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Chapter 8
Shear and Diagonal Tension
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This Power point presentation was prepared by Dr. Terry Weigel & Adjusted by OE.
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f f
Principal stresses f p v2
2 2
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Flexural-shear Cracks
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Web-shear Cracks
Web Reinforcement
Stirrups – Different Types and Forms
Hangers – Used as Stirrup supports
At a location, the width of a diagonal crack is
related to the strain in the stirrup – larger
strain = wider crack
To reduce crack width, stirrup yield stress is
limited to 60 ksi
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Web Reinforcement
Small crack widths promote aggregate
interlock
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Types of Stirrups
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Truss Analogy
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Stirrups
Diagonally inclined stirrups more efficient
than vertical stirrups
Not practical
Bent-up flexural bars can be used instead
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Shear Cracking
The presence of stirrups does not materially
effect the onset of shear cracking
Stirrups resist shear only after cracks have
occurred
After cracks occurs, the beam must have
sufficient shear reinforcement to resist
the load not resisted by the concrete in
shear
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Benefits of Stirrups
Stirrups carry shear across the crack directly
Promote aggregate interlock
Confine the core of the concrete in the beam thereby
increasing strength and ductility
Confine the longitudinal bars and prevent cover from
prying off the beam
Hold the pieces on concrete on either side of the
crack together and prevent the crack from
propagating into the compression region
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If Vs 4 f c bw d
'
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36
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38
39
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Required Reinf’t
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43
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45
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Example 8.1
Determine the minimum cross section
required for a rectangular beam so that no
shear reinforcement is required. Follow
ACI Code requirements and use a concrete
strength of 4,000 psi. Vu = 38 k.
48
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Example 8.1
49
Example 8.1
Example 8.2
The beam shown in the figure was designed
using a concrete strength of 3,000 psi and
fyt = 60 ksi. Determine the theoretical
spacing for No 3 U-shaped stirrups for
the following values for shear:
(a) Vu = 12,000 lb
(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
(d) Vu = 150,000 lb
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Example 8.2
52
Example 8.2
53
Example 8.2
(b) Vu = 40,000 lb
Vc
Stirrups are needed since Vu
2
Vn Vc Vs Vu
V Vc 40, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs u 16,527 lb
0.75
Av f yt d 2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 24 in
s 19.17 in
Vs 16,527 lb
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Example 8.2
55
Example 8.2
56
Example 8.2
(c) Vu = 60,000 lb
Vn Vc Vs Vu
V Vc 60, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs u 43,193 lb
0.75
Av f yt d 2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 24 in
s
Vs 43,193 lb
7.33 in
57
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Example 8.2
58
Example 8.2
59
Example 8.2
(d) Vu = 150,000 lb
Vn Vc Vs Vu
V Vc 150, 000 lb 27, 605 lb
Vs u 163,193 lb
0.75
Vs may not be taken 8 f m' bw d
8 3000 psi 14 in 24 in 147, 228 lb
a larger beam or higher value of f c' is required
60
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Example 8.3
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
shown. The beam carries loads of wD = 4
k/ft and wL= 6 k/ft. Use normal weight
concrete with a strength of 4,000 psi and
Grade 60 steel.
61
Example 8.3
62
Example 8.3
63
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Example 8.3
wu 1.2 4 k ft 1.6 6 k ft 14.4 k ft
Vu (left end) 7 ft 14.4 k ft 100.8 k
84 in 22.5 in
Vu (d from face of support) 100.8 k
84 in
73.8 k
Vc 2 f c' bw d
0.75 2 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in
32, 018 lb
64
Example 8.3
Vu = 100.8 – 14.4x
65
Example 8.3
Vu Vc Vs
Vs Vu Vc 73,800 lb 32, 018 lb 41, 782 lb
41, 782 lb
Vs 55, 709 lb
0.75
4 f c' bw d 4 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in 85,382 lb
Because 85,380 lb Vs 55, 709 lb
d
smax 11.25 in
2
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Example 8.3
67
Example 8.3
Maximum theoretical spacing
Av f yt d 2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi 22.5 in
s
Vs 55, 709 lb
5.33 in
Maximum spacing to provide minimum stirrup area
Av f yt 2 0.11 in 2 60, 000 psi
s 18.55 in
0.75 f b '
c w
0.75 4000 psi 15 in
Example 8.3
A f d
Vu Vc Vs 32, 018 0.75 v y
s
2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
32, 018 0.75 56, 768 lb
9
Vu 100.8 14.4 x 56.77 k , x 3.058 ft 36.69 in
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Example 8.3
70
Example 8.3
A f d
Vu Vc Vs 32, 018 0.75 v y
s
2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
32, 018 0.75 69,143 lb
6
Vu 100.8 14.4 x 69.14k , x 2.198 ft 26.38 in
71
Example 8.3
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Example 8.3
Example 8.3
74
Example 8.3
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Example 8.4
Determine the value of Vc at a distance 3 ft from
the face of the left support of the beam of
Example 8.3, using ACI Table 22.5.5.1
For determination of moment, the span length of
members not built integrally with supports shall
be considered as the distance between centers
of supports.
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Example 8.4
Vd
Vc 1.9 f c' 2500 w u bw d 3.5 f c' bw d
Mu
ACI Table 22.5.5.1
77
Example 8.4
Measuring x from the center of the left support, the
value of x corresponding to 3 ft. from the face is 3.5 ft
wu l 14.4k / ft (15 ft )
Vu = -wu x = -14.4k / ft ( x)
2 2
= 57.6 k (at x = 3.5 ft from center of support)
wu lx wu x 2 14.4k / ft (15 ft )(3.5 ft ) 14.4k / ft (3.5) 2
Mu = - = -
2 2 2 2
14.4k/ft 100.8 k 3 ft 1.5 ft 14.4 k ft
289.8 k-ft
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Example 8.4
5.06 in 2
w 0.0150
15 in 22.5 in
Vu d
57.6 k 22.5 in 0.374 1.0 use 0.374
M u 12in ft 289.8 k-ft
Vc 1.9 1 4000 psi 2500 0.0150 0.374 15 in 22.5 in
45, 290 lb
3.5 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in 74, 709 lb
Using the simplified formula (ACI Eq. 22.5.5.1)
for Vc results in a value of 45,290 lb
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Example 8.5
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for the beam
of Example 8.3, assuming that the live load
is placed to produce maximum shear at the
beam centerline, and that the live load is
placed to produce the maximum shear at
the beam ends.
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Example 8.5
Positioning of live load to produce maximum
shear at the beam ends is the same as
used in Example 8.3; that is, the full
factored dead and live load is applied over
the full length of the beam. Positioning of
the live load to produce maximum positive
shear at the beam centerline is shown in
the figure on the next slide.
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Example 8.5
82
Example 8.5
Vu at face of left support = 100,800 lb (from Ex. 8.3)
Example 8.5
Approximating the shear envelope with a straight
line between 100.8 k at the face of the support
and 16.8 k at midspan
100.8 k
78.3 k
Slope = (100.8 ‐16.8)/7 ft
= 12 k/ft
Vc = 32.018 k
16.8 k
Stirrups carry shear
Vc /2 = 16.009 k
concrete carries shear
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Example 8.5
22.5in
Vu (d from face of support) 100,800 lb - (12, 000 lb )( )
ft 12in / ft
78,300 lb
Vc 2 f c' bw d = 2 1 4000 psi 15 in 22.5 in
= 42, 691 lb
Vc (0.75)(42, 691) 32, 018 lb
85
Example 8.5
Design the stirrups using the shear envelop
Terminate stirrups when Vu < Vc/2
Vc 32, 018
Vu 16, 009 lb 16.01k
2 2
Measuring x from the face of the support,
Vu 100.8 12 x 16.01k , x 7.06 ft 84.79 in
Example 8.5
At x = d = 22.5 in
Vu Vc Vs
Vs Vu Vc 78,300 lb 32, 018 lb 46, 282 lb
46, 280 lb
Vs 61, 709 lb
0.75
Av f yt d (2)(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
s= 4.81 in
Vs 61, 709
Results of similar calculations at other assumed
values of x are shown in the table that follows
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Example 8.5
A f d
Vu Vc Vs 32, 018 0.75 v y
s
2(0.11)(60, 000)(22.5)
32, 016 0.75 56, 768 lb
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Vu 100.8 12 x 56.77 k , x 3.67 ft 44.03 in
Results of similar calculations for s = 6 in and s = 11 in
are shown in the table that follows
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Example 8.5
Distance from face of Vu (lb) Vs (lb) Theoretical s
support (ft) (in)
0 to d = 1.875 78,300 61,709 4.81
2 76,800 59,709 4.97
2.638’=31.66” 69,143 49,500 6.00
3 64,800 43,709 6.79
3.67’=44” 56,768 33,000 9.00
4 52,800 27,709 10.71
4.04 = 49” 52,268 27,000 11.00
5 40,800 11,709 > Maximum
d/2 = 11.25
7.066’= 84.8” 16,009 Terminate
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Example 8.5
90
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Example 8.6
Select No 3 U-shaped stirrups for a T-beam
with bw = 10 in and d = 20 in, if the Vu
diagram is shown in the figure. Use normal
weight concrete a with a strength of
3,000 psi and Grade 60 steel.
Note:
Previous examples have be loaded with only
uniformly distributed loads. This example
has both distributed and concentrated
loads applied.
91
Example 8.6
92
Example 8.6
93
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Example 8.6
Vc 16, 430
lb 8216 lb
2 2
Referring to the shear diagram just left of
midspan, and using similar triangles to find
the location where Vu = Vc/2
Stirrups are needed for a distance of
24,000 lb 8216 lb
72 in 72 in 119.5 in
24,000 lb
94
Example 8.6
95
Example 8.6
Vs (x d )
61,333 lb 16, 432 lb 59,868 lb
0.75
59,868 lb 4 f c' bw d 4 3000 psi 10 lb 20 lb
43,818 lb
59,868 lb 8 f c' bw d 87, 636 lb
d
Maximum spacing is 5 in
4
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Example 8.6
The maximum stirrup spacing is 5 in whenever
Vs exceeds 43,818. From the figure, this
value is at about 56 in from the left end of
the beam.
97
Example 8.6
The maximum permissible stirrup spacing is
the smaller of the two following values:
98
Example 8.6
99
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Example 8.6
100
Example 8.6
Selected spacing:
1 @ 3 in = 3 in
17 @ 4 in = 68 in
5@ 10 in = 50 in
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Example 8.7
102
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Example 8.7
103
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