Nirman Book

ILL [EAGLE]
NIRMAAN
...of a more beautiful world
Issue II January 2008
A Civil Engineering Society, IIT Delhi Publication

Before you start…. From Editor’s Desk...
Training & Placements continues to be most Nirmaan.... of a more beautiful world!!! The Journey of 'Nirmaan' had
important thing for every student right from the begun in September 2006 with its Inaugral Issue. Civil Engineering
time of his entry into IIT. And when the Society (CES) brought a revolutionary idea of departmental
placements are as good as this year’s, how could magazine whose fruit is this issue which you are holding in your hand.
we have lagged behind in providing you the data This 52 pages magazine is a combined effort of CES team,
regarding the same. We hope that you would like professors, alumni, and UG & PG students of Civil Engineering.
our exclusive report on Placements this year so
far including other interesting data that provides ‘Nirmaan’ contains a wide variety of Technical articles which are not
an overall picture of the performance of the only submitted by students and faculty of IIT Delhi but alumni & foreign
students of the department. Among other Professors too. Sincere efforts have been made by providing a new
articles, we have been very peculiar about the insight to readers regarding the Departmental facts and activities.
variety - Btech, Mtech, PhD, Alumni, Guest Special attention is paid towards informative and research based
Columns by Professors from Universities from articles over literary articles while making the selection from the
US/UK, Newspaper clippings regarding the collection of submitted articles. The contribution in terms of article
department,TnP statistics, Student performance submission & suggestion by all the concerned people played a very
data and experience based article by Highly effective role and should be appreciated.
Experienced Engineers gives this magazine a
unique status in the campus and an edge to the During the last year, CES have organized a lot of academic & non-
CES over all other departmental societies. I academic activities like Dimensions, Departmental Cricket Matches,
would like to thank them all for their support and and Seminars & Workshops by eminent persons.This issue highlights
contribution. all these activities not only in written but also in pictorial terms. The
First issue of Nirmaan was an achievement for Central 4 pages of magazine contain pictures of different seminars,
the Society. It was liked by all those who cared to academic and non-academic activities of Civil Engineering Students.
read it. There had been requests for bringing out Department plays a crucial role in the development of IIT Delhi, It has
this magazine atleast twice a year. But it is our shown its power to the outside world with its innovative ideas. The
limitation of time and resources that we are News Column of ‘Nirmaan’ tries to cover all such news which
unable to bring this magazine frequently. We do enlightens the glory of Department.
keep in mind the quality you expect from the
magazine that involves your money and hence, We are bringing an online issue of ‘Nirmaan’ due to world wide high
once in a year seems to be a better idea as for demand of magazine. Explore the online Issue on official website of
now. I hope that this second edition will be much CES i.e. web.iitd.ac.in/~ces/. Students can easily access its online
more useful to you than our first edition. issue from the link www.civilmag.ne1.net.
Please note that this magazine has no
commercial interest and there is a space At last, I want to thank all the contributors of the magazine for devoting
limitation too. Hence, the References of many of their time for the welfare of magazine specially Dr. Suresh Bhalla,
the research based articles have been removed. Saurabh Jain, Prashant Batra, Jyoti Shankar. I hope that you will
We are sorry for this deletion. The references, if appreciate this coloured issue of magazine and contribute to us with
required, can be provided on request. your innovative ideas.
It was good to see the involvement of some new
faces in the Magazine team this year which is a Regards,
good sign to all the contributors and readers of
this magazine that this will continue to come out Abhinav Bhardwaj
in the future. Chief Editor
Before leaving CES, I would like to thank all those
who helped in bringing out this magazine since
its very first issue. A major credit of this goes to
Board for Student Publications, IIT Delhi, and its For Online Issue of NIRMAAN. Visit the following link:
2004-05 team, for it helped me in learning the art http://web.iitd.ac.in/~ces
of bringing out a magazine. Secondly, I thank
Nishit Garg, ex-General Secretary, Civil
Engineering Society, on whose proposal we Special Thanks to all the contributors of magazine
started the work of the first issue. I would also specially:
thank all the students who paid their CES fee on
time that took care of the finance part, and the Civil Engineering Department
CES students’ team, especially Abhinav
Bhardwaj, Jyoti Shankar Pandey and Prshant
Undergraduate Students
Batra for their contributions in collecting the Post graduate Students
important data. Faculty
So, enjoy reading….. Alumni
Foreign Contributors
Saurabh Jain,
Ex-General Secretary.
Dr. Suresh Bhalla
Shravan - General Secretary
INDEX
1. Message From President 2
Prof. A. K. Nagpal
2. Disinguished Alumni Service Awards - 2006 3

CES Team
3. Modelling Cities 4
Prof. Rex Britter
4. Efficiency and Versatility of Post Tensioning in Building Constructions 6

Pawan R. Gupta
5. Unrevealed Facts of 2007 10

CES Team
6. Liquefaction Hazards in Delhi 13

Hanumantharao. Ch.
7. Structural Engineer 18
Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya
8. CES Album 23
Civil Engineering Department
9. Connecting Civil Engineers 27

Gita Balakrishnan
10. Assessment of Risk 29

Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee
11. Slip Form 34

V. Naga Veera Bhadra Rao
12. Tensegrity Structure and their analysis using Neural Networks 36

Dr. Suresh Bhalla & Prashant Batra
13. Particulate Matter 38

Prashant Kumar & Rex britter
14. International Lecture Series 43

a new Seminar by CES
15. Build-Operate-Transfer Model For Infrastructure Developments in Asia 44

R. S. Sravan Kumar
16. IIT in NEWS 49
INDEX
MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT
directly from heart...
Date: 9th December, 2007
The second issue of NIRMAAN is in your hands after a period of one

year. I congratulate the editorial team of Abhinav Bhardwaj and
Saurabh Jain working under the guidance of Dr. Suresh Bhalla for
bringing out this issue.
The issue gives a glimpse of what Civil Engineer is about – a

profession which is now exhibiting its grandeur within the country. This
issue also gives interesting statistics on the profile of Civil Engineering
students on batch strength, salary & placements in the industry for last
few years.
It is hoped that NIRMAAN would continue to grow and become

increasingly more encompassing in width and depth.
(Prof. A. K. Nagpal)
Head of Department
2 Prof. A. K. Nagpal
Head of Department
Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi
Distinguished Alumni Service Awards - 2006
Inspiring others...
Dr. P.S. Rana
Dr. P.S. Rana received his Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering from IIT
Delhi in 1970. He obtained his P.G. Diploma in Town and Country Planning
from School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi in1972 and his Ph.D.
(Transport Engg. & Management) from University of Newcastle Upon Tyne,
U.K. in 1983.
Dr. Rana is presently Chairman & Managing Director of Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO).
Dr. Rana has been actively involved in the field of Housing and Urban Infrastructure and has
been instrumental in diversification of HUDCO portfolio, notably, Joint Ventures, Consultancy
Services etc. He has been a pioneer in propagating the concept of regional development
through corridor planning and also a supporter of the concept of PURA. Dr. Ranahas also had
been President, Indian Building Congress, Chairman CII National Committee on Disaster
Management and many more.
Dr. Rana has taken keen interest in the growth of his Alma Mater. He has been responsible for
the setting up of "National Resource Facility on Bamboo Technology" at IIT Delhi. He has also
helped in the setting up of HUDCO Chair Professorship on Bamboo Technology. In honouring
Dr. P.S. Rana, IIT Delhi recognizes the significant efforts and contributions made by him for the
development and progress of the Institute.
(Source: http://www.iitd.ernet.in/convocation/sawards.html)
Spotter on DCE feelings...

All of this started with a small tiff with a classmate of mine. I wasn’t a member (and I am still not) any
society and hence couldn’t be a part of the organizing committee for the technical fest. Considering
it unfair I decided to form a society of my own, that society which would be for civil engineers and by
the civil engineers. I had no idea, whatsoever, how to go about forming an entirely new society. I
looked up at the IIT-D site hoping to get a clue regarding a civil engineering society and thus I
stumbled on to CES. There I saw Saurabh Jain’s name that turned out to be an acquaintance of a
close friend of mine. I talked to Saurabh and thus started our friendship. He encouraged me to form
a society. And thus the idea of forming CESI (Civil Engineering Society for Innovation) changed into
reality (almost). Actually forming a society wasn’t that easy, so after discussing with Saurabh I
decided to start an online group by the name of CESI as of now.
During all this Saurabh contacted me one day and told me about Geeta ma’am and Bending
Moment quiz and thus I came in contact with Ms. Geeta Balakrishnan, an exceptional lady having
world of knowledge. With encouragement from Geeta ma’am and Saurabh, couple of my friends
and I were able to promote the quiz in DCE and 8 teams from our college participated in the quiz.
One of our teams cleared the prelims and ended up with fourth prize (That’s quite an achievement
considering they were able to score more than one of the IIT-D teams itself).
All in all it’s been a great journey and I hope to continue my association with Saurabh, CES, IIT-D and
Ethos... I also hope that I am able to convert that online group into a full fledged society which would
work on the principles of CES...
Thanks CES-IITD, for being such a zealot guide...
Dhruv Agarwal
CE,
3
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas
New Delhi - 110016
Modelling Cities
Guest Column...
Professor Rex Britter Professor of Environmental Fluid Dynamics, Department of Engineering.
Research interests include fundamental studies into turbulent fluid dynamics, particularly those
involving buoyancy. This is paralleled with operational interests in the flow and dispersion of hazardous
materials, conventional pollutant dispersion problems in complex geometries such as cities,
formalised model evaluation procedures, urban air quality and sustainable energy use in cities, urban
climatology and security. Worked extensively with the UK, EU and US Government Agencies and
industry. Recently been on the Steering Committee or a participant in the European
Energy/Environment projects COST 615, TRAPOS, SATURN, ATREUS and Vice-Chairman of COST
732. Led the Cambridge group in the EPSRC funded DAPPLE project on urban air quality in London
and in the NERC funded UWERN programme on weather research.
Increasing urbanisation and concern about sustainability and quality of life issues have produced
considerable interest in flow and dispersion in urban areas. My research is mainly within the general
disciplines of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.Though slightly obscure in the main, these subjects
are surprisingly pervasive, being central to most Engineering areas, including the major areas of
Aerodynamical, Mechanical, Civil, Chemical and Manufacturing Engineering. Within the University
strong groups working in these areas are also to be found in Applied Mathematics and Theoretical
Physics, Architecture, Astronomy, Chemistry, Geography, Geophysics, Materials Science, Medicine,
Meteorology and Oceanography, Physics, Life Sciences and many more.This pervasiveness and very
long history (Da Vinci made very significant observations and contributions ) is undoubtedly due to
mankind living within a fluid environment and due to the strong non-linearity (read VERY difficult), of
the fundamental Navier-Stokes equation; an equation that reflects in part the work of G.G. Stokes, past
Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge.
Being somewhat of an opportunist this seemed a good area to work in; very pervasive, generally useful
and with little chance of running out of interesting problems to address. A further attraction to me
personally, but this is definitely just a matter of taste, is that problems of great difficulty, for which
answers are required soon and with resource constraints are the “bread and butter” of engineering and
the training of engineers whether at the research or professional level. It is always important to
remember that the essence of Engineering can be summarised with the four attributes of
Competence, Confidence, Creativity and Judgement; the last being, arguably, the most important.
Some of our recent work has looked at the fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of cities through
several distinct though connected themes including air quality in cities, various aspects of security
within cities and urban climatology.
The air quality in cities is largely determined by the pollutant emissions, the urban meteorology and the
urban topography. The prediction of the concentrations in the atmosphere is essential for the
development of cost-effective mitigation strategies. Mathematical modelling is the technique used for
prediction purposes and the development and quality evaluation of mathematical models is important
as too optimistic or too conservative predictions both have major economic and safety downsides.
Formal evaluation of the predictive ability of the models ensures an acceptable quality (fitness-for-
purpose) of model. This is a surprisingly underdeveloped activity, particularly given the general
concern with the formal standards and standards of practice that are central to the profession of
engineering. A recently completed multi-million pound project on urban air quality was based around
the Marylebone Rd/ Gloucester Rd area in London.Traffic number and behaviour, emissions modelling,
urban meteorology, pollutant dispersion and the exposure of pedestrians, cyclists, drivers and bus and
taxi users were all studied. A principal goal of the project was to undertake some large scale releases
of tracer materials within a city and to track them over a range up to around 1 km; the “neighbourhood”
scale. The multi-disciplinary nature of this project proved to be a source of its success with creative
inputs and collaborations that reduced the limiting isolation often experienced with research work that
is too strongly focussed. Mr Prashant Kumar from IIT Delhi is currently working with me on the
measurement and prediction of the formation and dispersion of nanoparticulate matter within urban
areas; a problem widely perceived to be of increasing importance for health effects in cities.
4 Professor Rex Britter
Professor of Environmental Fluid Dynamics,
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge
Modelling Cities
Guest Column...
Predictions are also required for assessing the consequences of the release of hazardous materials in
urban areas. Models are required by emergency responders (e.g. police, ambulance and the fire
brigade) that provide realistic predictions in real time and this need drives an interest in simple models
and their quality. Much of this work transfers directly across to aspects of security concerns in cities.
Air quality was the UK government’s main concern in a recent white paper on Aviation. Somewhat
surprisingly it is often regulations that push forward engineering. Developers have to convince the
government that they can meet the air quality targets with any new buildings or with any expansion of
airports such as Heathrow or Stansted. Our research formed part of a project on the sustainable
development of Heathrow recently tabled in Parliament.The interdisciplinarity of this subject has led to
the setting up of The Institute of Aviation and the Environment at the University of Cambridge, which
brings together engineers, chemists, applied mathematicians, economists, architects and geographers
from across the University. It has amazed me how effective and stimulating research can be that
involves collaboration across disciplines provided the participants engage fully with their colleagues.
The climatology within cities is the result of the influence of the city on the environment and the
environment on the city. The city acts as a resistance to the wind, provides an anthropogenic heat and
moisture source, and has a complex surface that is likely to be very effective at absorbing and re-
emitting radiation and not absorbing moisture. The urban climatologist wants to understand and
quantify these effects; the engineer has similar goals but also wants to apply the understanding in the
broad areas of the design of the built environment (materials selection, spatial design, human comfort
etc.), energy use, land use, transport, public health, security and particularly the sustainability of the
urban environment. The engineering topic of materials selection (and development) has a strong
interaction with urban climatology in determining the scale and strength of urban heat islands and the
possibility of their mitigation. Urban heat islands and spatial design impact upon thermal comfort
(indoor and outdoor).This produces consequential changes in energy requirements and the impact of
the release of that energy (through heat) to the urban canopy. There is a strong interconnectedness
among the various engineering disciplines, urban climatology, behavioural sciences and other
disciplines that will determine the sustainability of our cities.
Our work focuses on the use of statistical descriptions of the geometry, flow and transport processes
for mass, momentum and energy within and above the urban canopy to determine the wind, thermal
and moisture environments in a city. The influence of the urban geometry and the heat and moisture
transfer processes on the temperature and moisture fields within the city can be used be investigate
the energy requirements for heating and cooling of buildings that are subject to the heat island
phenomenon.
Most of the research requires an interdisciplinary approach and it is exciting to be doing work like this
where you have excellent engineers working alongside leading scientists, and then you can throw the
issues open to international experts in geography, economics, law and many other disciplines. A recent
visit from the Prime Ministers Office was impressed to have such a strong team in the one room and
who knew each other well. Top-ranked Universities like Cambridge and the IITs are in the strongest
position to put teams like this together.
Further Reading: Britter, R.E. and Hanna, S.R. (2003) Flow and dispersion in urban areas. Annual
Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35, 469-496
Professor Rex Britter

5
Professor of Environmental Fluid Dynamics,
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge
Efficiency and Versatility of Post-
Tensioning in Building Construction
Introduction
Post-tensioning (PT) is an efficient structural system that offers many benefits in a wide range
of construction, repair, and rehabilitation applications. The efficiency and economy of post-
tensioning system stems from its efficient use of high strength materials. Post-tensioning has
been successfully used throughout the world for small as well as large projects for over 40
years.
Use of High Strength Materials

Post-tensioned concrete is a perfect balance of two materials which complement each other.
Concrete is strong in compression but relatively weak in tension, Fig. 1.The tensile strength of
concrete is about 10% of its compressive strength. Prestressing steel, on the other hand, has a
very high tensile strength (270 ksi (1862 MPa)) which is about four times that of common
reinforcing bars. By combining the strength of the two components a post-tensioned member
can resist both compressive and tensile stresses caused by the applied loads throughout the
service life of the structure.
In the flexural design of non-prestressed

concrete members, the tensile strength of
concrete is typically neglected; it is
assumed that the concrete is cracked and
all tensile stresses are resisted by
reinforcing steel.Typically less than half of
the concrete cross-section of a non-
prestressed concrete member is actually
used to resist flexural compressive
stresses. Resisting flexural loads with non-
prestressed concrete is inherently
Figure 1: Concrete Member Subjected to Loads inefficient, since most of the concrete
serves to add weight and separate the
reinforcing bars that are in tension from the small portion of the concrete section that is in
compression and participates in carrying the load.
In a post-tensioned concrete member the steel is put into tension shortly after the concrete is
placed, by elongating it with hydraulic jacks and anchoring against the concrete through
specially designed anchoring devices, Fig. 2 shows the components and construction
sequence for an unbonded post-tensioned slab.
This pre-compresses the concrete. Since concrete is relatively strong in compression these
forces are easily resisted by the concrete and help in compensating for the tensile stresses
that would be generated when the member is subjected to loads. This significantly increases
the load necessary to cause cracking in concrete. Post-Tensioned concrete members can be
designed to have minimal amount of cracking during normal usage. Since all of the concrete
section is participating in post-tensioned members, it is inherently more efficient and able to
use the high strength materials effectively.
Flexibility in Design
The designer of a post-tensioned structure has a tremendous amount of flexibility in
choosing the amount and location of the prestressing steel to best resist the anticipated
loads and deflection. The depth within a structural member can be varied to provide
compression where needed. Post-tensioning also allow the architects and designers
flexibility in placement of columns. The horizontal alignment of tendons can also be easily
adjusted to follow the load path easily, see Fig. 3. The ability of the prestressing steel to
6 Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.
Technical Director, Post-Tensioning Institute
Phoenix, AZ
change horizontal alignment also helps in providing enormous flexibility in the locations of
openings and obstructions such as plumbing and heating and ventilation ducts, see Fig. 4.The
designer can easily vary the amount of force in a particular area by adding tendons to span
longer distances without columns or carry additional loads.This flexibility gives the designer a
powerful tool to meet the needs of even the most complex engineering challenges.
Benefits of Post-Tensioned
Construction
Post-Tensioning provides some
unique benefits and advantages
that are leading to rapid growth in
its use.These benefits include:
Higher Structural Capacity
Longer spans are possible with
same structural depth for post-
tensioned members. In buildings,
this can mean larger column-free
spaces and greater flexibility in
floor space. Spans up to 40-50 ft
(12-15m) are common in standard
post-tensioned floor systems. In
b r i d g e s, p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n
combined with segmental bridge
construction techniques, clear
spans of several hundred feet are
not unusual Figure 2: Components and Construction sequence for an
Unbonded Post-Tensioned Slab (adapted from Ref. 2)
When longer spans are not required, post-tensioned concrete can provide equivalent or
superior performance as compared to RCC members with significantly less structural depth.
In buildings and parking structures, PT structural members are normally about 30% shallower
than other comparative RCC and structural steel floor systems for the same span. This can
reduce building height, and the cost of all related building components, such as plumbing and
electrical systems and curtain walls. In multistory buildings the reduced structural depth
possible with post-tensioned concrete often permits the adding of one or more floors with no
increase in total building height. In the case of underground structures, this can lead to
reduction in the cost of excavation, soil retention systems and dewatering in areas with high
water tables.
Figure 3: Flexibility in the Layout of Tendons Figure 4: Alignment of Post-Tensioning Tendons

in a 2-Way Post-Tensioned Slab around Openings
Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.
7
Phoenix, AZ
Material Savings
Structural efficiency of PT can also result in significant savings in steel and concrete. Post-
tensioned concrete members generally contain about 30% less concrete as compared to
RCC members designed for equivalent load, span and performance. With the rising cost of
steel and concrete, this can be a major factor in the overall economy of a structure.
Architectural Versatility
PT is used in a wide variety of structures, ranging from every-day applications such as ground
supported slab foundations for residential and light commercial construction to more exotic
engineering structures such as long span bridges and multistoried buildings.
Cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete can be easily adapted to accommodate complex

geometry and other special design challenges necessary to meet the architectural needs of a
project. Curved shapes, non-symmetrical layouts, and unusual design loadings can easily be
handled with post-tensioned concrete. Longer slender members with large spaces between
supports are possible with post-tensioning--giving the architect freedom to create structures
that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing, see Fig. 5.
Serviceability
PT structures are durable and require little maintenance. The compressive forces that are
applied to a structure during prestressing result in better crack and deflection/vibration control.
Monolithic connections between slabs, beams, and columns can eliminate maintenance-
intensive joints between elements. PT is often preferred over other types of structures in highly
corrosive environments near the sea coast.
Environmental Impact
Sustainable engineering is the
current buzzword in structural
engineering and architecture. It is
impor tant to understand the
environmental impacts of the
materials and structural systems we
use and to try to minimize those
impacts as much as possible to
protect our future resources and
quality of life. The use of post-
tensioning can help to lower the
environmental impact of a concrete
building. As noted above, the
Figure 5: entrance area of Knowlton hall, Ohio State University
str uctural ef ficiency of PT
–particularly when coupled with high strength concrete--can result in reduced quantities of
steel and concrete. The reduced floor-to-floor height results in a smaller building envelope
saving exterior finish material and resulting in reduced energy usage for heating, ventilation
and air conditioning. In parking structures, the openness of post-tensioned designs results in
improved lighting and more efficient energy usage and safety.
Constructability
Post-tensioning can enhance the speed of construction and overall constructibility.The use
of PT in segmental and cable-stayed bridges has revolutionized long-span bridge
8 Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.
Phoenix, AZ
construction and has enabled concrete bridges to be built in situations previously thought to
be impossible.
High-rise buildings can be constructed very quickly using post-tensioned concrete systems.
Rapid floor construction cycles are achieved through the use of high early-strength concrete.
The use of standard design details of the post-tensioned elements, minimum congestion of
prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement, and earlier stripping of formwork can
significantly reduce the floor construction time. A 3-4 day construction cycle per floor is
common.
Efficiency and Economy with Post-Tensioning

The significant advantages of post-tensioning as compared to RCC construction serve to
make post-tensioning a very cost-effective structural alternative—both in terms of initial
construction cost and life cycle costs. With spiraling material costs, the desire to construct
quickly, and the growing concern over energy usage and the environment, post-tensioning is
receiving renewed attention from many designers and discerning owners. Its use is limited
only by the imagination and creativity of designers and contractors.
References
1. Post-Tensioning Manual, 6th Edition, Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 2006
2. Collins, M.P. and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991.
3. Lin,T.Y. and Burns, N. H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY,
1981.
PS: Article collected with the effort of Mr. Jyoti Shankar Pandey, Btech, 3rd year.
Spotter
Seminar on Stress Management

CES had organized a seminar which was led by Mohan Rupa Das. This seminar
had focused on a very common day to day problem of life- that of stress, and that is
a part of academic life at IIT, especially near major exams. It not only spoils our
health but also kills our efficiency. However, through simple practice, stress could
be kept at bay and life could be made happy and blissful. The seminar had thrown
light into how stress can be efficiently managed.
Workshop on Technical Paper Presentation

For the first time in the history of the CES, a workshop was organized for the first
year students to teach them the art of writing a Technical Paper, and presenting it.
Dr. Bhalla and Dr. K.N. Jha were the speakers.
Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.

9
Phoenix, AZ
Unrevealed Facts of 2007
Statistical Survey...
Inter-College Technical Event Results
DCE Fest: Techincal Paper (3rd Prize)

Concrete Cube Designing (Runners-up) R.S.Sravan Kumar (Mtech)
Amol Varshney (Btech II yr)
Vrinda Grover (Btech II yr) Bending Moment (All India Civil Engineering Quiz)
R.S.Sravan Kumar (Mtech) (3rd Prize)
D.V.S.Rama Rao (Mtech) Anupam Mishra (Btech 4th yr)
Nikhil Mahant(Btech 3rd yr)
10 Civil Engineering Society
IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi - 110016
Averages
Department : 6.44
Boys : 5.46
Girls : 10.91
*No girl has salary (ctc) less

than the average Boys’ Salary
*All girls placed
Please Note that….

1. The data has not been collected from the official TnP sources, but our own efforts. Hence,
this data might be different from actual TnP figures.
2. The Salary ranges are the Cost-to-Company. The inhand/basic salaries of lower CTC
might be same as that of high CTCs.
3. CTCs sometimes deceive students.
4. As per TnP office regulations, names have been kept confidential.
5. Off-campus records not included
Civil Engineering Society

11
New Delhi - 110016
12 Civil Engineering Society

New Delhi - 110016
LIQUEFACTION HAZARD IN DELHI
a technical report...
ABSTRACT – Evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility requires a reliable ground motion and a
thorough dynamic site characterization. In case of Delhi, the strong motion data available is scanty.
In absence of a reliable pga, evaluation of depth of liquefaction using so called simplified method
is certainly questionable. Moreover, this method has not been validated in India. An effort has been
made in this paper to estimate the depth of liquefaction for clean sand using measured shear wave
velocities and reliable ground motions to find CSR. For magnitude of 7 and 7.5 earthquakes, the
depth of possible liquefaction is observed to be a maximum of 2 m, which increased to 4 to 6 m for
magnitudes of 8 and 8.5. However, in Delhi, most of the areas, in general, the top 10 m of soil
consist of silt in excess of 20%. This will further reduce the liquefaction hazard.
1. INTRODUCTION
Soil liquefaction is a major concern for structures constructed with or on sand and sandy silt. The
very recent Republic day earthquake at Bhuj in 2001 has again illustrated the significance and
extent of damage caused by soil liquefaction. Currently the method proposed by Seed and Idriss
(more popularly known as simplified method) is being used in India to evaluate the zone of
liquefaction.Though the accuracy of this method has been verified in US and Japan, in our country,
there is no well-documented case history to prove the efficacy of this method. The critical input to
estimate the CSR (cyclic stress ratio) induced at any depth using simplified method is peak ground
acceleration amax (pga) and to estimate the CRR (cyclic resistance ratio), the most critical input is
the Magnitude, Mw of the earthquake.These two quantities play a major role in evaluating the zone
of liquefaction, but these two quantities are the uncertainties exist in liquefaction evaluation for
Delhi. Due to lack of strong database of earthquakes that occurred in Delhi, considerable
judgment is required in using this method. Though a large database of SPT data is available for
different regions, the quality of data has been a matter of discussion and concern. Another way of
assessing the liquefaction susceptibility is to use shear wave velocity, which is a basic engineering
property, than using an index property provided by SPT and CPT.
An attempt has been made to ascertain the real liquefaction threat using the shear wave velocity
measured and realistic ground motions provided by Singh et al., 2002. CSR has been calculated
using wave propagation technique. CRR has been calculated using the methodology proposed by
Andrus and Stokoe (NISTIR 6277, 1999).
Here, to capture a worst case scenario, a site in trans-Yamuana area (recent fluvial deposit) where
the percentage of silt is less than 5% is chosen and shear wave velocities have been measured.
2. INPUT GROUND MOTION
Possible ground motions in Delhi from future large/great earthquakes in the central seismic gap of
the Himalayan arc were estimated by Singh et al., (2002) using the seismic records (three on soft
and one on a hard site at Delhi) of the 1999 Chamoli earthquake (Mw 6.5, epicenter distance, ~
300 km).The recorded motion on rock site has been used as an empirical Green’s function (EGF)
to generate ground motions for higher magnitudes. The ground motion data used as input motion
for magnitudes of 7, 7.5, 8 and 8.5 is shown in Figure 1. Peak ground acceleration (pga) on the
bedrock corresponding to each magnitude is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: pga on bedrock for
different magnitudes
3. DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES pga on
Magnitude
Bedrock
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) method, which is 7 0.007 g
enjoying lot of popularity among the researchers and 7.5 0.015 g
practitioners alike, has been used for shear wave velocity 8 0.024 g
p r o f i l i n g a t s e ve r a l l o c a t i o n s i n D e l h i . F i g u r e 2 8.5 0.050 g
Hanumantharao. Ch
13
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering
Indian institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi
shows the representative shear wave profiles measured for 15 m and 25 m depths of sandy
soil (trans-Yamuna deposit).These profiles were used in the analyses by assuming clean sand
with no fines for getting a conservative solution.
Figure 1. Input acceleration histories Figure 2. Measured shear wave velocity for 15 m,
used in analysis and 25 m deep clean sand deposits
4. GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSES
The response on the free field has been computed for 15 m and 25 m depths using the above
input ground motion in two different ways (Hanumantarao & Ramana (2004):
(a) Response on free-field when input motion (b) Response on free-field when input motion
is used as outcrop motion is used as bedrock motion
(c.) Input motion

Figure 3. Input and free field response on top of 15 m deep clean sand profile for 7.5 magnitude earthquake
14 Hanumantharao. Ch
(i) The object motion is with in the profile i.e., it is assumed that bed rock is below and
(ii) The object motion is rock out crop i.e., the ground motion is recorded on the rock outcrop in
a near by area. These two cases were considered because the depth of bedrock in Delhi
varies from ground level to a few hundred meters with in a km span. Figure 3 shows the input
motion and the computed free field response for a magnitude of 7.5, for 15 m deep soil profile.
It can be seen from Figure 4 that the simplified method over estimates the CSR induced in the
soil as compared to the wave propagation analyses using SHAKE 2000.This is even after the
correction factor rd has been applied. This behavior is due to the fact that amax is assumed to
be constant through out the soil column. So, a more realistic approach would be to evaluate the
variation of amax with depth using wave propagation analysis
Hanumantharao. Ch
15
Figure 5 shows the CSR induced at different depths, using wave propagation analyses, for a
magnitude of 7.5, when the ground motion is used as rock outcrop as well as bedrock motion.
It can be observed that the CSR induced is significantly less when the ground motion is used
as rock outcrop as compared to using the input motion as bedrock motion. This is due to the
fact the pga becomes significantly less in the former case.
Figure 4. CSR from simplified method and Figure 5. CSR for 25 m and 15 m deep
wave propagation analysis sites (for Magnitude 7.5
Figure 6 shows the depth of liquefaction, for clean sands, for different magnitudes for a 15 m
deep profile. One can easily see that the zone of liquefaction is about 2 m for magnitudes of 7
and 7.5 where as it is about 5 m for higher magnitudes. It should also be noted that when the
ground motion is used as rock outcrop, the depth of liquefaction reduces to about a meter
even for higher magnitudes.
(a) Input as bedrock motion (b) Input as outcrop motion

Figure 6a, b. Depth of liquefaction for 15 m deep profile
IS 1893 – 2002 part I gives a ZPA of 0.12 g for design in Delhi region, which is higher than that calculated values
using SHAKE. A close look at the codal provisions in this regard is required.
16 Hanumantharao. Ch
6. SUMMARY
The preliminary analysis indicated that:
• An accurate/reliable pga as well as magnitude is required for using the simplified method
• The uncertainties in these parameters will significantly influence the computed zone of
liquefaction
• A more rational method would be to estimate CSR using wave propagation analyses
• The choice of using the input motion as outcropping motion or motion within the profile
has significant influence on the computed CSR
• Using a pga as given by code of practice leads to higher depths of liquefaction
• The results presented here in assumed clean sand. Any increase in percent of fines will
lead to increase in resistance to liquefaction
• The results are based on strong motion records developed for earthquakes in the greater
Himalayan arc i.e., at epicentral distances of 300 km.
• Further work is needed to assess the effect of near source effects on liquefaction of
Delhi Silt
• Laboratory tests are under progress to corroborate these findings
Spotter on FACT & FIGURES of Last Year

• 15.2 lpa approx.The highest package for the Civil Engineering Student this year. All of
them being 7-pointers.
• 6 The number of students getting a core Civil Engineering job this year
• 39 The number of students placed till date (11/03/07) out of a total of 52 eligible
students.
• 6.44 lpa.The average package of the department students placed so far.
• 0 The number of 7-pointers who couldn’t get placed this season. While this number is
1 for 9-pointers, 1 for 8 pointers, 3 for 6 pointers, and 7 for 5-pointers.
• 36 students from the department got placed before 1st Feb. This number was 19 last
year.
• 19 The number of 2003 entry students who went abroad for Summer Internships this
year.
• 18 The number of GRE candidates from the Department of Civil Engineering this year
• 5.6 The lowest CGPA of a GRE candidate
• 6.33 The lowest CGPA of a GRE candidate to receive the call for MS
• 1460 The highest GRE score of two candidates this year
• 0 The number of 9-pointers in 2005 entry batch so far
• 31 The number of 6-pointers in 2006 entry year students. Almost 42% of the batch
strength of 74.
• 51 The number of 2006 entry students below 7 CGPA mark. Almost 69% of the batch
strength. This percentage is 60 for 2005 entry, 53 for 2004, and 49 for 2003 entry
students.
• 3 The number of House Secretaries from the department this year
• 15 The number of Representatives in various clubs from the department this year
• 89.74% The percentage increase in the batch strength of the department in 5 years.
The number rises from 39(passing out students) in 2002 to 74(current batch strength)
in 2006. 73 is the stable batch strength of 2005 entry Civil Engg. batch.
Hanumantharao. Ch
17
Structural Engineer
contribution to society...
Introduction
In the changing World Scenario Structural Engineer plays a leading strategic high- valued role in both design and
procurement of Construction projects utilizing their knowledge, expertise and experience. As Structural Engineers we
shape the world that surrounds all of us. It is an International Science and ever-progressing technology. There is a
common understanding between structural engineers that many other professions do not have. Structural Engineer is an
important link in the chain of Mother Productive Construction Activity and contributes to the formation of assets of the
Nation, so vitally important for poverty alleviation amongst the masses. Such Engineers are responsible for the guidance
of public safety; make the structure stand safely, through a creative process, operationally and on long-term basis.
People all over the world use structures like, houses, buildings, utility services, Water supply – sewerage, power cables,
Oil Pipe line, bridges, while using them want to be assured of safety. Structural Engineers design the muscles and
skeleton of the structure. Ethical foundations of profession and concern for human welfare were laid since the very
beginning of civilization.The talent of the structural engineers involved shines through the outcome. The Engineers need
to provide assurance of their experience and updated professionalism to satisfy the public desire. Communicating the
basis of engineering judgment is the need of the day. Conversion of the basics of expert knowledge into technology,
which is simple, reliable, sustainable and flexible for solution of local problems with use of readily available resources, is
the process. The art of Structural Engineering can be deceptively simple. Unless we are prepared to contribute to the
wider purpose within a situation we will continue to be marginalized as technical experts. As team players we have a role
in finding win- win situation for everyone involved. Importance of innovation and the challenges posed by the need for
sustainable construction need be a part of overall plan. They have to debate about what is most efficient and
environmentally sound – the structure should be able to produce renewable energy.
Developing and evaluating dependable evidence on the basis of demonstrably assured and justifiable way are means of
practice.They have to visualize the patterns of loads, which the structure must withstand and load paths, which conduct
these loads through structure to the foundation, and to stable earth. The topics of internal force paths, internal force
distribution and their influence on structural stiffness should figure strongly in his knowledge. Practical advice to
practicing engineers to fairly judge the structural behavior will make them understand true engineering.
Characteristics
We need to be less naïve in our expectation of what the society can do for us. Nations seem to encourage Engineers who
are articulate, innovative and commercially astute. Public does admire technological self- confidence. The profession
gives excitement, imagination and youthfulness not related to age. It offers many challenges in the frontier of future
developments.They are needed for their practical rigors and society gets more by savings through adoption of an optimal
design and execution method. They are leaders and managers, add value, and deal with facts, take decisions that work.
Being aware of the change in our business, of different ways of doing things and what can be done, we could improve the
attention we give to the owner.
Upgradation of Technology
Rapid evolution of Construction processes and technological up gradation as now taking place is likely to change the
role of participants substantially creating opportunities and warnings systematically for future development. Danger of
concentrating much on the Calculations and numerical parts of the design are failing to develop the conceptual skills and
ensuring link to efficient process at site is equally vital. Built environment is identified as Key Area. Essential and radical
changes are needed to meet aspirations of the people One must be far more aggressive in the market place to ensure
that clients understand difference between Quality Service and Average service. Increasing the professional Identity and
telling clients we are the greatest, not hiding from reality should be the criterion. Quality is a fitness for purpose with a
degree of excellence
Importance of Design
Planning and Design is the basis of all Engineering This demands functional efficiency with economy, enduring visual
elegance under challenging circumstances, containing intellectual logic, achieving social and environmental congruity,
durability and low maintenance cost, capable of being constructed with ease and speed, - significantly much more than
mere analysis. When good design is demonstrated with quality control it is well appreciated Design at its best
incorporates attention to the interaction of structures with services and finishes, its environmental setting as well as
structure itself. For the sake of his career a structural engineer must assure reliability of the structure.
For durability and good performance in maintenance, design and construction engineers must take precautions of
protection and detailing of the reinforcement bars, in addition to the design considerations. Structures subjected to
dynamic loads such as gust wind, cyclonic weather and earthquake undergo repeated reversal of stresses. Lack of
proper reinforcement detailing and enforcement of quality assurance lead to disasters. Reinforcement is required for
protection against cracking and also provides ductility to the structure. Location of laps and splices,
18 Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

I.R.S.E. [Retd]
Structural Engineer
required for protection against cracking and also provides ductility to the structure. Location of laps and splices,
curtailment of the bars are important from strength point of view, durability and construct ability angles.
Existing Structures
Structural Surveys are not proper engineering but real Engineering in the true sense and best equipped to do so are
structural engineers. It is essential to know / understand as to how buildings/ structures behave compositely under
variety of conditions they are expected to experience in their life cycle. Assessment of repair to damages systematically
is the first step before elaborate repairing schemes are to be formulated. Proactive asset management requires
information on the state of the structure and this is changing over time. Continued research undertaken has established
a common point in the loading unloading cycles beyond which the structure is not economically sustainable. Few
Institutional courses deal with the challenge of dealing with existing buildings requiring rehabilitation/ renovation.
Examination of failures are remarkable source of experience for those who are engaged in the course of their career- the
studies reveal the reality of human frailty which forms a salutary and perhaps alarming lesson- in the context of public
safety. Recent trends on maintenance, repair, retrofitting and monitoring of structures should be assessed and reviewed.
Health assessment periodically and inbuilt monitoring of Structures from durability/safety consideration by experts has
to come into existence.
Development and Calibration of instrumented inclusion acting as Stress- meter, bonded with existing structure to
estimate the level of residual stress and prestress in the body has opened wide horizon in declaring the in state condition
of the same. High frequency piezoelectric signatures for diagnosis of seismic/ blast induced structural damages are
recent tools to help monitoring of distressed structures. Consequent on the development of the know-how of External
prestressing provision for future prestressing during the construction to impart same to counter distress, such as,
cracking, excessive deflection etc at a future date. Sound judgment is more important than playing with the technical
gadgetry, with an element of risk involved in most engineering decision.
Engineers should be capable of developing a qualitative Bending moment and deflection diagram with a clear
understanding of structural behavior instead of totally being dependent on software and use of computer.
Managing Structures
Structural Engineers have an important task in managing existing structures, drawing upon the skills and expertise
complementing the work of the building maintenance team besides creation of structures. The management of
structures requires special supporting skills and knowledge which aspect is under developed. An appreciation of in
service good structural order performance is required for the whole life design of new structures. Knowledge on best
practice performance in this increasingly important area of activity is to be gathered. Processes, activities necessary
formulated. The aspect developing quickly is the design of structures against fire resistance with advanced analytical
methods and improved risk assessment techniques
Competitive Environment
Knowledge Economy, requirements of Social Accountability and the insistence on sustainability will force continued
changes and may possibly accelerate the process. The Engineers are to organize against the turbulent forces of new
working practices, new way of material management, and demands of performance along with technological innovation
keeping balance with economic agencies which place a premium on ethical practices. A strategic view of the future
trends identification based on systematized data collection is necessary .to anticipate changes and manage them
effectively. Creativity is a culture and out of creativity comes competitiveness to withstand economic and environmental
changes.
Past Development
The existing heritage structures of India are all of immense intensive structural intricacy and marvels of conception,
innovation. From prehistoric days when primitive implements were used for agriculture and small-scale industries, design
of country boats, the structural engineer contributed his mite to evolve the process of effective use of natural materials,
making it stronger and stronger with passing time.They realized the condition of stability of the structure through study of
Nature and developed mathematical sciences. Nature has always been an inspiration to designers. Biology [biometrics]
is to be next engineering science. In the field of modern medicine structural mechanics has an important role. We should
look inside our own bodies to seek openings for innovation of structural mechanics Structural Engineering helps to
develop the understanding of human frame dynamics, useful in sports and making of artificial limbs. Engineering is
having a major impact on the biological sciences understanding. In recent times none can overlook the contribution of
structural engineers in the modern technological field of aviation, navigation, rail- road transit systems and surgical
inputs for replacement of worn out human body –joints.
Creativity/Innovation
Managing Creativity requires a tolerance for ambiguity and for the unexpected and readjust accordingly .We are

19
I.R.S.E. [Retd]
Structural Engineer
more at ease in taking risks and to prototype endlessly. Innovation is a primary focus for all Engineers and will remain so
in the foreseeable future to deliver better products, source of competitive advantage and opportunity, to provide benefit to
the customers and society through a truly creative solution and revolutionary design. It is facilitated through a blend of
methodologies, work practices, a supportive culture and right business infrastructure. We should develop a positive
attitude that we are vital part of the society and put in efforts to empower, energize, enable and ennoble society through
selfless service. Crucially, risk takers need to balance nerve with creativity. Innovation is the driving force to overcome all
the site problems. Using Computer enabled understanding of theoretical models, allowing much more to think about
variables, the present-day Structural Engineer are better equipped to take up assigned job. They are in a position to
convert a 2- dimensional object with 3 dimensional one in their vision. Drawing is the language of Engineers and
perfection in this art is essential for a successful one.
The knowledge for implementation of new procedures, advanced analytical methods and improved risk assessment
techniques to support performance design for Fire-load case tends to be in the hands of a few specialists and to be
spread amongst a wide range. Numerous are the examples of successful adoption of Innovation in Structural
Engineering which is practiced by all aspiring engineers – maximize the productive capacity and we become the most
efficient, technically aware, practically minded professional. Structures that adapt to changing forces and circumstances
resulting in forms that are tolerant and hence robust-the structures that we build have a marked impact on our
surrounding. We strive for structural efficiency and excellence .Let us expand our horizon and move forward with pride
and confidence in this fine profession of ours.
Changing use of Materials

There is need to choose materials on the basis of a wider set of criterion in technological, energy consumption,
renewability and recyclables. Selection of Materials that can be formed and placed ensuring safety of operation and end
cost is a challenge to the engineers. Resort to expensive alternatives to conventional reinforcements should be done only
on reasoned basis and absolute requirement. Optimum use of resources – physical, financial and human is a
determining factor in raising, expediting the rate of growth. Exploitation of abundant natural resources to productive
advantage must be resorted to. Revolutionary Nano-Technology may change the entire scope of established design
practices through adoption of new lighter /stronger materials and consideration of structural behavior. Reluctance to
address issues relating to good concreting which is fairly basic but requires obligatory site supervision rather than
unnecessary initial capital expenditure by use of many claimed quality reinforcing bars, to be banished. It would be surely
of more lasting benefit to depend on skilled trained manpower and produce by tested practices High-performance
Concrete. The high grade concrete structures used in Bridge decking regular behavioral survey need be excercised
regarding micro cracking and alternative solutions should be evolved. Before specifying use of FBEC, Stainless Steel or
FRP avoidable deficiencies in site workmanship must be attempted. They must be confident of producing structures of
reliable strength and durability. Many investigation reports on existing structures point to the deficiencies in our system.
and must be dealt with.
Without advanced FE analysis and improved weldability of steel the construction of many large structures would not be
feasible to day.
Application of ICT
Increasingly the focus on use of IT will be a co- coordinated knowledge management tool across the profession, to
improve quality of the process not just economy. Enhancement of Technological Literacy through setting up of
information clearing houses with directed basic, applied or development works details covering domestic and foreign
know how an issue to be seriously considered is.This allows even small group of people make independent enterprises
and takes up technology interesting, challenging. The use of computers has revolutionized finalizing structural details
involving non- linear and dynamic effect analysis.The designers should however have more understanding of structural
behavior than the in the past when worked manually. Relatively cheap powerful desktop computers are now
commonplace and finding a profound influence in our profession. Modern development in software and hardware offer
limitless possibilities in its application on Engineering and potential development is inconceivable.
Continuous Professional Development

Public policies and market forces linked to environment protection, social equity and economic viability will gradually
transform the development position and redefine social progress. Professionals have to act professionally and share
their knowledge experience to further their role as a learned society for the benefit of fellow beings.The rules of conduct
and ethics of profession need to be enforced at all levels. CPD does not have to be restricted to attendance of courses
but includes work –shadowing, structural research to an objective goal, in- house training, IT skills development,
mentoring young engineers, management training, careers talk and activities in professional Institutions etc. News letters
from CROSS regarding experiences on Safety and discussions through forum like SEFI are useful tools to develop
professional knowledge.

I.R.S.E. [Retd]
Structural Engineer
Engineering Council Of India‘s efforts in this direction for enforcing Continuous Professional Development and
Professional Registration is laudable. Local authorities controlling building standards need to exercise greater emphasis
on strict compliance with sincerity and integrity, the quality of construction and observe statutory obligations. Natural
Disasters experienced in the country has exposed many shoddy constructions with poor professional handling. New
generation codal provisions, Microzonation work undertaken for metropolitan cities, Base –isolation processes evolved
are a guide to earthquake resistant structures.Training of the large body of engineers to understand the implications is a
step in the right direction, to be pursued. Expert committee reports on after Tsunami effects or Seismic damages in India
must be gone through with care and recommendations applied in practice..
Certain Caring issues

The highest state of expertise is recognition of interdependence and that depends on shared values, which are based on
ethics and expressed through rules of conduct. Looking for unintended consequences is an important idea in the
process of risk management. Considering the whole as well as the parts, connectivity to the entire process links, creating
appropriate models, using systems highly interconnected and processes which are part and whole of interdependence,
making prompt judgments, exercising creative foresights, feedback and learning are important process of expert
handling and resulting success.
The availability of sophisticated FE packages has enabled engineers to push the frontiers further in adopting new
concepts and be forward looking possible.
Effects on Structures [Unusual Causes]

Climate change due to global warming is to be assessed.This is attributed to natural or Man made influences.This may
lead to great number of extreme events and cause great severity.There is a large margin in our quantitative assessment
of the likely effects, climate changes on the exposed structure magnified by non-linear response system. A proper
understanding of the effects of factors such as prolonged exposure to high intensity wind speeds along with high
frequency extreme gusts, extreme precipitation leading to flooding and scour [erosion resulting from the shear force
associated with flowing water and wave- action], the ability of Bridge piers to withstand super-floods and the influence on
foundation of accelerating, more severe shrunk- swell behavior, subsidence caused by ground changes as a result of
prolonged dry- spells or droughts, behavior of clay-soils, which change volume as the moisture rises and falls with
consequent potential moisture deficit, are important factors for consideration. People dealing with structures must
understand must understand what toxicity of Standing Water can cause to a structure remaining under submerged
condition for days as experienced recently in Mumbai/Surat and several other places.
Understanding of likely future climate, extreme diurnal temperature changes and its influence on key structure-
response, periods of drought and high temperature leading to ground movements and to make necessary provisions to
withstand the effect, Warmer and wetter climate, higher sea levels, increase in gale-frequencies, greater probability of
storm –surges are the predictions necessitating more call for flood defense schemes built to offer increased levels of
protection, Effect of typhoon loading on cumulative fatigue damage assessed by the time period of stress spectrum
including potential severe effects on such situation are important consideration.
Possible changes in the level of degraded environmental design loadings, alteration in the mix of construction and to
certain extent the features present, greater awareness and sensitivity over climatic issues, contaminated surroundings,
influencing design choice should be thought of.
Experience has shown large number of habitats has crumbled at the time of earthquake mostly due to poor
workmanship of construction, detailing, material used and design by ill-informed architects/ engineers. Extra provision at
correct location has to be made to limit damage Post earthquake management, inspection and restoration measures
need to be gone into more seriously. Ill effect of tidal wave in uplifting of badly detailed Bridge Girders and gale – storm in
uprooting of incompetent poor design of transmission line towers are often witnessed. Forces of nature like earthquake,
landslide, and floods sometimes get the better of us – we have to be sensitive and respond to them adequately through
adoption of upgraded technology. Structural Engineers competence will be necessary for early restoration measures
planning and execution both as short time and longtime way which will be of considerable importance in alleviating
sufferings of the country men Monsoon reserves including demountable light weight high strength structures are to be
kept at specified location under charge of Inspector at workshop earmarked for emergency works for speedy
mobilization and execution of works. Advance action for prevention and preparedness for various possible Natural
Disasters of different regions needs to be engineered with definite action plan. Regular Drilling of action plans will go a
long way in prompt restoration.
Case Studies
A] Land Slides—Chakki Hills – short of Pathankot, toe of unstable hillock, land slides in monsoons blocking both rail and
road traffic due to falling boulders and soil erosion getting hardened after draining. Many remedial measures and
passage of time before slides reduced. In tunnels approaches land slides and heavy seepage through joints causes
disruption of traffic of long duration.

21
I.R.S.E. [Retd]
Structural Engineer
B] Floods
Bridges generally constrict the flow of water and can act as artificial dams of debris jams on the structure. High standard
Hydraulic characteristics must be considered at the design stage to prevent an unacceptable rise of water levels
upstream of the structure and withstand extreme events. Bridges are important in terms of maintaining access for
evacuation and delivery of medical and other emergency services.
1] Intensive rainfall in 1962 Firozpur, important border town was cut off from 3-sides due to floods. Important wideRajas
than Canal under Construction – high banks cut by villagers to save themselves caused scouring locally of pier- well
foundation. Temporary waterways had to be kept at select locations to save important installations while resuming
the traffic.
2] Pathankot – Jammu line –Basantar river having a flat slope with rising river bed, floods in 1977 caused breaching of
high embankment on the approaches causing strategic disturbance.
3] Laksar- Dehradun section – Motichur river inundated due to aforestation on upstream – neglect of dismantling the
abandoned causeway and non appreciation of effect of the newly constructed downstream road bridge to existing
rail bridge caused oblique flow of water and scouring of open pier foundation greatly.
4] Lohand Khad-Ropar- Nan gal Dam Section Continuous flow of heavy silt free discharges effluent from a newly
constructed Power House on up-stream and during receding monsoon, oblique flow caused settling of piers due to
scour on open – foundation with flooring, resulting stoppage of power –house
5] Degana – Ratangarh section of Rajasthan- changes in the sand dunes on upstream due to wind effect, oblique flow
caused instability of piers resting on shallow open foundation due to scouring
6] Harike Barrage under construction on upstream of Delhi- Rewari line caused diversion of natural flow of rain water
away from openings provided in the railway line and sudden letting out of accumulated flood water downstream
caused extensive breaches on the approach banks far away from the designated openings. In the case of old tunnels
with heavy concentrated rainfall considerable seepage of water and occasionally falling of portion do take place.
Localised cement pressure grouting was used for restoration purpose.
In all these emergent situations vigilant patrolling Gagmen prevented any mishap. Well-drilled and tested restoration
measures designed to suit each local conditions and devoted set of workforce helped in bringing traffic flow although
with restriction in the shortest possible time. The river protection works needs to be kept under constant vigil by posting
stationary patrollers and keeping in stock restoration materials as also access ways, as meandering of river flow is its
basic nature Colcreting of existing damaged flooring of Bridges has been used to prevent unsafe scour of existing
shallow foundations. We have to undertake systematic study on protection measures and foundation depth to be
provided in a country with varying conditions of base materials/ and sizes. Demountable flood defense structural
systems both on permanent and temporary basis to protect valuable properties and life against rising water is being
installed in European Countries as against humble Sand wallings. This development has tremendous potentiality in the
ingenuous handling of selection of materials by Structural Engineer.
Transmission line towers

Weak design of transmission line towers not catering to severe gale storms resulted in collapse of 2 towers at Khurja and
Moghalsarai of Delhi-Kolkata trunk route causing disruption to communication system.The structures were redesigned
and where feasible rectification works done indigenously in addition to laying strict maintenance schedule.The structure
earlier erected was fabricated according to design made and certified by a turnkey developed country firm of standing.
Technology intervention is essential to solve/determine
1] Disaster risk and working out mitigation methodologies
2] Experimental Simulation facilities for all hazard types to be created
3] Active/ passive control systems to be promoted for structures
Conclusion
The use and development of technology must relate to the people’s aspiration. Our own immediate needs in India are the
attainment of technological self-reliance. In a developing country this characteristic cannot be overrated. - This is the key
in which has the potential to usher the country to an era of prosperity- with other factors like materials and capital having
their relative importance. We have to broaden our service-base and look to provide added value forms with foresight and
competence. Not only the profession should grow and prosper but should be alive to the needs of the Nation. It is the
responsibility and obligation of every society to educate and train its young people to the highest standards for its benefit
and development. Engineers must rise to the pressing demand in their role for alleviation of poverty, especially in the rural
areas through infrastructure development and other associated productive works. Emphasis laid on development of
transport sector gives opportunity to the engineers to show their worth for improvement of countries economic prosperity,
remove general poverty. The write up is based on my personal experience spanning over five decades, discussion with
many stalwarts in the field and my systematic study of published literature on the importance of our profession where we
proudly belong. I acknowledge with gratefulness any similarity of thought as expressed anywhere by fellow engineer.

I.R.S.E. [Retd]
Connecting Civil Engineers…
We make our world significant by the courage of our questions and by the depth of our answers. - Carl
Sagan
Picture this – A young civil engineer who has graduated recently, or one who is on the threshold of
graduation with a bagful of dreams, hopes and ambition. When the actual planning for the future
commences, the young professional finds himself at a loss with the array of options and questions
that stare him in the face. Does he/she start working right away? Does he/she study further? What
does he/she have an aptitude for? What will be lucrative and at the same time satisfying in the long
run?
Now consider this scenario: A common platform connects the student fraternity of civil engineers
across our country. A platform or a forum that helps them keep in touch with what is happening in
different colleges; exposes them to the conscious choices being made by their peers; that helps them
answer their queries and make their decisions. This platform could extend to interactions with
professionals in different parts of our country and to opportunities across the borders. Such a
network would certainly facilitate easy dissemination of information and help build confident
professionals who have been awake to the situation outside right from the time of joining the graduate
programme.
Ethos is an organisation that has taken a first step in this direction.The initial effort is being focussed
towards uniting the colleges in different parts of the country under one umbrella. Realising the
magnitude of this task, Ethos has chosen to engage these young minds in some friendly competition
as a means of bringing them together. Hence Bending Moment! Ethos launched Bending Moment
this year – A National Quiz on Civil Engineering with the intention of igniting the minds of budding civil
engineers on engineering and construction knowledge that is beyond the classrooms. The zonal
interfaces are conducted at various centres and this is capped by a National Finale.
While Bending Moment aims at spurring the civil engineer’s already keen eye into observing and
imbibing, Ethos’ intention is to go beyond and direct the enthusiasm that it has generated even from
remote nooks and corners of India positively towards fostering a national interactive platform that
would serve the very purpose of equipping young professionals to be agents of change; to lead and
not just follow and to contribute positively towards the building of a harmonious society. It is fortunate
that institutions such as IIT, Delhi and CET Bhubaneswar played host to this event this year.The Civil
Engineering Society of IIT Delhi can play a crucial role in making this National Platform a reality.
Whereas this is its first foray into the arena of civil engineering, networking students is familiar terrain
for Ethos. Ethos commenced its journey four years ago with Archumen – India’s Biggest Architecture
Quiz for students of architecture. Once Archumen gained in popularity, Ethos also went on the
challenge the creative prowess of these students through design competitions like “Transparence”
and the “IGBC Green Design Competition”. These contests gave the students an opportunity to
assess themselves against the best in the country. More importantly, it also helped network on a
different level. Archumen also travelled to Sri Lanka this year where an edition was held in Colombo
and The Grand Finale of Archumen will also see a team from University of Morutowa in Colombo
matching their wits with their Indian counterparts. This will also be an opportunity for the network to
transcend across the borders.
For Ethos, launching of Bending Moment had a two-point agenda. One was definitely to reach out to
the civil engineering student community as well; the second was to bridge the gap between the
architectural fraternity and the civil engineering fraternity. One needs to understand that these two
fraternities, in reality complement each other and one is incomplete without the other. One is not
meant to be competition for the other. Hence, Bending Moment and Archumen are held at the same
venues to facilitate some cross-learning and interaction
Gita Balakrishnan
27
main mover behind Ethos
Connecting Civil Engineers…
to reach out to the civil engineering student community as well; the second was to bridge the gap between the
architectural fraternity and the civil engineering fraternity. One needs to understand that these two fraternities, in
reality complement each other and one is incomplete without the other. One is not meant to be competition for the
other. Hence, Bending Moment and Archumen are held at the same venues to facilitate some cross-learning and
interaction.
Ethos is exploring alternatives by which there can be regular dissemination and sharing of information on
opportunities for training and work, on national level and international level competitions etc. Students should be
able to get in touch with other students across the country with similar interests. Young professionals who are
part of the network could guide aspiring professionals on fields of further study or training opportunities.
Projects of young students, innovations etc., could also be shared which would work to the benefit of the author
of the work as well as the reader. There would also need to be an active interface between the industry and the
students which is essential for a healthy development of both.
Ethos has already commenced networking opportunities with young architects and students with a specific
intention of matching interest and aptitude with opportunity since this is a prime concern in a field such as
architecture. Ethos proposes to intensify this effort and extend the same to the fraternity of civil engineers.This
aspect assumes special significance in view of the fact that there are a very few companies/organisations that
are identifying prospective employees through the typical process of campus interviews in the field of civil
engineering and architecture.
For such an endeavour to succeed, students, faculty members, institutions and professionals would need to play
a proactive role. Colleges and faculty members would need to encourage participation from their wards. They
could also participate by reverting with regular feedback and suggestions on ways and means to improve. The
response in the first year of Ethos has been extremely encouraging on all fronts and portends the realization of
the set goals.
“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.”

-Henry Ford
.. And the Third Prize goes to ……. IIT Delhi

The Northern Interface of Bending Moment resulted in Abdul Mujeeb Mohammed and Tarun Bansal from IIT
Roorkee taking the first position in the first ever National Quiz on Civil Engineering. The first runners-up were
Karn Agarwal and Sudheesh Kumar again from IIT Roorkee with Nikhil Mahant and Anupam Mishra from IIT
Delhi, the home team taking the third position. The other teams that reached the North zone finals of Bending
Moment were from DAVIET, Jalandhar and Delhi College of Engineering.
Spotter
Seminar on Risk Management
CES had presented a Seminar on The Risk Management of Risk in Private Funded International
Infrastructure Projects by Prof. Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn. The seminar had begun with a look at the
relationship between construction and risk management and then considered the options for private
investment in infrastructure projects. The role of the Prime Contractor had been discussed and how
risk management plays a crucial part in selecting potential projects, particular those at international
locations.
Seminar on Model Based Engineering

A Seminar was presented by CES on Model Based Engineerig Advantages & Challanges. This
seminar was led by Prof. Dr. -ING. Raimar J. Scherer, Director, Institute of Construction Informatics,
University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. It helped in providing the vision of the Building Model,
Integration and Interoperability, Collaborative Working, Comparing Algorithms Detect Design
Changes,Mobile Based Working using BIM.
28 Gita Balakrishnan
main mover behind Ethos
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
envrionmental engineering
Assessment of Risk due to Intake of Groundwater Contaminated with Heavy metals
at some places of West Bengal, India
Abstract
Various heavy metal concentrations has been collected in a number of contaminated ground
water samples of West Bengal, India and associated health risk due to ingestion of these
chemicals has been calculated. Noncarcinogenic risks attributable to ingestion of heavy
metals for exposed population are not very high, whereas the mean carcinogenic risk
estimate for arsenic is found to be very high. The population of this area is liable to arsenic
poisoning. As groundwater is the main source of drinking water for this area proper preventive
measures should be taken to control this contamination and save the population.
Introduction
Governments and industry have failed to control the spread of dangerous chemicals around
the globe.Manmade hazardous chemicals are so widespread in our environment, in our
homes and in the products we use everyday, that we are constantly exposed to polluting
substances. As a result even our own bodies are contaminated.
A study by The British Medical Journal says that 75 percent of most cancers are caused by
environmental and lifestyle factors. A report by the Columbia University School of Public
Health estimates that 95 percent of cancer is caused by diet and environmental toxicity; in
addition, most Americans have between 400 and 800 chemicals stored in their bodies,
typically in fat cells( Haris,2003).
Water, air and soil quality are issues, which affect the quality of our food, health and
environment in general. Growing levels of pollution and over-consumption of resources
demand some sort of solution. Anthropogenic impact on natural environments and especially
on aquatic ecosystems is currently a topic of increasing concern. Deterioration of
groundwater quality has recently observed in many aquatories (Boehm et al., 2002; Campolo
et al., 2002; Jain, 2002; Nobukawa and Sanukida, 2002;Tara et al., 2003).The potential causes
of such a situation are various sources (Duda, 1993). Most of these sources lead to the
pollution of groundwater. The quality of groundwater may vary depending on the geological
morphology, vegetation and activities in the catchments, as well as on the location of the
sampling site. Heavy metals cause a wide variety of adverse health effects.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high
density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. Renowned medical journalist Dr.
Morton Walker, D.P.M. writes, “The ingestion of toxic metals destroys the brain tissues and
nerve cells by increasing cellular membrane permeability, allowing for leakage of nutrients
out of the cells, and inhibiting enzyme production which, in turn, depresses the body’s
chemical reactions. There will be lowered energy in all physiological parameters so that
chronic fatigue of the downhill syndrome becomes inevitable”(Haris, 2003).
Ingestion of drinking water containing heavy metals may lead to liver and kidney damage,
immune system, nervous system, and reproductive system disorders as well as several types
of cancers. Toxic Heavy Metals are well known pollutants from both natural and
anthropogenic sources.Their deposits in solid or liquid solutions have several ways to spread
out (including both physical and chemical transformations) and thus to get into the tropic
chain.
Risk assessment is a statistical tool used in conjunction with actual data to estimate potential
risks to human health and the environment. Baseline risk assessments assume that no
remediation actions are undertaken and assess current and future risks from the
contamination.

29
2nd year MTech,
Environmental Engineering and Management
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
contamination.
Study Area
Arsenic contamination of groundwater in catastrophic proportion has been reported from West
Bengal, India (Mandal et al., 1996) and Bangladesh (Dhar et al., 1997). Various other metals are
present in the ground water of these areas.
Data of heavy metal concentration in ten ground water samples has been collected from different
tube wells in the Deganga block of North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India (Maity, 2004).The
various heavy metal (As, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Se) concentrations at different sampling sites are
shown in Table1, Appendix I. It has been found that arsenic concentration is very high in these water
samples.This is due to natural arsenic pollution from arseniferous belts in specific geo-morphological
conditions. Other metals like iron and manganese are also present in high concentrations at some
places.The total population of this study area is 33,068 as per census,2001.
Effect of Heavy metals on Human health
There are three primary areas affected by heavy metals in our bodies: The nervous system, the
cardiovascular system and the immune system. When these substances are constantly present, our
body’s natural detoxification systems become less effective. In fact, the ability to remove these
dangerous toxins becomes diminished and they are stored in adipose (fat) tissues.The EPA states all
humans harbor chemicals (Haris, 2003).The ill effects of various heavy metals found in the study area
are listed below.
Arsenic (As)
About 80% of the absorbed arsenic gets distributed in the tissues including liver, abdominal viscera,
bone, skin, hair and nails (Browning, 1961).The health effects that result from the ingestion of arsenic-
contaminated drinking water manifest slowly. Arsenic is considered a silent pollutant since there is
generally NO smell or taste associated with its presence. Arsenic poisoning can easily go undetected
because many of its symptoms are also indicative of a number of other illnesses.
Health effects from arsenic exposure include skin damage, circulatory system problems and an
increased cancer risk, especially the skin, bladder and lungs. Early warning signs may include
stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and numbness in extremities.
Iron (Fe)
Anaerobic ground waters may contain iron II at concentrations up to several milligrams per litre
without discoloration or turbidity in the water when directly pumped from a well. Taste is not usually
noticeable at iron concentrations below 0.3 mg/l. Although iron has got little concern as a health
hazard but is still considered as a nuisance in excessive quantities. Long time consumption of
drinking water with a high concentration of iron can lead to liver diseases.
Manganese (Mn)
Exposure to manganese and compounds may result in noncancer health effects.The probable route
of human exposure to manganese and compounds is by ingestion and inhalation. Short-term
exposure to manganese may cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Long-
term exposure to manganese may affect the central nervous system, causing a psychosis which may
include symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease (gait, balance, posture disturbances, tremor, and
facial rigidity) .The International Agency for Research on Cancer has not classified manganese as to
its carcinogenicity (IARC, 2005).
Zinc (Zn)
The most sensitive effects of oral exposure to excess zinc in humans involve the copper status of the
body. Zinc exposure can result in a decreased absorption of copper, leading to low systemic
30 Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee

2nd year MTech,
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
levels and subsequent health effects, including decreased copper metalloenzyme activity,
hematological effects, and decreases in cholesterol levels, immunotoxicity, and
gastrointestinal effects. While changes such as decreased copper metalloenzyme levels may
not be adverse in themselves, they have been demonstrated to be precursor events for more
severe effects. Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there
is inadequate information to assess the carcinogen potential of zinc, because studies of
humans occupationally-exposed to zinc are inadequate or inconclusive.
Cadmium (Cd)
The biological half-life of cadmium in humans has been estimated to range from 10 to 30
years. Cadmium has moderate acute toxicity, producing gastrointestinal or pulmonary
irritation effects from ingestion. Sub chronic and chronic exposures to cadmium have been
associated with renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, bone, hematological, and
immunological effects. On long term exposure it accumulates in liver, kidneys, pancreas, and
thyroid. It also causes hypertension.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium compounds are corrosive on tissue. Long term consumption may lead to skin
sensitization and kidney damage.
Selenium (Se)
Long term exposure to Selenium leads to red staining of fingers, teeth, and hair, general
weakness, depression.
Results and Discussions
Risk due to non-carcinogens

The environmental risk to the populations from these elevated levels of non carcinogenic
metals in groundwater has been evaluated by first computing the mean estimated total daily
intake (TDI) of each of these toxicants (individual metal) using equation (1) (Singh et al.,
2003).
TDI (mg/day) = CD (1)
Where C is the mean concentration of individual toxicant in groundwater and D is the mean
daily intake of water by a person.
The computed TDI (mg/d) values for each toxicant are then compared with their respective
acceptable daily intake (ADI) values (mg/d), worked out from their individual ADIs (mg/d/kg
bw) as available in the literature for a person of 70 kg body weight.The risk quotient (RQ) for
each toxicant was computed using equation (2) (Singh et al., 2003).
RQ=TDI/ADI (2)
Risk due to carcinogens
The lifetime environmental risk to the populations due to carcinogenic metals has been
evaluated by using equation (3) (Singh et al., 2003).
Risk = Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) * Potency factor (3)
The computed results are presented in Table2 and Table4 in Appendix I of this paper.
As a general principle, the population exposed to some particular toxicant (chemical) will be at
risk with respect to the toxicant, if the value of the respective risk quotient (RQ) is above 1.0.
However, if we compare the two population groups for their relative risk with respect to some
common toxicant to which these are exposed, their respective RQs may give an assessment
of their relative risk level for that particular toxicant (Singh et al., 2003).
It may be noted that for any of these metals, none of the populations is at significant

31
2nd year MTech,
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
exposure risk level, as in none of the cases, the computed RQ value (TDI/ADI) exceeded 1.0.
From the computed risk quotient (RQ) it has been found that Manganese and Iron are having
greater risk than other noncarcinogenic metals found in groundwater.
Carcinogenic risk due to Arsenic has been found to be maximum at site 1 and site 2.
From risk assessment study it has been found that population of site1 and site 2 are more
exposed to heath risk than other locations considered in this paper.
Conclusion
Exposure to heavy metals may be exhibited by several signs and symptoms but they are only
recognized when achieve chronic and clinical levels. Since the heavy metals are proven
neurotoxic, there are several methods developed and reported to assess the exposure at very
low concentration of these substances (sub-clinical level). Groundwater is the main source of
drinking water for this study area. As it is contaminated with heavy metals, the population of
this area is at great risk. Hence, proper treatment should be given to this water before
consumption. But heavy metal removal from water is an expensive and difficult process. So
the source of contamination should be identified and proper preventive measures should be
taken to control this contamination and save the population.
Table.1: Heavy metal concentration (mg/l) at different sampling sites
Table.2: Life time cancer risk due to oral intake of As
32 Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee

2nd year MTech,
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
Table.4: Risk Quotient (RQ) for non-carcinogenic heavy metals

Sampling Fe Mn Zn Cd Cr Se
site TDI ADI RQ TDI ADI RQ TDI ADI RQ TDI ADI RQ TDI ADI RQ TDI ADI RQ
2nd year MTech,

A-1 19.86 35 0.567 9.24 9.8 0.943 0.462 21 0.022 0.0036 0.035 0.103 0.0048 0.21 0.023 0.0063 0.35 0.018
A-2 4.89 35 0.14 7.38 9.8 0.753 0.102 21 0.005 0.0018 0.035 0.051 0.0045 0.21 0.021 0.0057 0.35 0.016
A-3 13.2 35 0.377 5.88 9.8 0.6 0.153 21 0.007 0.0039 0.035 0.111 0.0096 0.21 0.046 0.0054 0.35 0.015
A-4 11.64 35 0.333 3.48 9.8 0.355 0.069 21 0.003 0.0063 0.035 0.18 0.0054 0.21 0.026 0.0126 0.35 0.036
A-5 5.61 35 0.16 3.9 9.8 0.398 0.255 21 0.012 0.0093 0.035 0.266 0.0066 0.21 0.031 0.006 0.35 0.017
A-6 10.86 35 0.31 6.78 9.8 0.692 0.045 21 0.002 0.0027 0.035 0.077 0.0051 0.21 0.024 0.0093 0.35 0.027
A-7 9.03 35 0.258 3.57 9.8 0.364 - 21 - 0.0039 0.035 0.111 0.0075 0.21 0.036 0.0054 0.35 0.015
A-8 9.66 35 0.276 3.84 9.8 0.392 0.045 21 0.002 0.0033 0.035 0.094 0.0072 0.21 0.034 0.0069 0.35 0.02

A-9 4.02 35 0.115 7.08 9..8 0.722 0.108 21 0.005 0.0051 0.035 0.146 0.0105 0.21 0.05 0.0141 0.35 0.04
A-10 7.68 35 0.219 6.63 9.8 0.677 0.444 21 0.021 0.006 0.035 0.171 0.0117 0.21 0.056 0.0144 0.35 0.041
33
Slip Form
An amazing construction method...
Can you identify what this figure is
showing?
This figure is showing the method of

construction of a RCC Bi-flue Chimney in a
power plant using the “Slip form” technique. The
power plant is situated in Neyveli,Tamilnadu.
In a thermal power plant, when the material

producing heat (fuel) is burnt, ashes are
produced which have to be handled carefully to
avoid pollution due to direct disposal to
atmosphere. These ashes are passed through
Electro Static Precipitators which collects the
ash. However the gases during this process are
emitted into the atmosphere. The chimney is
connected to two ESPs and it has two flues
inside it. Hence it’s a bi-flue chimney.
The final height of this chimney is 220m

(approximately 44 storied building). I don’t know
how hard it would have been without using this
“Slip form” technique. However modern
methods have always made the work more
simplified.
Let me explain how this is done.

Initially the slip form assembly is built at the site. It consists of radial members called
yolks which are connected at the centre and the other end holds the shuttering plates
through vertical members. The cylindrical surface is actually made up of metal plates
lapped one over the other.The cylindrical structure indeed consists of two cylinders one
inside the other and the gap between them is the thickness of the shell/wall of the
chimney.
Another important point to be noted about slip form is that, it climbs using the vertical
bars embedded in the concrete itself as the work progresses.That climbing is termed as
“Slip”. This is possible by using a set of jacks (hydraulic action) which lifts the entire unit
uniformly at desired speed. After reaching the desired height, it is dismantled and
brought down. Initially the slip form assembly is designed for all the loads expected
mainly due to materials (Steel, concrete), wind loads (since it moves up to a great height),
working platforms, personnel elevators etc. Other safety measures like aviation signals,
lightning conductors, sufficient lighting system will also be provided. The amount of slip
per hour is also designed and a maximum magnitude is fixed.
Now coming to the complexities in the work,

1. The thickness of the chimney shell varies from bottom to the mid-height and also the
profile is inclined.
34 V. Naga Veera Bhadra Rao, M.Tech, IITD, 2004-06,

Engineer,TCE Consulting Engineers Ltd.
bhadri.virgo@gmail.com
Slip Form
An amazing construction method...
2. Apart from this, the diameter also varies from bottom to
mid-height and thereafter becomes constant.
3. The chimney has external platforms to be built for which

reinforcement has to come from the shell wall.
4. The structure has to be provided internal steel platforms,

steel stair cases etc. for which inserts have (metal plates
for bolts or for welding) to be provided at various levels.
5. Transportation of materials (concrete & steel) to those

heights.
Let us see how they have been solved.

1. The plates that constitute the cylindrical structure are
given a small tilt and not truly straight. As a result as it
moves up, when the angle is adjusted the tapering
concrete shell is achieved.
2. In order to get the changing diameter, the vertical

members in the unit are arranged in such a way, that they
can move or slide along the radial yolks inside and
outside.
3. The reinforcement need for the platforms are initially tied and embedded in the concrete
and as the slip form moves up the embedded bars are pulled out after doing surface
chipping.
4. The insert plates are welded to the internal reinforcements and they are paint marked on
the concrete surface so that they can be identified later after concreting.
5. Transportation of concrete is by using buckets and winches, the bucket carrying concrete
moves along two guided cables, and winches are used for its operation. The entire set is
hung to the central portion of the slip form assembly. Steel is taken by a similar
arrangement arranged on the outside of chimney. A lift for personnel movement is
provided separately.
Now coming to the most important aspect, i.e. checks to be performed during this operation,
we have seen that the slip form slips using the rods embedded in the concrete itself. During
this process, the entire unit may tilt to one side (due to some jacks offering resistance against
movement) or the entire unit may twist about some point other than centre. So we have to
perform checks for the plumb and the twisting of the unit at regular intervals and corrective
action has to be performed.This is observed by using an Optical plummet which will emit laser
ray. A point is marked on the ground and a point is marked on the slip form. When the ray is
emitted it has to meet both the points. In case it doesn’t match, corrective actions are taken.
Modern construction methods are more successful, when they are understood and
carefully dealt with.
V. Naga Veera Bhadra Rao, M.Tech, IITD, 2004-06,

35
Tensegrity Structures and their
analysis using Neural Networks
Abstract
In recent past many new types of structures have been developed. One of them is Tensegrity
Structure. Research is still going on over them. They have not been implemented as such for
constructing buildings up till now. But they can act as alternative for many structures. For example
for rehabilitation camps during any natural calamity they can be used.They are easy to construct
and are light in weight, also main advantage is that they can be folded. Also they can be
implemented in design of a helipad, and much space will be left below it which can be used for
other things.Thus they will prove useful in coming years when structures which are space efficient
will be required. I have analyzed a structure consisting of two tensegrity modules as a part of my
project. Each module consists of three struts and cables. The analyzing has been done using
FEM, implemented by ANSYS.Then with the data obtained I trained a neural network, which may
be of help to a person who wants to know about this structure. You have to just give load and
maximum deflection as input, and network will produce area of strut and cable required. Though
the network didn’t proved to be correct for area of strut, but for area of cable results were very
close.
1) Tensegrity Structures
A tensegrity structure consists of a set of discontinuous compression members tied together by
continuous tensile members. Concept can be explained by considering an example of a balloon
where skin provides tensile component and air molecules inside provide compressive
component. There is a flexible interface between tensile and compressive forces. Also these
structures are light in weight and can be folded and are easy to construct. Many uses of tensegrity
structures which are still unexplored.
Definition:
First structure was made by Karl Longanson ( three struts and eight cables ) for an exhibition
held in Moscow in 1921.The term “ tensegrity“ was first defined by Fuller ( 1962) as a contraction of
two words “tension” and “integrity” . Characterization of these systems as “small islands of
compression in a sea of tension” . Snelson (1965) followed the research of Fuller in field of
tensegrity and was awarded with a title “Continuous tension, discontinuous compression
structures” of the patent. Most recent definition of tensegrity structure has been given by
Motro(2003) as , “a system in a stable self-equilibrated state comprising a discontinuous set of
compressed components inside a continuum of tensioned components “.
2) Neural Networks
The computing devices that operate on principal of biological nervous system are known as
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), are finding applications in almost all branches of science and
engineering.They are a new form of computing inspired by biological structure of neurons inside
brain.They can be expressed as mathematical model composed of a large number of processing
elements arranged in several layers Can be applied in several ranging operations such as:
Compression, Noise reduction, Optimization, Prediction …and many more Only since 1980s
these networks have been in use in civil engineering. However their application to tensigriy
structures is quite limited. Characteristic feature of tensegrity structures is the presence of
geometric nonlinearities due to changing geometry as it deflects under load.. In general there are
four types of non linearity : large strains, large rotations, stress stiffening and spin softening. The
behavior of tensegrity structures has thus to be modeled using finite element method (FEM) and
in my project I have used ANSYS 9 for FE analysis This figure shows the tensegrity module which I
analysed.
I applied loads of 500N each at all 3 nodes on top surface and found displacement in one of the
nodes and load was applied in 20 steps,( which gave 20 data points for each case of loading) also
maximum displacement was 0.012m . Five different cases were taken thus
36 Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Asst. Prof., Deptt. Of Civil Engg.,

Prashant Batra, 3rd year student, Deptt. Of Civil Engg.,
IIT Delhi
Tensegrity Structures and their
analysis using Neural Networks
giving 100 data points. Those cases

were:
1) Both areas as specified
2) Area of strut is doubled but that of
cable is kept same.
3) Area of strut is tripled but that of
cable is kept same.
4) Area of cable is doubled but that of
strut is kept same
5) Area of cable is tripled but that of
strut is kept same
Areas were taken as :
1) For strut: 160.248 mm^2*
2) For cables: 6.53 mm^2*
Training of neural networks

I have used the software “ Neuro solutions” to train a nueral network with input as load and
displacement and output as As and Ac. Out of 100 data points in total and I used 80 pts in
random to train the network and 20 pts were used to check the result .Following network was
Obtained as a result:
1) No. of input layers: 2
2) No. of hidden layers: 1 (with 5 neurons)
3) No. of output layers: 2
Best solution with minimum error was found when 5 neurons were taken in hidden layer and
Function obtained is “tan hyperbolic”.
Results and conclusions:

The result obtained is that the network for given structure consists of a tan hyperbolic
function,
And on hidden layer there are five neurons.The network is not correct for as but for Ac data
Obtained is nearly same.The mean square error has been plotted as follows:
Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Asst. Prof., Deptt. Of Civil Engg.,

37
Prashant Batra, 3rd year student, Deptt. Of Civil Engg.,
IIT Delhi
Particulate Matter
Importance, Regulations and Historical Perspective
Schwartz et al. (1996), VanderWal et al. (2000), Kukkonen et al. (2001), Ricci et al. (1996) have shown
the links between cardiac and respiratory disease and the number of fine particles. However it can be
argued that, in the urban environments, high ambient concentrations of particles are high are likely to
be accompanied by high levels of other pollutants, making clear identification of cause and effect
difficult. Nonetheless, it is clear that the number of particles to which the individual is exposed is more
important than their mass (Donaldson et al., 1998, QUARG, 1996; Buzorious et al., 1999; Donaldson et
al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2004) and that the toxic effects of particles are related to either their total
surface area or total number concentration. Clearly, knowledge of size distribution of ultra fine
particles is essential to understanding their impact on human health.
CLIMATE CHANGE
The average temperature of the earth has risen by 0.6 K since the 19th century (Anderson et al.,
2003).The temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is determined by the processes known as radiative
forcing . Despite a contentious debate over the last two decades, it is now accepted that radiative
forcing due to aerosols and Green House Gases (GHG’s) is related with the climate change. The
radiative forcing mechanisms can be affected by changes in atmospheric pollutants such as GHG’s or
aerosols due to human activity, or by changes in other influences on the interactions of the earth and
its atmosphere system such as surface albedo .
Climate change is a long term process and the extent to which any component of vehicle emissions
contribute to it depends on its life-span in the atmosphere. The effect of aerosols and GHG’s can be
defined by their global warming potential (GWP), which compares their impact to that of CO2 in a
given time frame i.e., 100 years. The life time of aerosols in the atmosphere is of the order of weeks;
that of GHG’s, decades. Hence, any reductions in aerosol concentration rapidly affect radiation
balance in contrast to any reductions in GHG’s. Prediction of future temperature using global models
inevitably suffers from uncertainty about the contribution of aerosols. As a result, reduction in aerosol
emissions causes a rapid effect on local radiative balance but it is difficult to draw a conclusion about
the global effects on radiative balance.
EFFECTS ON VISIBILITY
Atmospheric visibility is defined as the maximum distance at which the outlines of a target can be
recognized against the horizon as background (Hovarth, 1994). Reductions in visibility impairment are
mainly due to scattering and absorbion of solar radiation by particles in the troposphere (Jacobson,
1999). Ultrafine particles are more efficient light scatterers than larger particles. Therefore, the origin
and transport of ultrafine particles is of particular concern when assessing visibility impacts. As the
distance increase between the observer and the object, the amount of light scattered and absorbed
increases and visibility is reduced.The visibility reduction is greatest at high relative humidities (>90%)
when the particles swell by uptake of water, increasing the cross sectional area for scattering, resulting
in ‘haze’ (Doyle and Dorling, 2002). Atmospheric aerosol particles are a minority component in the
atmosphere, contributing some 10-8 to 10-9 times to the mass of the substances in the air (Hovarth,
1994). However, aerosol particles are responsible for 90% of the light scattering properties of the
atmosphere in a remote continental environment and up to 99% in an urban environment (Hovarth,
1994). Diesel particles absorb more light than they scatter. Light absorption is due to carbon in the
particle and is independent of particle size whilst scattering is highly dependent on particle size
(Kittelson, 1998). A study conducted in California in 1983 for impact of diesel vehicles on visibility
1
The spherical particle which has a unit density and the settling velocity same as the particle in question.
2
Radiative forcing is the balance of the radiation absorbed by the atmosphere and the surface against the radiation emitted.
3
The fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected is called ‘surface albedo’
Prashant Kumar & Rex Britter

39
University of Cambridge,
UK; *M.Tech, IITD, 2005 Batch
Particulate Matter
40 Prashant Kumar & Rex Britter

Particulate Matter
Prashant Kumar & Rex Britter

41
Particulate Matter
CONCLUSION
Regulation of atmospheric particulate matter levels uses limits expressed as mass concentration
rather than number concentration. Although limits exist for PM10 and PM2.5, none are set for the PM1
mass. Despite the efforts made by the regulatory authorities in the last few decades to control the
particulate matter in the urban environment, there is still work to be done. The case for the importance
of number concentration (mostly of ultrafine particles from vehicle exhaust or from condensation) as
markers of potential health impacts has been persuasively made by many researchers. Clearly,
particulate matter should be regulated on the basis of number concentration rather than the mass
concentration.The complex transformation processes that particulate matter undergoes after release
complicate the monitoring of number concentration.The lack of proven methods and instrumentation
for the monitoring of particle number concentration present challenges that require urgent attention.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Prashant Kumar wishes to thank the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust (CCT) for providing a
Cambridge-Nehru Scholarship and the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) for
Overseas Research Scholarship (ORS) Award for sponsoring his doctoral studies. He is also thankful
to his M.Tech supervisor Prof. Mukesh Khare for his supervision and encouragement during the
M.tech, and to create the interest on this topic.
CONTACT
Prashant Kumar is currently studying for a PhD at University of Cambridge, UK after completing his
M.Tech in Environmental Engineering and Management from IIT, Delhi. He is working on “Urban Air
Quality” especially focusing on dispersion and modelling of ultrafine particles in the urban
environment. He can be contacted by e-mail (pp286@cam.ac.uk) and his web address is
http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/pp286.
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS

AQEG: Air Quality Expert Group
CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
EC: European Community
EU: European Union
GHG: Green House Gases
GWP: Global Warming Potential
NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
PM: Particulate Matter
Spotter
Do you know?
Civil Engineering Society runs a Google Group in which you get messages
regarding Placements, Internships, Events or any other information related to Deptt.
of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. All alumni, students are invited to join it at
http://groups.google.com/group/ces-iitd
National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education

CES and National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education (NPEEE)
jointly presented a seminar on Joint Time Frequencey Analysis in Structural
Dynamics which was led by Dr. P.D. Spanos on 24th Jan 2007.
42 Prashant Kumar & Rex Britter

International Lecture Series
a new seminar by CES...
On 2nd January 2007, CES presented an International Lecture Series in

Departmental Committee Room of Civil Engineering. Lecture series started
with the Registration Procedure at 2:45 PM. Dr. Rajesh Prasad Dhakal, Senior
Lecturer, University of Canterbury, New Zealand had delivered a leture on
Structural Design for Earthquake Resistance: Past, Present and Future. It is
reported that losses in recent earthquakes due to the incurred structural
damage, non-structural damage and production downtime where repair was
required were in tens of billions. A long-term research project has been
launched at University of Canterbury with the ultimate aim of establishing a loss
optimization seismic design (LOSD) for minimizing the total lifecycle costs, in
addition to ensuring life-safety. As a major component of this long-term
objective, development of a financial loss estimation methodology that takes
into account losses due to 3 D’s (damage, downtime and death/injury) is
underway. Moreover, to minimize lifecycle cost, damage avoidance design (DAD)
is being promoted. In DAD, precast concrete elements are designed to remain
essentially elastic, with inelastic behavior accommodated for by rocking at
specially detailed joints. The main focus of current research at Canterbury is,
among others, to experimentally verify applicability of DAD in different structural
systems and to explore more efficient details to be used in DAD to ensure its
short-term and long-term advantages (damage avoidance and loss
minimization, respectively).
This lecture was followed by an another lecture by John D. Murphy, Professor

and Head of the Department, Building Science, Auburn University, Steve
Williams, Professor, Building Science, Auburn University, Anoop Sattineni,
Associate Professor and Graduate Program Officer, Building Science, Auburn
University, Drew Yantis, Senior Vice-President, Holder Construction Company,
Atlanta on Graduate Studies in Building Science at Auburn University at 16:00.
This seminar had presented the opportunities for IIT Delhi Students for
Graduate Studies in Auburn University. Main topics covered in this lecture Series
were: Building Science at Auburn University, Graduate Program at Auburn
University, Research at Science Building, Construction Industries in United
States.
This Lecture Series which had provided a new insight to IIT Delhi Civil
Engineering Students had ended with closing remarks at 16:45. Lectures of
Esteemed Professors had encouraged students for doing their Graduate
Studies in Auburn University and provided a new insight of Earthquake
Engineering Knowledge to listeners. Overall, this lecture series had proved to be
a gread sucess of CES and Civil Engineering Department
CES Team,
43
Civil Engineering Department,
IIT Delhi
BUILD-OPERATE-TRANSFER MODEL FOR
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA
In recent years, there has been a growing trend for governments in the Asian region to allow
private participation in some major public investments, especially for infrastructure projects.
Many large infrastructure projects, such as expressways and power plants, are being
constructed or have been operated by private firms under a procurement system called build-
operate-transfer (BOT). Under the system, the franchisee (project sponsor) is responsible for
financing, construction, and operating a facility and he, in return, has been granted a right to
generate revenue from the facility for a specific period. After the concession period, the facility
will be transferred at no cost to the franchiser, who usually is the government. The major
motivator for the BOT system is that the host government need not spend any public funding
but still can provide a public facility to her people. Meanwhile, the franchisees can enjoy a high
potential profit from a successful BOT project. Experience from ASIA has proven the benefits
of the system. However, the system can be very risky potentially. The various projects in Asia
prove that BOT success depends on various aspects. The various projects have given
investors a painful experience. Analyzing these successful and failing examples, this study
has concluded the ingredients of a successful BOT project. They include an experienced,
equitable and simple governing body and structure, an uncorrupted and honest political
regime, an intact contractual agreement, a structured set of BOT regulations and legal
system, a large and reliable consortium, an experienced construction organization, and lastly,
but most importantly, no intervention of politics.
1. INTRODUCTION
The contract is a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two
different people or groups, or the agreement itself and it is ENFORCEABLE BY LAW.
It provides the mutually agreed terms and conditions. It is essentially a communication which
is legally binding. Generally contract can be done by any one, but in this paper the scope of
contract is limited to only between government (central/state/local) and private firms.
2. NEED OF CONTRACT IN CONSTRUCTION

Any construction project comprises of a) Formulation stage
b) Mobilization stage
c) Construction stage
The formulation stage is generally deals with project idea, feasibility studies, project definition
etc. Mobilization stage deals with project preliminary plans, mobilization of resources,
designs and drawings and lying of specifications and awarding the contract (if work is not
done by the owner). Construction stage transforms the drawings from paper to field.
To make any project successful the owner must be careful in awarding the contract. The
properly formulated contract minimizes the conflicts between owner and contractor. The
choice of the contract depends on the nature of the project. For traditional and simple
projects, generally the lump sum or unit price contracts are suitable. But in the fast moving and
ever changing technology which makes the projects more complicated there is need of the
alternatives.
3. WHAT IS THIS BOT AND HOW IT’S DIFFERENT?

In BOT contract, a grantor (generally government) provides a private company with a
concession to build, operate a project. The grantor will not spend money on project; the
44 R.S.SRAVAN KUMAR
M.Tech IInd semester
sravankumar_rac@yahoo.co.in
company which is awarded contract spends the money and collects it by operating the project
(by collecting the tolls).
The operating time will be decided by both the parties and generally it depends on the initial
investments and the life span of project. For most of cases it lies between 10-30 years. The
fixation of toll and it review will be on negotiations.
It helps the government in providing the better facilities to people with no additional money,
provides the private organizations to do good business and the people to get better facilities
and improved living conditions with a little spend of money. So BOT is an advantageous to all.
Typical infrastructure projects using BOT contracts include highways, railways, ports, tunnels,
bridges, power plants, hydraulic structures, and reservoirs. In essence, a private sector
consortium finances, designs, constructs, and operates an asset for an agreed franchise
period in the BOT mode. Any system has some limitations; even BOT is of no excuse. Some of
the risks in BOT are high initial cost (to be completely mobilized by contractor), spanning a
long period of construction time, and they normally have a slow payback rate, low profit ratio,
and high level of risk. Thus in the application of a BOT contract the investor is given the
privilege of franchise, which grants, to some extent, monopoly power during the concession
period.
4. WHY ONLY BOT AS ALTERNATIVE IN ASIA?
i. Over the past few years, most of the countries in Asia have experienced an economic
boom that outpaced the development of the infrastructure, and this has threatened a
continuing high rate of economic growth.
ii. The huge population base, with rising salaries and expectations made people ready to
spend considerable amounts on comfort.This made pressure on governments to provide the
better infrastructure facilities.
iii. Traditionally in these regions, the public sector has financed the construction of the
infrastructure. However, governments in these countries experienced strain on their financial
spending; a large portion of which has been spent on social welfare for fulfilling the rising
quality of life in the region.
iv. The BOT arrangement in infrastructure development, a private participation scheme
without demanding public money, has suddenly become a solution, for which most
governments are inclining.
5. IMPLEMENTATION OF B-O-T
The implementation process of a BOT contract involves many parties, including the
government, investor, financing institutions, construction contractor, and operating firms. The
involvement of the project participants in a typical BOT-contract process is highlighted in Fig.
1.
The process of implementing a BOT-contract project can be divided into four major stages:
project feasibility study and tendering, construction, operation, and post transfer. The
concerned government and its consultants will be engaged in the project feasibility study and
tendering stage.The major activities involved in this stage are;
i. To initiate a project that is often an infrastructure project requiring private investment;

ii. Examine the project environment and conduct a feasibility study;
iii. Invite tenders and private investors to bid; and
iv. Offer the franchise contract.
R.S.SRAVAN KUMAR
45
The duration of this stage is affected by the availability of project information, project
complexity, negotiations between tenderers and the government concerned, and the public
response to the project. Investors’ participation in this stage is to gain more understanding of
the project in order to submit competitive tenders. Choosing the best proposal would depend
on three elements: the quality of the definition of specific criteria, the quality of evaluation of
the available alternatives, and the quality of the understanding of what these alternatives can
produce.The purpose of the evaluation and selection process is to identify what needs to be
done, develop the specific criteria for its accomplishment, and identify the advantages,
disadvantages and risks involved in each of the proposals.
Then the concession period is fixed by negotiations. In traditional practice, the concession
period is determined by a cash flow analysis normally conducted by the investor, and the
government’s interests are not necessarily incorporated in the analysis. Based on the
analysis, a period such as 10, 20, or 30 years or even longer will be adopted.
Fig.1 Involvement of various project participants at different times
a) ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN BOT CONTRACTS

The risks involved in BOT are technical, financial and political. Technical risks involved are
comparatively easy to manage by the contract-acting firms and financial a bit difficult but
manageable. Most of the firms worry about the political risks. The most of the Asian
governments are changing the policies what they had adopted previously (i.e. from socialistic
to capitalistic) so there is always a strong protests from the various sections.This may lead to
the reverse gear in the policies. There is also tendency of not respecting the agreements
made by previous governments.This makes the investor into a great risk. There may be
divergent policies between various states and between states and central or among the
government departments. The government or an appropriate authority must need to co-
ordinate and reconcile the conflicts where necessary and to address the issues. The
government or authority should act as bridge between the various organizations involved in
project and with the contracting firm. It should effectively protect the interests of its public and
private benefits.
46 V. Naga Veera Bhadra Rao, M.Tech, IITD, 2004-06,

The some other measures to be ensured by the authority are

i. The authority must also ensure that the project must offer a reasonable rate of return in
order to attract private investments.
ii. The host government must guarantee a proper business environment, such as no
competing projects nearby for a period stipulated in the contract.
iii. There must be a proper mechanism to fix and adjust toll rates which should be free of
political influence in the decision making process.
iv. The projects need a reliable, committed and a strong developed consortium, in which
operation will not be affected by any short-term sufferings.
v. The legal framework and contractual conditions to be matured so that they protect both
parties' interests. vi. Further, an equitable legal system can assure investors that any
disputes can be resolved quickly and make sure that both parties will respect the contract.
6. THE SUCCESS STORIES OF BOT PROJECTS IN ASIA

1. The first project adopting BOT was the Cross-Harbor Tunnel in Hong Kong.The tunnel was
conceptualized in the 60's and built in the 70's. By then, the Hong Kong government lacked the
capital and technology required. Hence it decided to contract out the project on a BOT basis to
a private developer.The concession period was 30 years. As this was the first project engaged
in the BOT mode and the government lacked confidence in allowing the project to be 100%
owned by the private sector, has thus owned around 20% of the equity in order to exercise a
certain degree of control. Since the concession period of 30 years included the construction
time, the system had a built-in motivator for expedition.The tentative construction schedule of
the tunnel was set at three years; however, it was completed in two years time.The estimated
traffic flow was estimated to be 70 000 vehicles but turned out to be 124 000 vehicles per day.
The project provides a very high rate of return and can be classified as `very successful'. BOT
encourages private participation in which business decisions are always cost driven,
compared to the social and political considerations of the government. The user-pay policy
will facilitate a better deployment of public money.
2. The 2 3350 MW Laibin B power plant in the Guangxi Autonomous region, was issued for
competitive international tender in China. The Laibin-B concession agreement for 18 years,
including 33 months of construction, was signed in September 1997.This was the first wholly
foreign-owned BOT venture, with two French organizations holding 25% equity, having raised
75% debt from limited recourse project finance. The only financial guarantee from the
Chinese government was in the form of a take-or-pay contract to purchase a minimum of 3.5
GW per year (approximately 65% of plant capacity) and supply of the coal necessary for the
power generation. The construction was completed in time and presently the plant was
running with its full capacity
3. The proposal of connecting the entire country with high quality roads (East-west and
North-South corridors and Golden Quadrilateral project) has made big boom to the highway
construction in India. The government has opened the proposed projects in BOT process. To
attract the foreign investors in addition to domestic bidders for more competitive bid’s the
government has taken some policy measures. Some of those are listed below.
- 100 per cent foreign equity (up to US$ 306 million)
- Charge of toll tax on certain projects
- Tax holidays for certain period
- Duty free import of equipment (which are used in that projects)
R.S.SRAVAN KUMAR
47
Streamlining the process such as single window process. The NATIONAL HIGHWAY ACT
was amended. Projects for widening of existing National Highways have been exempted from
environmental and forest clearances
At present 34 National Highways projects costing about US$ 1120 million are in different
stages of construction or in operation (as per 2005). The proposed routes are of high traffic
potential and most of projects are recently being operated, the conclusion on success or
failure will be a premature. But certain privileges to the investors such as tax holidays can
attract more firms in future BOT projects.
7. THE BITTER EXPERIENCES OF BOT CONTRACTING FIRMS IN ASIA

I. Western Harbor-Crossing Construction in Hong Kong. The tunnel was started in August
1993 and expected to finish in July 1997. Like other BOT projects, the tunnel was completed
earlier as at April 1997 and within budget. In this BOT project, a new contractual condition has
been implemented and the government did not need to have any equity to monitor its
operations. In the former BOT arrangements, the toll rates, time for toll adjustment, and the
degree of adjustments have to be agreed by the sponsors and the government. The
agreement then, needed to be endorsed by the Legislative Council.The rate of return should
be the sole consideration factor in each toll rise negotiation. However, the Legislative Council
tend to respect the public opinion and hence, no agreement could be reached on most
occasions. For instance, the toll rise negotiations of the Eastern Harbor Crossing and the
Tate's Cairn Tunnel have ragged on for years.This arrangement had put the investors at risk.
II. The two-phase 2,015 MW natural gas combined cycle Dabhol power station project in
Maharashtra State in INDIA encountered problems at the very outset. These have been
mostly attributed to a change of state government that led to a complete project review,
thereby providing a further example of the need to adequately manage the increased political
risks in such long term projects that also impact directly on public users (unlike short term
construction projects for a specific client). While a large U.S. corporation is involved in this
Dabhol mega project, another U.S. company reportedly considered exit strategies on a U.S.
$1.3 billion 1,000 MW coal fired power plant in Karnataka State. Government delays, a slow
moving judiciary system (investigating alleged corruption charges that were subsequently
quashed at the apex Court), and apparent conflicts between assurances at state and federal
governmental levels were cited.
8) CONCLUSIONS
1. Careful evaluation of the suitability of a project for BOT type procurement appears critical
at the outset, for example, with stable political and legal regimes and suitable socio-economic
conditions with the project being clearly in the public interest, capable of sustaining steady
cash flows, and being provided with adequate safeguards against the various risk factors.
2. A reasonable but not excessive rate of return is needed; again with any useful safeguards
such as sensible toll adjustment mechanisms to achieve the desired balance.
3. A proactive, stable, non-corrupt sponsor government /public sector body is needed and
4. A financially strong, technically competent, and managerially outstanding consortium is
required as a franchisee, which should hopefully be adjusted by the foregoing conditions.
48 R.S.SRAVAN KUMAR
IIT in NEWS
Plan to clear traffic chaos at ….Professors Dinesh Mohan and IITs Traffic Stopper Invention
airport hits the fast lane: GMR- Geetam Tiwari from IIT, together with
Fraport asks IIT-Delhi to revive NGO's Samar thya, Centre for Apr. 21. 2006, Hindustan Times
2-yr-old plan to improve traffic P r o m o t i o n o f B a r r i e r- f r e e
movement, parking Environment for Disabled People It is time for the Delhi Police to take a
have prepared the project blueprint. leaf out of IIT-Delhi’s book and make
May 30. 2006 ,skyscrapercity.com Professor Mohan said that the goal traffic congestion a thing of the past.
was to build a bus stop that would be Students from the institute’s civil
……‘‘GMR wants us to update the accessible to people with engineering depar tment have
plan and also incorporate other disabilities, integrated with transport developed a software for traffic
features as per their requirements solutions…… management. It also gives actual
and assessments,’’ said Dr Geetam speed and trajectory of moving
Tewari, professor, Traffic Research Need for computer waste vehicles, an ability that will help
and Injury Prevention Programme management detect traffic violations like speeding
(TRIPP), IIT Delhi. and lane-jumping…
May 10. 2006,The Hindu
‘‘GMR’s main focus is to improve ..According to IITs PhD scholar
parking facilities, besides re-routing ..Highlighting the need for "optimal Mallikarjuna and student Saurabh
arrival and departure traffic. They planning for computer waste Jain,“Generally the methods used in
also want us to improve plans for a management", research scholar in India to control traffic are improper.
long-term parking facility, keeping in the Department of Civil Engineering, Traffic signals in India are based on
mind the traffic volume expected by I I T D e l h i , Po o n a m K h a n i j o data collected from homogeneous
2010,’’ said Tewari……….. Ahluwalia, and assistant professor in traffic conditions………
the Department of Civil Engineering,
What TRIPP-IIT plans IIT Delhi, Arvind K. Nema said there IITians network, line up for
was an urgent need for counselling in job quest
* Separate lanes, pull-in bays and management of computer waste
parking lots for private cars, taxis, which is a mammoth task in India Jan. 30. 2007, Indian Express
buses and three-wheelers …..
"I would love to join a core Civil
* Electronic sensors to monitor
Why Delhi needs cycle- Engineering firm provided I'm given
waiting time of taxis in the drop-off
rickshaws the right kind of money. But such
area of the departure wing
opportunities aren't many." That's
* Luggage trolleys at convenient Oct. 22. 2006, Hindustan Times Saurabh Jain, a Civil Engineering
locations student at IIT-Delhi who is also
* Regulate access and speed of all ……..Dr Geetam Tiwari of IIT, Delhi, general-secretary of the institute's
traffic says that redesigning the roads is all Civil Engineering Society.
that is required to allow the cycle-
* Improved lighting, drainage The result? Jain backed the first ever
rickshaws to ply on the arterial
* Clear signs and information roads.“Then they will not come in the quiz on Civil Engineering at IIT-Delhi,
systems way of fast-moving vehicles,” says not only as part of co-curricular
* Clearly-defined spaces around Dr Tiwari. The cycle-rickshaws are activity but also because it helped
dormitories, …. already providing feeder services at him and his batchmates "connect
50 metro stations, including the with Civil Engineering students"
Disabled-friendly bus stop at Delhi University station, and they from across the country……
Hauz Khas soon need to be formally integrated with
our public transport system, she
Feb. 5. 2007, Indian Express adds…….
ILL[EAGLE]
NIRMAAN
Civil Engineering Society, IIT Delhi

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Issue II January 2008

A Civil Engineering Society, IIT Delhi Publication

2. Disinguished Alumni Service Awards - 2006 3

4. Efficiency and Versatility of Post Tensioning in Building Constructions 6

5. Unrevealed Facts of 2007 10

6. Liquefaction Hazards in Delhi 13

9. Connecting Civil Engineers 27

10. Assessment of Risk 29

11. Slip Form 34

12. Tensegrity Structure and their analysis using Neural Networks 36

13. Particulate Matter 38

14. International Lecture Series 43

15. Build-Operate-Transfer Model For Infrastructure Developments in Asia 44

16. IIT in NEWS 49

Date: 9th December, 2007

The second issue of NIRMAAN is in your hands after a period of one

The issue gives a glimpse of what Civil Engineer is about – a

It is hoped that NIRMAAN would continue to grow and become

Spotter on DCE feelings...

Thanks CES-IITD, for being such a zealot guide...

Professor Rex Britter

Use of High Strength Materials

In the flexural design of non-prestressed

Figure 3: Flexibility in the Layout of Tendons Figure 4: Alignment of Post-Tensioning Tendons

Cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete can be easily adapted to accommodate complex

Efficiency and Economy with Post-Tensioning

Seminar on Stress Management

Workshop on Technical Paper Presentation

Pawan R. Gupta, Ph.D., P.E., P.Eng.

Inter-College Technical Event Results

DCE Fest: Techincal Paper (3rd Prize)

*No girl has salary (ctc) less

*All girls placed

Please Note that….

Civil Engineering Society

12 Civil Engineering Society

2. INPUT GROUND MOTION

4. GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSES

(c.) Input motion

(a) Input as bedrock motion (b) Input as outcrop motion

Spotter on FACT & FIGURES of Last Year

18 Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

Changing use of Materials

Continuous Professional Development

20 Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

Certain Caring issues

Effects on Structures [Unusual Causes]

Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

Transmission line towers

22 Ajit Kumar Bhattacharyya

“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.”

.. And the Third Prize goes to ……. IIT Delhi

Seminar on Model Based Engineering

Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee

30 Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee

Results and Discussions

Risk due to non-carcinogens

Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee

Table.1: Heavy metal concentration (mg/l) at different sampling sites

Table.2: Life time cancer risk due to oral intake of As

32 Manaswini Behera & Subrata Bhattacharjee