Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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(CGE577)
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
2
History of drilling
functions
Driller‟s terminology
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HISTORY OF DRILLING
3
When is the first oilwell being
discovered in history of
mankind??
It is in 1859 in Titusville,
Pennsylvania, USA (First
commercial well) drilled by Col
Edwin L. Drake
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When was the first well drilled in malaysia??
4
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First well drilled by PETRONAS?
5
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Why we drill ??
6
To get the black gold ( oil ) & gas from the earth
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Where can we find oil & gas??
7
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Where can we find oil & gas??
8
OIL
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How do we find the reservoirs?
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10
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LIFE OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT
13
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DRILLING PROPOSAL DRILLING PROGRAM
-Prepared by the geologists and -Prepared by the Drilling Engineer and
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reservoirs engineer in the operating contains the following:
company which provides the • Drilling rig to be used for the well
information upon which the well will be • Proposed location for the drilling rig
designed. • Hole sizes and Depths
• Drilling Fluid Specification
-The proposal contains the following: • Directional Drilling information
• Objective of the well • Well Control Equipment and
• Depth (m/ft) Subsea) and location Procedures
(Longitude and Latitue) of target • Bits and Hydraulics Program
• Geological Cross Section
• Pore Pressure Profile Prediction
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TYPES OF WELL
15
Development well
To develop a field with proven reserves to its fullest production
potential.
Injection well to pressurize reservoir for improved recovery
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TYPES OF WELL (CON‟T)
16
Injection well
To store hydrocarbon mainly natural gas, disposing of unwanted
produced water or regaining the reservoir pressure by injecting
water, steam or gas into the reservoir.
Reentry well
Conducted on existing wells for the purpose of tapping deeper
producing zones, recompleting or drilling laterals from existing main
trunk (vertical, directional or horizontal)
Infill well
To replace depleted wells or drill additional wells to sustain
production economics in certain fields.
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DRILLING ORGANIZATION
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Drilling Contract
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Roles of A Drilling Engineer
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The responsibilities of the drilling
engineer:
• Gathering and reviewing available data on previous drilling activity in
the proposed areas of operation;
• Preparing initial cost estimates & AFE
• Conducting an initial planning meeting with others involved in
specific well projects to establish objectives for the well;
• Estimating expected formation pressures and fracture gradients;
• Anticipating and addressing the most likely drilling problems;
• Selecting casing sizes and setting depths;
• Providing data necessary for submitting an application for a drilling
permit;
• Resolving directional drilling requirements;
• Developing the drilling mud program;
• Designing casing strings;
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The responsibilities of the drilling
engineer (Cont…)
• Preparing a hydraulics program;
• Recommending bottom-hole assemblies and bits;
• Preparing cementing recommendations;
• Preparing step-by-step procedures for drilling operations;
• Preparing rig specifications for rig bid requests and assist in rig selection;
• Identifying necessary mud-processing and solids-control equipment;
• Preparing drilling-cost and drilling-time curves monitor performance;
• Coordinating the well-planning activities with geo-science, purchasing,
operations, environmental and regulatory, and other engineering groups
to ensure that all aspect of well program will meet schedule.
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Operating company
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Drilling contractor
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Toolpusher is employed by the drilling contractor to be in overall charge of the rig and
liaise with the company man.
The STP co-ordinates all the Drilling Contractors functions on the rig and is the main
contact with the Operators Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman
The STP will probably have worked his way through the Rig Crew ranks to his present
position and have 10-20 years experience
On some rigs he is also the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) which means that he
carries the legal responsibility for safety on board the rig. On other rigs the Barge Captain is
the OIM
On a floating rig such as a semi-submersible or Drillship, the following groups will report to
the STP
Drill Crew
Engineering Crew
Marine Crew
Subsea Engineers
Medics
Radio Operators
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Drilling Crew
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Driller
- The driller operates the pumps, drawworks and rotary table via the
drillers console ( a room of gauges, control levers, rheostats and other
pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic instrumentation).
- The driller is sometimes referred to as the person who is “on the brake”.
Assistant Driller
- He has many task to perform most vary depending on particular drilling
operation being carried out at the time.
- He is direct supervisor for Derrickman, Pumpman and Roughnecks.
- He will relief Driller when driller take a short break.
Derrickman
- Working about 90 feet above the rig floor in the derrick.
- He handles the section of drill pipe under the direction of the assistant
driller.
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Drilling Crew (Cont‟d)
27
Pumpman
- He is assistant of Derrickman and responsible for the maintenance and
smooth operation of the mud pumps and mud holding pits among other
machines in the mud pump room.
- Also assist the roughnecks when very busy on drill floor and not required
in the pump room.
Roughneck (Floorman)
- A low-ranking member of the drilling crew.
- Works on the rig floor in a team of three and is responsible for the
operation of equipment and machines as required by the particular
operation being carried out at that time by the driller.
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Maintenance Crew
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Head of Maintenance
- He is the head of all maintenance operations on the rig. He has the
control of maintenance scheduling activities.
Motorman
- He is responsible for the operations and routine maintenance of the
prime movers.
- He can do minor repairs and will do other duties when needed.
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Support and Services Crew
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• Safety Officer
• Rig Medic/ Doctor
• Radio Operator
• Storeman
• A crew member who maintains stocks and distributes equipment
and parts on an offshore platform
• Catering & Accommodation Crew
• Lead by the camp boss who has the team of Chief Cook, Cook and
Cleaner.
• They have responsibility to serve food and good accommodation
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Service company personnel
30
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Third Party Services
31
• Operation geologist
• Drilling fluid Service Crew
• Cementing Services Crew
• Mud logging Crew
• Directional Drilling Crew
• Tubular Handling Crew
• Wellhead Service Engineer
• Electric Wireline Logging Crew
• Testing Crew
• Coring Crew, etc.
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Drilling Process
32
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33
Drill Bit
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34
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37
CASING SIZES
Sizes:
Available Casing Sizes :
36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 ¾ in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 ½ in. OD
5 ½ in. OD
4 ½ in. OD
4 in. OD
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40
Rig vs Platform
41
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Drillship
RIG TYPES
Land Rigs
Barges 42
Rigs
Marine Land
Self - Tendered
Contained
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Drilling Rig Selection
43
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Water Depth vs. Rig Types
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Land Rig Jack Up Semi Submersible
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LAND RIGS
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INLAND BARGES
47
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig
Production
Platform
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48
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
49
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig
- Common type of drilling rig employed in shallow water depth.
- Floating tender barge consists of power supply and manpower for
the drilling operation and also contains accommodation quarters and
all required equipment except the derrick
- Tender barge is moored against production platform that has derrick
- Attractive for situations in which there is an old platform with
reduced load-carry ability and/or space, such as when a platform was
drilled with a standard platform rig and then production equipment
was loaded onto the platform, thus eliminating space and load-carry
capacity.
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
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50
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
water depth is less than 100m
Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can be jacked
down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is clear off the sea surface.
The legs support the hull.
In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the advantage of
being able to leave a free standing well with a surface completion once it
is finished.
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51
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Semi-submersible Rig
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52
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
53
Semi-submersible Rig
In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy weather
can be expected then semi-submersibles must be used.
Drill Ship
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54
TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Drill Ship
Drillships are designed to carry out drilling operations in
ultra-deep waters where even most Semi-Submersibles can
not drill.
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55
DIFFERENCES
56
ONSHORE RIGS (Land) OFFSHORE RIGS (Marine)
Supported on ground surface Supported on man-made surfaces;
Mobile units (jack-ups, semisubmersibles
and ships)
Sea-bottom-supported fixed platforms
No need extension pipe Utilization of an extension pipe (drilling
riser) between rig floor and seabed
Built-in units and skid mounted so can be Performed from the space above water on
transported from one drilling site to another structures called platforms that may be
classified as mobile and stationary/ fixed.
Portability and Maximum depth Portability and Maximum water depth
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Lifting Capacity
57
Needs of a Rig
The rig must be able to handle the heaviest drill string
or casing string with a margin of safety
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DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS
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Rotary Drilling Rig Components
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HOISTING
ROTARY SYSTEM
SYSTEM
DRILLING DATA
RIG ACQUISITION
POWER SYSTEM AND
COMPONENTS MONITORING
SYSTEM
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1) RIG POWER SYSTEM
61
Total power requirements for most rigs are between 1000 – 3000 hp
Old days used steam engine. Steam boilers are rarely used in present
operations due to the difficulty in transporting the boilers.
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Power System
62
PRIME MOVERS
These are used to supply
power to drilling operations.
These can be steam engines,
electric motors, internal
combustion engine
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Rotary Power Requirement
63
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Rotary Power Requirement
64
Output Power:
Po = 2πNT
33000
Input Power:
Pi = QfH
2545
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Power-System Performance Characteristics …...
65
Methane -- 24,000
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66
Exercise 1:
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2) HOISTING SYSTEM
67
Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string
and other subsurface equipment into or out of
hole.
Principal Components:
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works
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Rig Hoisting System
68
Crown Block
Fast line
Dead line
Anchor
Storage Reel
Draw Works
Moving
Block
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Rig Components (Hoisting System)
69
DERRICK
-The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical height required to
the raising and lowering of drill
string into and out of borehole
Mast
– A portable derrick, one capable of
being erected as a unit
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70
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Rig Components (Hoisting System)
Components of Block and
Tackle:
1. Crown block
2. Travelling block
3. Drilling line
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Rig Components (Hoisting System)
72
DRAWWORKS
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73
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Components of Drilling hook is used
the hoisting to suspend the
system drillstring or downhole
74 equipment is suspended
from the travelling
block.
Fastline – it is wound
onto the drawworks and
usually reeved around
the blocks several times
(moving line).
Deadline – acts as an
anchor point below the
rig floor and does not
move
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75
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Hoisting System (Cont‟)
76
The tensile strength of the drilling line and the number of times
it is reeved through the blocks will depend on the load, which
must be supported by the hoisting system.
The tensile load (lbs.) on the fast line, Ff and dead line Fd in a
frictionless system can be determined from:
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Hoisting System (Cont‟)
77
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Hoisting System (Cont‟)
78
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Hoisting System (Cont‟)
79
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Hoisting System (Cont‟)
80
Actual Derrick Load:
W W 1 E En
Fd W W
En n En
fast dead
Fd = W + F f + F s
Fd = load applied to the derrick
W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)
n = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block
• Fde = maximum equivalent derrick load, equal to four times the maximum leg load
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Rig selection
81
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Example 1
82
Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.
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Solution
83
(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841. The tension in the fast line is:
W 300,000
Ff 44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is :
Ph = E.I = 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp
1 E En
Fd W
En
1 0.841 0.841(8)
(300,000) = 382,090 lbf
0.841(8)
(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by:
n4 84
Fde W (300,000) 450,000lbf
n 8
(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is
Fd 382,090
Ed 0.849 or 84.9% Answer
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Making a connection
85
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Making a trip
86
the process of moving the drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or
alter the bottom-hole assembly, and lower the drillstring again into the
hole is referred.
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Tripping out
(Pulling the drillstring from the hole)
87
1. First, raising the Kelly
above the rotary table.
2. Setting slips
4. Drillpipe is then
removed by attaching
pipe elevators to the
drillpipe and using the
drum hoist to raise the
drillpipe above the rig
floor.
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3) ROTATING SYSTEM
Rotary System88to Rotate the Bit
Main Parts:
1. Swivel
2. Kelly
3. Rotary Drive
4. Rotary Table
5. Drill Pipe
6. Drill Collar
1. Swivel :
Supports the weight of the drillstring and
permits rotation
2.Kelly:
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily.
Torque is transmitting through kelly
bushings.
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(Rotating System)
Rotary System to Rotate the Bit
3. Slips: 89
During making up a joint slips are used to
prevent drillstring from falling in hole.
4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary
table.
5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by (a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range Length (ft)
1 18 to 22
2 27 to 30
3 38 to 45
6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply
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weight to the bit.
The Rotary Table
90
Swivel
Kelly The rotation of the drill string is
enabled via a hexagonal section of
Kelly Bushing pipe “Kelly” which is 15 metres
long which locates in the rotary
table.
Rotary Table
The drill pipe and drill collars are
referred to as “tubulars”
Kelly
Kelly
bushing
Rotary table
Components:
1. Mud Pumps
2. Mud Pits
3. Mud Mixing Equipment
4. Contaminants Removal Equipment
Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston
Pumps.
Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting
Forward-Backward)
Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only
Single Acting)
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MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
94
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SHALE SHAKER
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Pump Displacement
(Duplex Pump)
100
(1) Double Acting
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101 15/09/2014 14:12
Example 2:
Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per
stroke for a duplex pump102having 6.5-in. liners,
2.5in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%?
Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump:
Fp = (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
= (/2) (18) (2(6.5)2 - (2.5)2) . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.3 /stroke
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke. Answer
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Pump Displacement
(Triplex Pump)
103
(2) Single Acting
b) Flowrate in gal/min
a) 4.039 gal/cycle
b) 484.67 gal/min
c) 848.32 hp
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6) DRILLING DATA ACQUISITION AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
108
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DRILLER‟S TERMINOLOGY
The Drilling Industry is full of Jargon