  R1 2U2  2
S21 = = = .
a1 a2 =0 R2 E1  s+2

a2 =0

Thus we obtain as the S matrix  

1 −s 2
S= .
s+2 2 −s

b)
 2 2
 
2 4
|S21 (jω)| =   = .
jω + 2  ω2 + 4
 −jω 2 2
ω2 + 4 − ω2
 
2  =1− ω 4
1 − |S11 (jω)| = 1 − 
 = = 2 .
jω + 2  ω2 + 4 ω2 + 4 ω +4

1
7.2
For a lossless and reciprocal two-port
2s + 1 2s − 1
S11 = and S22 = .
2s + 3 2s + 3
Solve S21 and S12 .

For a lossless circuit

(1 + 2s)(1 − 2s) 8
S21 (s)S21 (−s) = 1 − S11 (s)S11 (−s) = 1 − = ,
(3 + 2s)(3 − 2s) (3 + 2s)(3 − 2s)

Thus, we get √
2 2
S21 (s) = ,
2s + 3
and due to the reciprocity, S12 = S21 .

2
7.3
In a second-order Butterworth lowpass filter prototype Rg = 1 Ω and RL = 2 Ω.

2 G0
|S21 (jω)| = .
1 + ω4
a) What is the value of the constant G0 ?
b) Realise the filter, using S21 as the starting point.

a)
2 2
|S21 (0)| = G0 = 1 − |S11 (0)| .
Since at zero frequency Zin = RL ,
1 + S11 (0)
Zin (0) = Rg = 2,
1 − S11 (0)
and S11 (0) can be computed:

2 − Rg 1
Rg + Rg S11 (0) = 2 − 2S11 (0) ⇒ S11 = = .
2 + Rg 3
 2
1 1 8
G0 = 1 − = 1 − = ≈ 0.889.
3 9 9

b)
Change variables using s2 = −ω 2 . For a lossless circuit
1 4
G0 1 − G0 + s4 9 +s
|S11 (s)|2 = 1 − |S21 (s)|2 = 1 − 4
= 4
= 4
.
1+s 1+s 1+s
|S11 (s)|2 = S11 (s)S11 (−s), so let us factorise the numerator and denominator. The numerator and denominator
are known to be of the form (s2 + As + B)(s2 − As + B).
q q q
(s2 + 23 s + 31 )(s2 − 23 s + 13 ) s2 + 23 s + 31
|S11 (s)|2 = √ √ ⇒ S11 (s) = √ .
(s2 + 2s + 1)(s2 − 2s + 1) s2 + 2s + 1

The left half-plane zeroes are chose for S11 . This results in

2
q
2
√ 4
1 + S11 2s + ( 3 + 2)s + 3 2s2 + 2.2307s + 1.333
Zin = Rg = √ ≈ .
1 − S11
q
( 2 − 2 )s + 2 0.5977s + 0.6667
3 3

3.3461

1 0.4483 2

3
Homework 7

This exercise involves processing scattering parameters with Matlab. Matlab can be found from the IT
classrooms of Aalto or you can download it to your own computer from https://download.aalto.fi. You
are free to use any other program as well, should you so desire.

You can find the required scattering parameter files from MyCourses. Use Matlab and answer the
following questions:

a) You are given the scattering parameters of a half-wave dipole (dipole.s1p). The original normalization
resistance is 50 ohms but you would like to use the antenna with your 75-ohm television receiver. Plot
the magnitude of the reflection coefficient in decibel scale using both normalization resistances. In which
case is the −10 dB bandwidth (|S11 | < −10 dB) larger?
Hint: Consider the sparameters object in Matlab.

b)
A 3 dB power divider divides the power fed to port 1 equally between ports 2 and 3. Verify the operation
of the Mini-Circuits ZAPD-30-S+ power divider (ZAPD-30-S+ UNIT1.s3p) by plotting relevant scattering
parameters describing the operation.
Terminate port 3 with a short circuit. How does it affect the reflection coefficient at the two remaining
ports?
Hint: Use the snp2smp function.

c)
An antenna 2450AT18A100 No Matching.s1p is being used for Bluetooth. To tune the antenna, a fol-
lowing matching circuit is connected to it:

15.2 nH 27.7 nH

0.406 pF S

Calculate the scattering parameters for the complete circuit and plot the reflection coefficient of the
antenna with and without the added matching circuit.
Hint: Use the Matlab functions circuit, nport, and sparameters.

Return your solutions either as a Matlab script or as a PDF document containing the
required figures and your answers.

See the homework solution in a separate file.