Quantitative Data Analysis

with SPSS 12 and 13

This new edition has been completely updated to accommodate the needs of users of
SPSS Releases 12 and 13 for Windows, whilst still being applicable to those using SPSS
Releases 11 and 10.
Alan Bryman and Duncan Cramer provide a non-technical approach to quantita-
tive data analysis and a user-friendly introduction to the widely used SPSS. No previous
familiarity with computing or statistics is required to benefit from this step-by-step guide
to techniques including:

• non-parametric tests
• correlation
• simple and multiple regression
• multivariate analysis of variance and covariance
• factor analysis

The authors discuss key issues facing the newcomer to research, such as how to
decide which statistical procedure is suitable, and how to interpret the subsequent results.
Each chapter contains worked examples to illustrate the points raised and ends with a
comprehensive range of exercises which allow the reader to test their understanding of
the topic.
This new edition of this hugely successful textbook will guide the reader through
the basics of quantitative data analysis and become an essential reference tool for both
students and researchers in the social sciences.
The data sets used in Quantitative Data Analysis for SPSS 12 and 13 are available
via the Internet at:

http://www.psypress.co.uk/brymancramer

Alan Bryman and Duncan Cramer both teach at Loughborough University and have
written several books on statistical analysis with both SPSS and Minitab.
 ROUTLEDGE
Quantitative
Data Analysis
with SPSS
12 and 13

A Guide for Social Scientists

I Alan Bryman and Duncan Cramer

First published 2005 by Routledge
27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
Copyright © 2005 Psychology Press
Cover design by Hybert Design
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
This book is not sponsored or approved by SPSS, and errors are
in no way the responsibility of SPSS. SPSS is a registered trademark and
the other product names are trademarks of SPSS Inc. SPSS Screen Images © SPSS Inc.
For further information, contact: SPSS UK Ltd, First Floor St Andrews House,
West Street, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6EB, UK.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
For further information, contact: Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way,
Redmond, WA 98052-6399, USA
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Applied for

ISBN 0-203-49818-6 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-57498-2 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0-415-34081-0 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-34080-2 (pbk)
For Sue, Sarah and Stella
 Contents
Contents

List of figures ix
List of tables xiii
List of boxes (screenshots) xix
Preface xxiii

1 Data analysis and the

research process 1

2 Analysing data with

computers: first steps with
SPSS 12 and 13 19

3 Analysing data with

computers: further steps
with SPSS 12 and 13 47

4 Concepts and their

measurement 65

vii
CONTENTS

5 Summarising data 85

6 Sampling and statistical significance 121

7 Bivariate analysis: exploring

differences between scores on two
variables 141

8 Bivariate analysis: exploring

relationships between two variables 199

9 Multivariate analysis: exploring

differences among three or more
variables 247

10 Multivariate analysis: exploring

relationships among three or more
variables 283

11 Aggregating variables: exploratory

factor analysis 323

Answers to exercises 341

Appendix 353
Bibliography 355
Index 359

viii