What is SAP?

Definition of SAP ERP Software

What is SAP?
SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.

SAP by definition is also named of the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software as well the name of the company.

SAP Software was Founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hopp, Hector, Plattner and Tschira.

SAP system consists of a number of fully integrated modules, which covers virtually every aspect of the business management.

SAP is #1 in the ERP market. As of 2010, SAP has more than 140,000 installations worldwide, over 25 industry-specific business
solutions and more than 75,000 customers in 120 countries

Other Competitive products of SAP Software in the market are Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics etc.

What is SAP ERP? Why it is Required?

Following Video will explain the need of an ERP software like SAP in an enterprise

Click here if the video is not accessible

The very basic question to any beginners is why Enterprise Resource Planning also called ERP is required? To answer this, let’s
examine this typical business scenario.
Suppose a client approaches sales team asking for a particular product. The sales team contacts to inventory department to check
the availability of the product. To their surprise, sales team found out that the product is out of stock. So next time this don’t happen,
they have to introduce a SAP ERP tool.

Before we actually see in detail, what ERP is and how ERP can help in your business process, we will understand how different
departments are involved in the whole business process, right from the ordering of the raw material – to manufacturing goods – to
delivering final goods to the customer.
Here is the whole process that is followed by any business unit.

1. Client contacts the sales team to check the availability of the product
2. Sales team approaches the Inventory department to check for the availability of the product
3. In case the product is out of stock, the sales team approaches the Production Planning Department to manufacture the
product
4. The production planning team checks with inventory department for availability of raw material
5. If raw material is not available with inventory, the Production Planning team buys the raw material from the Vendors
6. Then Production Planning forwards the raw materials to the Shop Floor Execution for actual production
7. Once ready, the Shop Floor Team forwards the goods to the Sales Team
8. Sales Team who in turn deliver it to the client
 9. The sales team updates the finance with revenue generated by the sale of the product. Production planning team update the
finance with payments to be made to different vendors for raw materials.
10. All departments approach the HR for any Human Resource related issue.

That is a typical business process for any manufacturing company. Some key inferences one could derive from the scenario would
be.

 It has many departments or business units

 These departments or business units continuously communicate and exchange data with each other
 The success of any organization lies in effective communication, and data exchange, within these departments, as well as
associated third party such as vendors, outsourcers, and customers.

Based on the manner in which communication and data exchanged is managed. Enterprise systems can be broadly classified as

1) Decentralized System

2) Centralized System which are also called as ERP.

Decentralized System
Let's look at Decentralized system first, in a company with Decentralized System of Data Management, there are two major
problems –

 Data is maintained locally at the individual departments

 Departments do not have access to information or data of other departments

To identify problems arising due to decentralized Enterprise management system lets look at the same business process again.
The customer approaches the sales team for a product, but this time around he needs the product, on an urgent basis.
Since it is a decentralized process, the Sales Team do not have any real-time information access to the products availability. So
they approach the Inventory department to check the availability of the product. This process takes time and customer chooses
another vendor leading to loss of revenue and customer dissatisfaction.
Now, suppose the product is out of stock and the Sales Team approaches the Production Planning team to manufacture the
product for future use. Production Planning Team checks the availability of the raw materials required.

In a decentralized system, raw material information is separately stored by Production Planning as well as Inventory Department.
Thus, data maintenance cost (in this case Raw Material) goes up.
The raw material information is available in two different departments Inventory as well as Production Planning. When sales team
check a particular raw material required to manufacture the product, it shows the raw material is available as per the inventory, but
as per the database of the production planning team, the raw material is out of stock.

So, they go ahead and buy the raw material. Thus, material as well inventory cost goes up.

Once the raw material is available, the shop floor department suddenly realizes they are short of workers they approach the HR,
who in turn hire temporary employees at higher than market rates. Thus LABOR Cost Increases.

The production planning department fails to update the finance department on the materials they have purchased. The finance
department defaults the payment deadline set by the vendor causing the company loss of its reputation and even inviting a possible
legal action.
These are just a few of many problems with decentralized systems.

Some Major problems with the decentralized system are –

 Numerous disparate information system generates individually over time which are difficult to maintain
 Integrating the data is time and money consuming
 Inconsistencies and duplication of data
 Lack of timely information leads to customer dissatisfaction , loss of revenue and reputation
 High Inventory, material, and human resource cost.

These are some major drawbacks for which we need a solution. Well the Solution lies in Centralized Systems i.e. ERP.

Centralized System
In a company, with Centralized System of Information and Data Management.

1) Data is maintained at a central location and is shared with various Departments

2) Departments have access to information or data of other Departments

Let’s look at the same business process again to understand how a Centralized Enterprise System helps to overcome problems
posed by a Decentralized Enterprise System.

In this Case, all departments update a Central Information System.

 When Customer approaches the sales team to buy a product on an urgent basis. The Sales Team has real-time information
access to the products in inventory which is updated by the Inventory Department in the Centralized System
 Sales Team respond to customer request on time leading to Increased Revenue and Customer Delight.
 In case, manufacturing is required the Sales Team update the Centralized Database, so that all the department remain
informed about the product status.
  Production Planning Department is auto updated by the Centralized Database for requirements. Production Planning Team
checks the availability of the raw materials required via Central Database, which is updated by the Inventory Department.
 Thus, Data Duplication is avoided, and accurate data is made available. The Shop Floor Team update their Man Power
Status regularly in the Central Database, which can be accessed by the HR department.
 In case of shortage of workforce, HR team starts recruitment process with considerable lead time to hire a suitable candidate
at market price.Thus labor cost goes down.
 While vendors can directly submit their invoices to the Central Enterprise System, which can be accessed by the finance
department. Thus, payments are made on time, and possible legal actions are avoided
 SAP software is a type of Centralized System. SAP System is most popularly used ERP software.

Key benefits of the centralized system are:

 It Eliminates the duplication, discontinuity and redundancy in data
 Provides information across departments in real time.
 SAP System is Provides control over various business processes
 Increases productivity, better inventory management , promotes quality , reduced material cost, effective human resources
management, reduced overheads boosts profits
 Better customer interaction and increased throughput. It also improves customer service
 Hence, a centralized enterprise management system is required.
 SAP Software is a centralized enterprise management system also known as Enterprise Resource Planning.

SAP Course for Beginners

Course Summary

SAP has the largest market share of all ERP systems & commands unparalleled premium in the ERP & IT market. These basic
tutorials will introduce the SAP ERP, Business suite, SAP Modules, GUI and process to become a SAP consultant.

What should I know?

Nothing! This course assumes you to be an absolute beginner to SAP.

Syllabus

Tutorial Introduction to SAP Introduction to SAP and Why it is required ?

Tutorial SAP Business Suite

Tutorial SAP Modules Introductions

Tutorial How to choose Best SAP Module for your career

Tutorial How to become SAP consultant

Tutorial How to get a SAP Certification

Tutorial SAP GUI & Navigation Tutorial

Tutorial How to install SAP IDES for Practice

Tutorial What is mySAP?

Tutorial What is Netweaver?

Tutorial How to Display Technical Names in SAP

 Tutorial SAP Molga List for ALL Countries

Tutorial How to Execute SAP Reports

Tutorial How to use SAP variant

Tutorial Top 50 SAP Interview Questions

Tutorial What is SAP Business Blueprint?

Tutorial What is the Full Form and Meaning of ERP?

Tutorial What is Full form of SAP?

Tutorial Top 18 SAP Testing Interview Questions & Answers

SAP Business Suite

What is SAP Business Suite?
SAP Business Suite is collection of fully integrated applications such as SAP customer relationship management (CRM), SAP
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), SAP product lifecycle management (PLM), SAP supplier relationship management (SRM),
and SAP supply chain management (SCM) modules.

Most people relate SAP with its ERP offering. But SAP now offers variety of products to address varied needs of an organization.
Lets have a look at them -
 SAP HANA:- High Performance Analytic Appliance uses in-memory computing, a breakthrough technology that enables
analysis of very large, non-aggregated data at unprecedented speed in local memory (vs. disk-based database) enabling
complex analyses, plans and simulations on real-time data.
 SAP Convergent Charging :- SAP Convergent Charging provides a rating and charging solution for high-volume
processing in service industries. It delivers pricing design capabilities, high performance rating and convergent balance
management.
 Customer Relationship Management:- Unlike other CRM software, the SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP
CRM) application, part of the SAP Business Suite, not only helps you address your short-term imperatives – to reduce cost
and increase your decision-making ability – but can also help your company achieve differentiated capabilities in order to
compete effectively over the long term.
 Enterprise Resource Planning:- A sound foundation is necessary to compete and win in the global marketplace. The SAP
ERP application supports the essential functions of your business processes and operations efficiently and are tailored to
specific needs of your industry like SAP ERP Financials, SAP ERP Human capital management,SAP ERP Operations,SAP
ERP corporate services.
 SAP Environment, Health, and Safety Management :- It supports environmental, occupational and product safety
processes, regulatory compliance, and corporate responsibility. This is accomplished by embedding corporate policies,
compliance, and environmental, health and safety capabilities with global business processes for human resources, logistics,
production and finance.
 SAP Global Batch Traceability :- It allows you to completely trace tracked objects, for example, a batch, across both SAP
systems and non-SAP systems. In the event of a recall or withdrawal, SAP GBT ensures the timely compliance with legal
reporting timelines. Furthermore, it helps you to minimize cost and corporate risk exposure. You can also analyze multiple
objects, for example, batches, in one run.
 SAP Product Life Cycle Management:- To survive in an ever-changing global environment, creating and delivering
innovative and market differentiating products and services is what distinguishes your company from the competition. The
SAP Product Lifecycle Management (SAP PLM) application provides you with a 360-degree-support for all product-related
processes – from the first product idea, through manufacturing to product service
 SAP Supplier Life Cycle Management:- SAP Supplier Lifecycle Management is a holistic approach to managing supplier
relationships. It deals with the supply base as a whole to constantly determine the right mix of suppliers. It covers the lifecycle
of individual suppliers ? from onboarding to a continuous development.
 Supply Chain Management :- You face enormous pressure to reduce costs while increasing innovation and improving
customer service and responsiveness. SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) enables collaboration, planning,
 execution, and coordination of the entire supply network, empowering you to adapt your supply chain processes to an
ever-changing competitive environment.
 Supplier Relationship Management:- With SAP SRM you can examine and forecast purchasing behavior, shorten
procurement cycles, and work with your partners in real time. This allows you to develop long-term relationships with all those
suppliers that have proven themselves to be reliable partners.
 Governance, Risk and Compliance:- Risk is unavoidable, but it can be managed. With governance, risk, and compliance
(GRC), businesses can strategically balance risk and opportunity.
 Sales and operations planning:- SAP Sales and Operations Planning enables you to optimally and profitably meet
long-term future demand. Typically, this process repeats every month and involves many participants including Sales,
Marketing, Finance, Demand Planning, and Supply Chain Planning.
 SAP Transportation Management :- It supports you in all activities connected with the physical transportation of goods
from one location to another.
 Extended Warehouse Management:- SAP Extended Warehouse Management gives you the option of mapping your
entire warehouse complex in detail in the system, down to the storage bin level. Not only does this give you an overview of
the total quantity of a product in the warehouse, but you can also always see exactly where a specific product is, at any time,
in your warehouse complex. With EWM, you can optimize the use of various storage bins and stock movements, and can
combine the storage of stocks from several plants in randomly-managed warehouses.
 Mobile Apps:- Mobile devices can also access SAP system.

SAP ERP Functional & Technical Modules

SAP Modules can be categorized into

 Functional Modules
 Technical Modules

These functional and technical modules are tightly coupled. Below is a list of key SAP Modules

1. SAP FI Module - FI stands for Financial Accounting

SAP FI module is very robust and covers almost all financial business process encountered in various industries. It is one of the
widely implemented modules in SAP. Learn more about SAP FI

1. SAP CO Module - CO stands for Controlling

Cost Accounting (CO) module of SAP provides information to managers decision makers to understand where the company's
money is being spent. CO helps them to optimize business costs.

1. SAP HCM Module - HR stands for Human Resources

SAP Human Capital Management (HCM) is also called SAP-HR. SAP HCM consists of sub-modules like Personnel Administration
(PA), Organizational Management (OM), Time, Payroll that help in employee management. Learn more about SAP HCM

1. SAP MM Module - MM is Materials Management

Materials Management module in SAP consists of several components and sub-components including Master Data, Purchasing,
and Inventory. Learn more about SAP MM

1. SAP QM Module - QM stands for Quality Management

SAP QM (Quality Management) is an integral part of several key business processes of SAP like production, sales, procurement,
material management, etc. Learn more about SAP QM

1. SAP PP Module - PP is Production Planning

SAP PP ( Production Planning) is a SAP module, specially designed for integrating different department involved in production and
manufacturing. It has various components like Data Center, BOM, Work Center, CRP etc. Learn more about SAP PP

1. SAP SD Module - SD is Sales and Distribution

SAP Sales and Distribution (SD) is an important module of SAP ERP consisting of business processes required in selling, shipping,
billing of a product. The module is tightly integrated with SAP MM & SAP PP. Key sub-modules of SAP SD are Customer and
Vendor Master Data, Sales, Delivery, Billing, Pricing and Credit Management. Learn more about SAP SD
 1. SAP BW Module - where BW stands for Business (Data) Warehouse

SAP BI (Business Intelligence) or SAP BW is a leading data warehousing and reporting tool. It helps convert raw data into
information and insights that help improve business margins. Learn more about SAP BW

1. SAP Basis -

SAP Basis is a set of programs and tools that act as an interface with Database, Operating system, communication protocols and
other SAP modules like FI,HCM, SD etc. Learn more about SAP Basis

1. SAP ABAP -

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming) is the default programming language for SAP applications. You can also
use Java to code in SAP. Learn more about SAP ABAP

1. SAP CRM - where CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management

SAP CRM is the Market Leader in Customer Relationship Management Software. SAP CRM plays a pivotal role in strengthening
customer relationships. Learn more about SAP CRM

1. SAP HANA - where Hana stands for High-performance Analytic Appliance.

SAP HANA is an in-memory computing platform that allows real-time data analysis. Its currently the market leader in BI.Learn more
about SAP HANA

1. SAP EC Module - where EC stands for Enterprise Controlling

2. SAP TR Module - where TR stands for Treasury
3. SAP IM Module - where IM stands for Investment Management
4. SAP IS -where IS stands for Industries Specific Solution
5. SAP PS Module- and PS is Project Systems
6. SAP CAC - Cross Application Components
7. SAP SCM- where SCM stands for Supply Chain Management
 8. SAP PLM- where PLM stands for Product LifeCycle Management
9. SAP SRM- where SRM stands for Supplier Relationship Management
10. SAP CS- where CS stands for Customer Service
11. SAP SEM - where SEM stands for STRATEGIC ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT
12. SAP RE - where RE stands for Real Estate
13. SAP PM Module- where Plant Maintenance is the PM
14. SAP Security Learn more about SAP Security
15. SAP FSCM - where FSCM stands for Financial Supply Chain Management
16. SAP NetWeaver
17. SAP IS - where IS stands for Industry Specific Solution
18. SAP XI - where XI stands for Exchange Infrastructure
19. SAP Solution Manager – Learn more about Solution Manager
20. SAP LE - where LE stands for Logistics Execution
21. SAP APO- where APO stands for Advanced Planning and Optimization
22. SAP AFS - where AFS stands for Apparel and Footwear Solution
23. SAP CC - where CC stands for Convergent Charging
24. SAP ITS - where ITS stands for Internet Transaction Server
25. SAP ICM - where ICM stands for Incentive and Commission Management
26. SAP KW - where KW stands for Knowledge Warehouse
27. SAP MDM - where MDM stands for Master Data Management

How to choose Best SAP Module for your career

We often emails along the line ... "I have done XYZ degree and have ABC work experience. Could you recommend a SAP module
for me? "

It is difficult to answer all your emails, so, we decided to bring out a guide that will help you in choosing the "right" module for you.

You need to consider three factors in choosing a SAP module

1. Job Opportunities in the chosen Module

 2. You academic background and work experience
3. Your Career / Life Goals

Let's look at them one by one.

Job Opportunities
SAP has 25 modules and adding. Refer this list of all SAP Modules

But not all the 25 SAP modules are implemented in every company. The most implemented modules are the ones with
most job opportunities.

We recommend you narrow down your choice of SAP Modules to following which are in demand

1. SAP FI
2. SAP MM
3. SAP SD
4. SAP PP
5. SAP HCM
6. SAP Basis/ ABAP - for people with a technical bent

Apart from above modules, you can also consider making a career in many SAP add-on modules like which are HOT in market

1. SAP CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

2. SAP BI also known as SAP BW (Business Warehouse)

Academic Background and work experience

 Once you have narrowed your choices to above modules, you need to factor in your education and work experience (if any) to
trim the choices even further.

For instance, if you are a MBA in HR it makes no sense choosing SAP FI module. SAP HCM is a more apt module for you. Working
in HCM module will give you a competitive advantage as compared to SAP FI where you will work as a fresher.

Your career and life goals.

This is often the most overlooked although the most important factor. Before selecting a SAP module , you need to think hard
whether you want to work on SAP in first place ?

You need to factor in your inclination , passion , aptitude and career goals into your decision.

You need to ask yourself, whether you are looking for a "career" in SAP or just a job ?

Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good Luck :)

How to become SAP Consultant

Plan to make a career as a SAP Consultant? If Yes, this guide is a MUST READ!

What is a SAP Consultant?

SAP Consultant is a Subject Matter Expert (SME) either on the

 Business/ sales
 Functional
 Development or
 Basis
domains of SAP. The consultant provides advisory, recommendations, guidance, implementation help in their respective SAP
domains.

Why SAP?
SAP (Systems Applications and Products) is the world's leading provider of business software which specializes in industry specific
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions.

SAP is implemented in 9 out of every 10 Fortune 500 company.

SAP consultants enjoy a premium remuneration over their IT counterparts working in other technologies like Java, .net etc.

Types of SAP Consultant

1) Business/Sales Consultant - They try to win projects at customer end - without knowing much about SAP :-)

2) SAP Functional Consultant - They are responsible for customizing SAP as per customer demand. They talk with developers to
code custom ABAP programs as per client requirements.

3) Developer Consultant - They are responsible for coding ABAP/Java Programs

4) SAP Basis Consultant - They help in installing, maintenance and performance tuning of SAP servers and databases

Above are the major consulting roles found in almost all SAP projects. Depending on the nature and size of the project there may
be other consulting roles as well such as SAP security consultant, SAP Techno-functional consultants, etc.

Skills required in becoming a SAP Functional Consultant

The skills expected of a SAP Functional consultant vary with experience. But a fresher SAP consultant must have following skills
that almost all employers look for -
  Extensive SAP (module specific) knowledge.
 Good Domain (Banking, Telecommunication, etc. ) knowledge
 Good Communication and presentation skills. SAP consultants are often required to interface with the client and
understand client's requirements. A SAP consultant should be good in explaining technical information to non-technical
people
 Ability to work in Teams and good interpersonal skills.

Academic Background


Academic qualification required to become a SAP consultant -- Any Under Graduate Course like Bcom, B.E., BSc
etc. with any Specialization


 Any Post Graduate Course like MTech, MBA, etc. with any Specialization

SAP Consultant Salary

The salary of a fresher SAP consultant in the USA is from $48,000 to $60,000 and the bonuses are from $1,000 to $2,000.

The salary of a fresher SAP consultant in India is from RS 247,000 to RS 4,50,000 and the bonuses are from RS 10,000 to RS
15,000.

How to become a SAP consultant

From time to time we get emails asking "How do I become a SAP consultant." Obviously, there is no one answer. There are many
ways to enter the SAP market. Here are a few we can conjure ... Obtain SAP Training & Certification. Choose a SAP module
and get a certification from an authorized SAP training partner. SAP training is expensive, but it's worth the investment

Join a consulting companyIf you have good business/domain knowledge (and want to learn SAP ?), you could consider joining
an IT consultancy company like IBM, Deloitte, Infosys. etc as a junior consultant.
Join as a Trainee or in SAP supportYou can consider joining a company which has SAP implemented and work as a Trainee or
support personnel. The company may later sponsor your SAP certification and training. The trick here is to find such a company
and convince them to hire you

Join SAP Project as a non-SAP person.Many SAP projects require skills outside of SAP. For instance, lots of projects require a
data conversion individual. If you are good in database and SQL, you might consider joining the project and later teach yourself
SAP

Any other ways to enter the SAP market? ... Leave a comment

Following tool will help you choose the best sap module for yourself. Good Luck :)

How to get a SAP Certification

SAP offers various certification for different modules.

Certifications can be found based on the

 SAP Solution (Like SAP Business One, Business Objects, ERP, Netweaver, PLM etc)
 Your Role ( Development, Application, Technology)

As of today there are 220+ different certifications on offer

Each certificate has 2 levels

1. Associate
2. Professional – (Please be aware that the professional-level certifications also require several years of practical on-the-job
experience and address real-life scenarios)
Types of SAP Types of questions Requirement Exam
certification Duration

Associate 80 multiple choice, multiple _______ 3 hours

certification response and matching
questions and answers

NEW- Speciality 40 multiple choice, multiple Comes along in addition to 90

Certification response and matching associate exams minutes
question and answers

Professional of 80 multiple choice, Requires project experience, 3 hours

certification multiple response, scenario business process knowledge and
based and matching questions understanding of SAP solutions
and answers

Eligibility Criteria
For SAP there are no specific criteria if you are enrolling for basic modules of SAP; any graduate can pursue their career in SAP.
However, some SAP modules require relevant work experience in field like engineer graduate with relevant work experience of
minimum two years can take a course in SAP MM, PP, and PM module while a commerce graduate or MBA can choose SAP FICO.

Registration for SAP certification

Since 2014 SAP certification vouchers are only available for purchased directly from SAP education. Pearson Vue is no longer
accepting payment for SAP certification.

Registration for SAP Certification exams taken at Pearson VUE

1. Contact your local SAP education department to register to your S-user number
 2. Purchase a voucher from SAP education. You have to pay $500
3. Create a new web account if you don't already have an account with Pearson Vue
4. Sign in to your Pearson Vue account and schedule your exam appointment. At the checkout screen, enter your voucher
number in the space marked "Voucher/Promotion Code"
5. For few countries, online certification service is not provided and you have to call SAP where a representative will guide you
through the process.
6. To register for SAP certification online, you have to visit the
website http://www.sap.com/training-education/certification/about.html

Tips to prepare for SAP certification exam

 Find the right level of certification ( Associate or Professional certification exam)
 Start your search for your module directly in the certification web shop (https://training.sap.com/shop/certification/). Select
the country and language to get all information for your location
 If you are new to SAP, use the options training and certification shop
(https://training.sap.com/shop/catalogue/by-delivery-method) it offers a wide variety of training options to meet your learning
needs, it includes e-learning courses as well
 In order to get a better idea about which topics are important for your certification, you have to review the syllabus. On the
certification site, you can find an overview of the related topics
 SAP education also provides some sample questions on its site; these are actual questions asked during past exams. You
will find these questions under certification details for each exam
 Learning with SAP books is a good alternative
 SAP learning hub general user guide allows to interact with SAP solution experts through a forum. It also offers multiple
courses in various languages
 In SAP exam be careful in using English words especially words like can, only, always, except

SAP Logon: GUI & Navigation Tutorial

What is SAP Logon?
SAP Logon is used initiate a user session in a desired SAP Server. The same SAP Logon pad can be used to login into different
SAP ERP environments. SAP Logon is a client side software usually used by Consultants, developers and end-users

Following Video will take you through the various screen elements observed in the SAP - Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Click here if the video is not accessible

To access SAP, double click in the SAP logon PAD.

You are shown a list of servers that you could log into right now there is only one server


 

But you see multiple servers like one for production, one for Testing one for development.
 


Select the server and click the Log On Button. In the next screen, enter your user id and password. You are taken to Sap's
easy access menu

At the top, you will see the menu bar. Next you will see the standard tool bar where you options to Print , Save Find , Scroll etc
 

To view or maintain any data in SAP or access different business process you need to know the corresponding transaction.
Every transaction has a unique code.

For example, transaction number to maintain a PA data is PA30


 To access the transaction, in the command prompt enter PA30 and hit enter.
 If you notice the title bar changes in accordance with the transaction, you are currently in.
 To go back to the initial screen click the back button
 Alternatively, if you do not remember the transaction code, a tree is provided with all the transaction available.
 Navigate in the tree. Double click in the corresponding transaction. Suppose you do not want to navigate so much to access
a transaction, right click on it and select Add to favorites

 The transaction is added to your favorites. At the bottom of a screen you will notice Message Bar. This Bar has three colors
 Red - for errors
 Yellow - for warnings
 Green - for success
  If you double click on the bar, detailed information of the message is reflected
 At the bottom, you will see various system related information like the client or the program you are currently in.
 To get help in SAP, select on the corresponding screen element and press F1
 Suppose, I want help on command prompt, pressing F1 gives me a very detailed help document.
 That's it to the SAP GUI

SAP GUI Navigation

When you logon to SAP or you open a new session- you will see the following screen
Lets look into the various screen elements-

SAP User Menu

The SAP User Menu is tailored to the user's specific needs. It includes all transactions relevant to a user, grouped under relevant
folders
SAP Easy Access Menu
The SAP Easy Access Menu includes all transactions offered by SAP, grouped in folders according to SAP modules (FI/CO, MM,
etc.). It is not tailored to the user's specific needs

SAP Menu Bar

The SAP Menu Bar CHANGES from one screen to another. You follow a menu path to access a function or a transaction.

SAP Standard Tool Bar

The SAP Standard Toolbar does NOT change from one transaction to another. You can use the SAP Standard Toolbar to execute
various functions.

 Buttons available are enabled

 Buttons not available are disabled
 In the "Transaction Box", you can directly access a transaction, without using the SAP Menu, by entering the transaction
code

General Icons and their Description

 Hint: You open a maximum of 6 different SAP session at a time

SAP Application Toolbar

The SAP Application Toolbar CHANGES from one screen to another.

SAP Status Bar

The SAP Status Bar does NOT change from one screen to another. It tells you WHERE you are in SAP:

 Which environment you are using (Production , Development , Quality).

 In which session you are in (as you can open up to 6 sessions).
 What client you are using.
Clicking on button gives more information -

SAP Function Keys

Functions keys are just another way of navigating around SAP. The availability of function keys CHANGES from one screen to
another While in a transaction , right click on your mouse , you will see a list of function keys available
How to get HELP in SAP
More often than not while using SAP you will need HELP. You can access in-built SAP Help functionality for ANY screen
element (like text fields , buttons ,labels etc ) for ANY SAP Screen In this training , we will assume you need help for the following
field -
You can access help in three different ways

1. Clicking on the "Help" button.

2. Right-clicking on your mouse and selecting "Help".
3. Pressing the F1 button on your keyboard.

A Performance Assistance Screen Opens-

1. It gives you information on how to fill the specific field on screen

2. Clicking on Technical Information Button gives you information like program name , table name and other technical details which
comes in very handy at times
3. Clicking on portal button gives you access to the online SAP Library available via the internet.
How to install SAP IDES for Practice
What is SAP IDES?
IDES is a demo SAP system developed by SAP AG used for learning and training and purpose. IDES stand
for Internet Demonstration and Evaluation System.

SAP IDES is an easy way for end users or consultants to get acquainted with SAP or gain mastery over the SAP ERP.

This document will explain you the installation of IDES server for learning and practice purpose. There are some prerequisites
before installation of IDES EHP6 server. We required installation media, list of media is shown below:

 j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe
 IDES EHP6 Installation Master
 IDES EHP6 Installation Export
 NW703 Kernel 720_Ext
  SL Controller 720
 MS SQL RDBMS
 SAPCRYPTOGRAPHIC Library
 JCE (Java Cryptography Extension) Policy

The above media is available on SAP Marketplace. Download and store it on your local hard disk. What we have gone through was
software requirement, now let us focus on hardware requirement. For the installation we require server with

 RAM of 4 GB and above

 HDD of 600 GB
 Intel i3 processor 64-bit and above
 Windows server 2006 R2 operating system.

Note: You can install SAP on Linux , AIX and Sun Solaris as well Below we have explained road map and each step for SAP IDES
installation.

Many learners need a video of the installation steps or do not have access to the SAP Marketplace to download the necessary files.
For such students we recommend you follow this course to get step by step process to install SAP in your laptop.

Fig. Roadmap of SAP Installation

Installation steps:

1. Hostname of the server where you want to install IDES should not be more than 13 characters otherwise you will get an error
during installation.
2. Increase the virtual memory to thrice of physical memory of the server or ideally you can make it 20 GB.
3. Install the Java - j2sdk-1_4_2_17-windows-amd64.exe and set the JAVA_HOME environment variable. Windows server
2008 R2 has the java component within operating system package.
4. Before you start SAP IDES installation, you need to decide the System Identifier (SID) and Instance Number (00). Here we
will use SID = IDS and instance number = 00.
5.

Now go to the installation master media and follow the path as shown below:

6. SAPCD(F:)/INST_MAST/IM_WINDOWS_X86_64/sapinst and double click on "sapinst" as shown in below figures 1 &

2.

Fig. 1
 Fig. 2

1. After double clicking on "sapinst" it will open sap installation GUI as shown in figure 3.
2. Now follow the path as shown in figure 3 and select prerequisite check then click on the next.
 Fig. 3

1. Prerequisites check is needed because if there are any requisites missing then it will show you during this phase. Once you
click on the next, it will take you to the next screen as shown in figure 4. There is a datafile to check the prerequisites on the
installation master DVD. Once you will go to the next screen it will automatically detect the .xml file or you can browse the
installation master DVD for "PREREQUISITE_CHECK_DATA.XML" and then click on the next.
 Fig. 4

1. As we are installing ABAP stack, we need to check the option shown in figure 5 and then click on next.
 Fig. 5

1. On the next screen figure 6, it will ask for the database for sap. Here we are going to install SAP on MS SQL database, so we
have selected MS SQL server option. If you are planning to install another database then you can select it from the drop
down option which is highlighted in figure 6.
 Fig. 6

1. On the next screen, you have to mention the JAVA_HOME path, where you have installed the java environment, and also we
are installing Unicode so check all and then click on the next.
 Fig. 7

1. On the next screen figure 8, it will ask you to review the option which you selected. If you want to change the selection you
can select the option "revise". Otherwise select next, and it will execute prerequisite check.
 Fig. 8

1. If there are any prerequisites missing then, it will show on the next screen, or it will complete execution successfully as shown
in figure 9.
 Fig. 9

1. Now again repeat the step 5 and execute "sapinst" from installation master and select the "Operating System user and
Groups" from drop down as shown in figure 10 and click on next.
 Fig. 10

1. On the next screen, it will ask you either you want to create OS accounts for sap host agent only or sap administrative user
also. After selecting the option click on the next as shown in figure 11.
 Fig. 11

1. On the next screen, it provides the SAP system identifier "IDS". Select local domain installation or provide the domain of your
host server as shown in figure 12 and then click next.
 Fig. 12

1. On the next screen, set the password. Password should be compatible with operating system password policy. After
mentioning the password click on the next.
 Fig. 13

1. Next screen (figure 14), allows you to revise the option which you have selected. Otherwise you can continue with selected
option and click on the next.
 Fig. 14

1. After successful execution of this step, following message is shown.

 Fig. 15

1. Once all the prerequisites and user creation is complete, we need to install the database before we start installation of central
instance of IDES server. To start the DB installation we need to go to RDBMS DVD as shown in figure 16.Here we have MS
SQL database and for that SAP provided the script "SQL4SAP", just double click on that script. If you have Oracle database
then it will get install in between installation of SAP.
 Fig. 16

1. After you double click on the script, it will open a window and ask for the database instance SID. For sap installation always
keeps it as default. So, it will create the DB SID same as SAP SID. Details are given in figure 17.
 Fig. 17

1. Once you click on the OK button, it will ask for the confirmation, so click on OK as shown in figure 18.
 Fig. 18

1. Once you confirm it will start the installation of MS SQL database in the background and installed on "C:/" drive.
 Fig. 19

1. Once the installation gets complete, it will show the message as shown in figure 20.
 Fig. 20

1. Now again repeat step 5 and start the "sapinst" and select the "Central Instance" and click on the next and start installation as
shown in figure 21.
 Fig. 21

1. On the next screen, it will ask you for installation mode. If you select "Typical" mode then sapinst automatically selects some
default settings, it will not allowe DB configuration and SAPDATA file selection. While if you select the "Custom" mode then it
will ask for this expert settings. Ref. figure 22.
 Fig. 22

1. Next screen figure 23, provide the SAP system ID (SID) and installation drive where you want to install (where "\usr\sap"
resides).
 Fig. 23

1. As shown in figure 24, it will ask for the server's Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). If you are going for local server
installation then uncheck the FQDN option otherwise check the FQDN option and provide your server's FQDN. Here we are
going for local installation, so we have unchecked the option.
 Fig. 24

1. Now, enter master password for your sap system. This password will be used for all SAP accounts and users during
installation. You can also use this password to log in to SAP system with DDIC and SAP* users.
 Fig. 25

1. As we have explained earlier, we are going to install as local installation. So, on the next screen (figure 26), select the local
installation option and click on next.
 Fig. 26

1. On the next screen as shown in figure 27, it will ask the password for "<SID>adm" and SAPservice<SID>. As you have
already provided the Master password, you can skip this step, or you can set a different password for each user. For Oracle
database, there are "<SID>adm" and "ORA<SID>" users.
 Fig. 27

1. Now it will ask for the database instance. As you have previously installed the MS SQL database, so it will show default
instance of the database, select that instance and click on the next.
 Fig. 28

1. On this screen, it will show the information message that DBSID and SAPSID is same. This is ok, just click on the next.
 Fig. 29

1. On the next screen it will ask you for the media path of Unicode Kernel NW 7.20. Please provide the path by browsing from
"Browse" and click on the next.
 Fig. 30

1. Next it will show the installation drive where "\usr\sap\PRFCLOG" will get created.
 Fig. 31

1. Now it will ask for the domain detail for sap host agent. We are installing as local so select local Domain option and click on
the next.
 Fig. 32

1. Now provide the password for sapadm user otherwise it will take the master password as default.
 Fig. 33

1. Now provide the path of installation export media and click on next.
 Fig. 34

1. Now it will ask for the password of database ABAP schema. By default it will take master password.
 Fig. 35

1. Now it will ask for the number of data file needs to be created for the database. As per the standard it will create 4 datafiles for
small system, 8 datafiles for medium system and 16 datafiles for large system. Here we have selected 8 datafiles.
 Fig. 36

1. On the next screen, it will ask for the path where you want to store these datafiles. Also, you need to specify the initial size of
datafiles.
 Fig. 37

1. Now it will ask for the location and size of tempdev and templog file.By default it will be on installation drive of a database.
After providing the required details click on the next.
 Fig. 38

1. Here you need to provide the number of parallel jobs of ABAP import phase, default is 3, but its recommended to increase the
number of parallel jobs as per server resources. We have increased the jobs from 3 to 10. SAP code page will be a default,
do not change it.
 Fig. 39

1. Here it will ask for the central instance number, you can choose any number in between 00 to 99. Here we have chosen 00,
which is a default.
 Fig. 40

1. Now provides the details of ABAP message server and Internal ABAP port. Default it will be 3600 and 3900 respectively. We
also need to provide a host for transport directory, default it will be the same host where you are installing the server. Here
you can change the host if there is common transport directory for single landscape.
 Fig. 41

1. Next screen will ask for the media path of sapcryptographic, provide the media path for the same. If you don't want to install
then uncheck the option and click on the next.
 Fig. 42

1. In this step it will unpack the component of sapcryptographic library. Please select each package to unpack and click on the
next.
 Fig. 43

1. Now it will ask for the SID of diagnostic agent system, default it will be DAA but you can provide as per you and also can
change the destination drive.
 Fig. 44

1. Here we need to provide the media path of JAVA JCE policy.

 Fig. 45

1. Next it will ask for the diagnostic agent system domain detail. If you want to install as domain then provide the domain name
and select the option "Domain of the current user" or " different domain" otherwise select local installation option, which we
have selected here.
 Fig. 46

1. On this screen, it will ask for the password for diagnostic agent system. Default password will be master password which you
have provided before.
 Fig. 47

1. Next it will ask for the instance number for the diagnostic agent system.
 Fig. 48

1. On the next screen, it will ask you to register your system in existing SLD if you want. SLD is the host where all server details
are stored. If you choose to register in existing SLD then on the next screen, it will ask you the host details. Here we have
selected "No SLD destination" option. You can find the details in figure 49 and figure 50.
Fig. 49
 Fig. 50

1. Now it will ask to unpack the archive for diagnostic agent system. Please check all and click on next.
 Fig. 51

1. Now on this screen it will show you all the parameter which you have selected during the "Define Parameters" phase. You
can revise the input parameter if you want. Once you revise the parameter, you can click on the next.
Fig. 52
 Fig. 53

1. On this screen, it will ask for the solution manager key. You required unique key for your installation that you need to
generate from SAP solution manager. After providing the solution manager key click on the next.
 Fig. 54

1. Once solution manager key provided, it will start the other installation phase. Longest phase will be "Import ABAP" phase. On
the bottom of the screen, you can find the status of the installation.
Fig. 55
 Fig. 56

1. Once all the phase completed successfully, it will pop-up new window which shows the message of successful installation.
 Fig. 57

1. Once the installation got complete, you can login to the system with DDIC and SAP* using SAP GUI with master password.
SAP IDES server has default 000, 001, 066 and 800 client available.
What is mySAP?
mySAP is not a single product but is a suite of products from SAP including SAP R/3.

SAP R/3 was First launched in 1998 , is regularly updated ,and is market leader in ERP category till date.
SAP R/3 many modules such as HR , Finance , MM covering all enterprise Functions
"3" stands for three tier architecture - Presentation tier , Logic tier and Data tier.

Other products in the mySAP product suite includes SRM(Supplier Relationship Management), CRM(Customer Relationship
Management), PLM(Product Lifecycle Management ) , SCM (Supply Chain Management)

Following Video will take you through the SAP product suite.

SAP NetWeaver: Learn in 10 Minutes

What is NetWeaver?
NetWeaver is SAP's integrated technology platform and is not a product in itself.In fact, the new version of basis is called the
Netweaver.

It is the underlying technology for all the products in the mySAP suite.

All the products in mySAP suite can run on a single instance of NetWeaver's, SAP Web Application Server ,also know as "SAP
WEBAs."

Netweaver makes possible access to SAP data using simple HTTP protocol or even mobile. This eliminates the need for
installing and more importantly training in SAP's client side software.

The core capabilities of SAP NetWeaver are the integration of people, information, and process
People integration
It simply means that it enables you to bring people together and help them work more efficiently.

Examples:-

 Portal: - provides industry leading portal technology that delivers unified, personalized, and role-based user access
 Collaboration: - Collaboration promotes cooperation in enterprises using virtual team rooms (Collaboration Rooms),
real-time communication (chat and application sharing) and the use of third-party groupware and synchronous collaboration
tools (for example, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes, and WebEx)
 Multi-Channel Access :- With Multi-Channel Access, you can connect to enterprise systems through web-based, voice,
mobile, messaging, or radio-frequency technology.

Information integration
It means you can bring together information from a variety of locations and have it make sense in the context of what your folks do
every day! Examples:-

 Business Intelligence:- It provides you with reliable tools for creating individual and interactive reports and applications.
 BI Content & BI Content Extensions :- Enables quicker implementation using pre-configured role and task-oriented
information models in SAP Business Intelligence.
 Knowledge Management:- Allows common access to unstructured information and documents in a distributed storage
landscape like Search,Classification,Subscription,Versioning,etc..
 Search and Classification (TREX) :- Provides SAP applications with numerous services for searching, classifying, and
text-mining in large collections of documents (unstructured data) as well as for searching in and aggregating business
objects (structured data).

Process integration
It means coordinating the flow of work across departments, divisions, and between companies. Usage type process integration
includes all functions previously covered by SAP NetWeaver Exchange Infrastructure that you use to realize cross-system
business processes. This SAP NetWeaver usage type enables different versions of SAP and non-SAP systems from different
vendors running on different platforms (for example, Java ABAP, and so on) to communicate with each other. SAP NetWeaver is
based on an open architecture, primarily uses open standards (in particular those from the XML and Java environments), and
provides services that are essential in a heterogeneous and complex system landscape. These include a runtime infrastructure for
exchanging messages, configuration options for managing business processes and the flow of messages, as well as options for
mapping messages before they reach the receiver.

Application Platform
SAP Web Application Server provides a complete development infrastructure on which you can develop, distribute, and execute
platform-independent, robust, and scalable Web services and business applications. SAP Web Application Server supports
ABAP, Java, and Web services.

How to Display Technical Names in SAP

The following SAP tutorial will allow you to view the transaction codes next to the transaction names in both the SAP Easy Access
menu and the User menu.

In the SAP Menu Bar

1. Click Extras
2. Click Settings

In the next Settings Screen

1. Flag - Display Technical Name Checkbox

2. Click Enter
You will observe the following change in the user menu-

BEFORE AFTER

SAP Molga List for ALL Countries

You will need to know Molga of a country ,while running country specific transactions.

For example , Transaction to run Payroll is PC00_MXX_Calc , where XX = Country Molga.

Now , transaction to run payroll for Russia(Molga = 33 ) will be PC00_M33_Calc and that for Spain(Molga = 04 ) would be
PC00_M04_Calc

You can see country MOLGA using table T500L

List of Molga (Country Codes) and ISO codes for all countries where SAP is operational --

Molga ISO codeCountry

1 DE Germany

2 CH Switzerland

3 AT Austria
4 ES Spain

5 NL Netherlands

6 FR France

7 CA Canada

8 GB Great Britain

9 DK Denmark

10 US USA

11 IE Ireland

12 BE Belgium

13 AU Australia

14 MY Malaysia

15 IT Italy

16 ZA South Africa

17 VE Venezuela

18 CZ Czech Republic

19 PT Portugal

20 NO Norway

21 HU Hungary

22 JP Japan

23 SE Sweden

24 SA Saudi Arabia
25 SG Singapore

26 TH Thailand

27 HK Hong Kong

28 CN China

29 AR Argentina

30 LU Luxembourg

31 SK Slovakia

32 MX Mexico

33 RU Russia

34 ID Indonesia

35 BN Brunei

36 UA Ukraine

37 BR Brazil

38 CO Colombia

39 CL Chile

40 IN India

41 KR South Korea

42 TW Taiwan

43 NZ New Zealand

44 FI Finland

45 GR Greece
46 PL Poland

47 TR Turkey

48 PH Philippines

49 NA Namibia

50 LS Lesotho

51 BW Botswana

52 SZ Swaziland

53 MZ Mosambique

54 KE Kenya

55 AO Angola

56 ZW Zimbabwe

57 AN Dutch Antilles

58 HR Croatia

60 IS Iceland

61 RO Romania

62 SI Slovenia

99 99 Other Countries

How to Execute SAP Reports

A SAP report is an executable program that reads data from the database and generates output based on the filter criteria selected
by the end user.
Execution of a SAP report almost never leads to an update of the database.

The various categories of reports are --

1. Standard SAP reports

2. Custom reports - developed by your organization
3. Ad hoc queries

Following elements will have to be set while executing ANY SAP report

Select a Period

You need to select a period for which report will run like Today (Only current Day's Data), Upto Today (All data of the past uptil
today), Current Month , Current Year etc.

You can select other period and specify a custom From and To date for the period of the report
You can also click the Payroll Period Button and specify a payroll period as the time period for which your
output will generated

Select a Population
You can limit the number of people you want to run the report for by entering different selection criteria' s shown below.

You can add additional selection criteria fields to your report by clicking Further Selections
1. Under Selection Options , select the fields you would like to add to the selection area on the report
2. Click on the Arrow Button to send it to right
The selected field will now appear in the Selection Fields List

Click the check mark to return

The new selection field will appear in the report screen.
Restrict Selection Values in the Input Screen
You can include both ranges and single values in your report
Click on Multiple Selection Button

The next SAP screen , allows you to

1. Enter Mutiple Values which will be included

2. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be included
3. Enter Mutiple Values which will be excluded
4. Enter a Range of vlaues which will be excluded
You can further restrict selection criteria by using selection options (i.e., equal to, greater than, etc.)
Format SAP Report Output

Once you have executed your report, you can easily modify(sorting , summations , graphics etc.) the layout for the output
generated using the toolbar shown below.

You can also save the output to your local hard disk using the follwing steps
1. Click List
2. Export
3. Local File

1. Select the Format (text , spreadsheet) desired

2. Click Enter
Enter Directory , File Name and Click Generate. The report must be saved.

How to Create a Variant in SAP

Variants allow you to save your selection parameters in the input screen.

It minimizes the need to enter selection parameters each time you run a SAP report.

Variants can be storted for ANY SAP REPORT as long as the Save Button is available in the SAP Menu bar for the report.

Note: Many a transactions may be proctected due to security reasons by your administrator and save button may not be available

Create a Variant
1. Enter the values for selection criteria while you are in any SAP report.
2. Once all selection criteria are populated , Click the Save button
 1. Enter a Variant Name
2. Type Meaning (description) of the variant

Click the Save Button.

Retrieve a Variant
Click the Get Variant Button
 1. Highlight the Variant you wish to use
2. Click the Check Mark

The report will be populated with the Selection Criteria.

Delete a Variant
While in ANY SAP Report Select GoTO > Variants > Delete

1. Highlight the Variant you want to delete

2. Click Okay

In the next SAP pop-up

1. Select the "only in current client" radio button. (All Clients option will delete the variant across ALL clients)
2. Click Continue
Variant is deleted.

Top 50 SAP Interview Questions

1.What is an ERP ?

ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning Software and is a integrated computer based system used to manage a company's
resources effectively. It ensures smooth information amongst various departments in an enterprise or a company and manages
workflows.

2.What are the different types of ERP's ?

SAP

Baan

JD Edwards (now acquired by Oracle)

Siebel

Peoplesoft (now acquired by Oracle)

Microsoft Dynamics

3.Tell me briefly about SAP.

SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.It was Founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hopp, Hector,
Plattner and Tschira and is a German Company.

SAP is name of the company as well its ERP product.

SAP is #1 in the ERP market .As of 2010, SAP has more than 140,000 installations worldwide ,over 25 industry-specific business
solutions, and more than 75,000 customers in 120 countries.

4. What are the different SAP products ?

SAP R/3 - It succeds SAP R/2 and is market leader in ERP. R/3 stands for three tier architecture i.e. Presentation , Logic and Data
tier. It has many modules like SD , FI , HR etc which encompass almost all enterprise departments.

mySAP - It is a suite of SAP products which apart from SAP R/3 also includes SRM , PLM, CRM, SCM

5.What is NetWeaver ?

Netweaver is an integrated technology platform such that all the products in the mySAP suite can run on a single instance of
netweaver known as SAP Web Application Server (SAP WEBAs).

The advantage of using Netweaver is you can access SAP data using the web (http protocol) or even mobile. Thus you can save
on costs involved in training users on SAP Client side GUI.

6.List the Different Modules in SAP.

FI (Financial Accounting)

CO(Controlling)

EC(Enterprise Controlling)

TR(Treasury)

IM (Investment Management)

HR (Human Resource)

SD (Sales and Distribution)

MM (Materials Management)

PM (Plant Maintenance)

PP (Production Planning)

QM - Quality Management

BW (Business Warehousing)

There are many industry specific solutions that SAP provides apart from the list of modules above which is ever growing.

7.What is Meta data, Master data and Transaction data

Meta Data: Meta Data is data about Data. It tells you about the structure of data or MetaObjects.

Master Data: This Data is key business information like Customer information , Employee , Materials etc. This is more like a
reference data. For Ex. If a customer orders 10 units of your product instead of asking customer for his shipping address 10 times ,
the same can be referenced from the Customer Master Data.

Transaction Data: This is data related to day to day transactions.

8.Is SAP A Database ?

NO. SAP is not a database but its an application that makes use of databases provided by other vendors like Oracle , SQL Server
etc.

9. How many SAP Sessions can you work on at a given time ?

At any given time for a particular client , you can work on 6 sessions at max.

10.What is a transaction in SAP terminology ?

In SAP terminology, a transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.

1. Can we run business warehouse without SAP R/3 implementation?

Yes, you can run business warehouse without R/3 implementation. You have to simply transfer structures associated with
business warehouse data sources (ODS table, Infocube) to the inbound data files or use third party tools to connect your flat
files and other data sources.

2.
3. Mention what do you mean by datasets?

The data sets are sequential files processed on the application server. They are used for file handling in SAP.

4.
5. What are variables?

Variables are parameters of a query that are set in the parameter query definition and are not filled with values until the
queries are entered into the workbooks.

6.
7. Mention what are the different types of variables?

Variables are used in different application

8.

 Characteristics variable
 Hierarchies
 Hierarchy nodes
 Text
 Formulas
 Processing Types
 Replacement Path
 User entry/default type

1.

Mention some of the set-backs of SAP?

2.

 It is expensive
 Demands highly trained staff
 Lengthy implementation time
 Interfaces are a little bit complex
 Does not determine where master data resides

1.

Mention where are t-code name and program values stored? Explain how can you find a list of all t-codes in the
SAP system?

2.

To view transaction table TSTC you can use transaction code st11, and you can define a new t-code using transaction se93.

3.
4.

Mention what is the difference between OLAP and Data Mining?

5.

OLAP: OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing it is a reporting tool configured to understand your database schema,
dimensions and composition facts

6.
Data Mining: It is an analytic process to explore data in search of consistent patterns or systematic relationship between
variables.

7.
8.

Mention what are the three stages of data-mining?

9.

Three stages of data-mining includes

10.

 Initial Exploration
 Model building
 Deployment

1.

Mention what are the different layers in R/3 system?

2.

Different layers in R/3 system includes

3.

 Presentation Layer
 Database layer
 Application layer

1.
Mention what is the process to create a table in the data dictionary?

2.

To create a table in the data dictionary, you have to follow this steps

3.

 Creating domains (data type, field length, range)

 Creating data elements (Properties and type for a table field)
 Creating tables (SE 11)

1.

Mention what is AWB?

2.

AWB stands for Administrator Workbench. It is a tool for monitoring, controlling and maintaining all the processes
connected with data staging and processing in the business information warehousing.

3.
4.

Explain what is Bex?

5.

Bex means Business Explorer. It allows end user to locate reports, analyze information, view reports and can execute
queries. The queries in workbook can be saved to their respective roles in the Bex browser. It has following components Bex
analyzer, Bex Map and Bex web.

6.
7.
Mention what is the importance of ODS in BIW?

8.

An ODS object serves to store debugged and consolidated transaction data on a document level. It defines a consolidated
dataset from one or more info-sources. This data-set can be evaluated with a Bex query or Infoset query. The data of an ODS
object can be updated with a delta update into InfoCubes or other ODS object in the same system or across systems. In
contrast to multi-dimensional data storage with InfoCubes, the data in ODS object is stored in transparent, flat database
tables.

9.
10. Mention what is the difference between Domain and Data Element?

Data Element: It is an intermediate object between domain and table type

11.

Domain: It defines the attributes such as length, type, and possible value range

12.
13.

Mention what are SET parameters and GET parameters?

14.

To use parameter IDs, you need to "set" values in the global memory area and then "get" values from this parameter ID
memory area. In the case of the online program, you have to "Set" values from screen fields, and you will "get" these values
for screen fields.

15.
16.

Mention what is ALE, IDOC, EDI, RFC and explain briefly?

 17.

 ALE: Application Linking enabling

 IDOC: Intermediatary documents
 EDI: Electronic data interchange
 RFC: Remote function call

1.

Mention what is LUW (Logical Unit Of Work)?

2.

LUW is a span of time during which database records are updated either commit or rollback.

3.
4.

Mention what is BDC stand for? How many methods of BDC are there?

5.

BDC stand for Batch Data Communication. The methods of BDC are

6.

 Direct Input Method

 Batch Input Session Method
 Call transaction Method

1.

Mention what is meant by a "baseline data" in SAP AR and AP?

 2.

The baseline date is the date from which the payment terms apply. Usually, it is the document date on the invoice but can
also be the date of entry or posting date from the ledger.

3.
4.

Mention what do you mean by one-time vendors?

5.

In certain industries, it is not possible to create new master records for every vendor trading partner. One-time vendor
enables for a dummy vendor code to be used on invoice entry and the information that is normally stored in the vendor
master, is keyed on the invoice itself.

6.
7.

Mention what are the standard stages of the SAP Payment Run?

8.

While executing the SAP Payment Run the standard stages of SAP includes

9.

 Entering of parameters: It includes entering company codes, vendor accounts, payment methods, etc.
 Proposal Scheduling: The system proposes list of invoices to be paid
 Payment booking: Booking of the actual payments into the ledger
 Printing of Payment forms: Printing of payment forms

1.
Mention what is the difference between the "residual payment" and "partial payment" methods of allocating cash in
account receivable?

2.

The difference between the residual and partial payment includes

3.

 Partial payment: For example, let say invoice A456 exits for $100 and customer pay $70. With the partial payment, it
offsets the invoice leaving a remaining balance $30
 Residual Payment: While in residual payment, invoice A456 is cleared for the full value $100 and a new invoice line item
is produced for the remaining balance of $30.

1.

Mention what are internal tables, check tables, value tables, and transparent table?

2.

It is the standard data type object; it exists only during the runtime of the program.

3.

 Check the table will be at field level checking

 Value table will be at domain level checking
 Transparent table will exist with the same structure both in the dictionary as well as in the database exactly with the same
data and fields

1.

Mention what is an application, presentation and database servers in SAP R/3?

2.
The application layer of a R/3 system is made up of the application server and the message server. Application programs in
an R/3 system run on application servers. Using the message server, the application servers communicate with presentation
components, the database and also with each other. All the data are stored in a centralized server, which is known as a
database server.

3.
4.

Explain what is a company in SAP?

5.

Company in SAP is the highest organizational unit for which financial statements like profit and loss statements, balance
sheets can be drawn according to the requirement of organizations. A single company contains one or many company codes.
All the company codes in SAP must use same COA (chart of accounts) and fiscal year.

6.
7.

Mention what is the difference between SAP BASIS and SAP ABAP?

8.

SAP ABAP is the programming language used within SAP to customize, generate forms, generate reports, etc. While SAP
basis is, the administration module of SAP used to control code changes, upgrades, database admin, network setup, etc.

9.
10.

List out the different types of the source system in SAP?

11.

The different types of the source system in SAP includes

 12.

 SAP R/3 source system

 SAP BW
 Flat files
 External Systems

1.

Explain what is Extractor?

2.

In the SAP source system, extractors is a data retrieval mechanism. It can fill the extract structure of a data source with the
data from the SAP source system datasets.

3.
4.

Explain what is extended star schema?

5.

The star schema consists of the fact tables and the dimension tables. The master data related tables are kept in separate
tables, which has reference to the characteristics in the dimension tables. These separate tables for master data are termed
as the Extended Star Schema.

6.
7.

Explain what should be the approach for writing a BDC program?

8.
The approach to writing BDC program is to

9.

 Create recording
 Convert the legacy system data to a flat file into the internal table referred as "Conversion."
 Transfer the Flat file into the SAP system called "SAP Data Transfer."
 Depending upon the BDC type CALL TRANSACTION or CREATE SESSIONS

1.

Mention what are the major benefits of reporting with BW over R/3?

2.

Business Warehouse uses a data warehouse and OLAP concepts for analyzing and storing data While the R/3 was intended
for transaction processing. You can get the same analysis out of R/3, but it would be easier from a BW.

3.
4.

Mention the two types of services that are used to deal with communication?

5.

To deal with communication, you can use two types of services

6.

 Message Service: In order to exchange short internal messages, this service is used by the application servers
 Gateway Service: This service allows communication between R/3 and external applications using CPI-C protocol.

1.
Mention what are reason codes used in Account Receivable?

2.

"Reason Codes" are tags that can be allocated to describe under/overpayments during the allocation of incoming customer
payments. They should not be mixed up with "void reason codes" used when outgoing cheques are produced.

3.
4.

Mention what is the protocol does SAP Gateway process use?

5.

The SAP gateway process uses TCP/IP protocol to communicate with the clients.

6.
7.

Mention what is pooled tables?

8.

Pooled tables are used to store control data. Several pooled tables can be united to form a table pool. Table tool is a physical
table on the database in which all the records of the allocated pooled tables are stored.

9.
10.

Explain what is an update type with reference to a match code ID?

11.
If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data has to be updated. The update type
stipulates when the match-code has to be updated and how it has to be done. The update type also defines which method is
to be used for building match-codes.

12.
13.

Explain what the .sca files and mention their importance?

14.

.sca stands for SAP component Archive. It is used to deploy the Java components, patches and other java developments in
the form of .sca,.sda,.war and .jar.

15.
16.

Explain what is meant by "Business Content" in SAP?

17.

Business Content in SAP is a pre-configured and pre-defined models of information contained in the SAP warehouse which
can be used directly or with desired modification in different industries.

18.
19.

Explain what is dispatcher?

20.

Dispatcher is a component that takes the request for client systems and stores the request in queue.

21.
 22.

Mention what are the common transport errors?

23.

The common transport errors include

24.

 Return code 4: Imported with warnings, generation of program, columns or row missing
 Return code 8: Imported with syntax error, program generation error, dictionary activation error, etc.
 Return code 12: Indicates import cancelled due to object missing, object not active, etc.
 Return code 18: Indicates import cancelled due to system down while import, user expired during import and insufficient
roles or authorization

This Interview Questions and Answers are useful for Freshers and Experienced both.

What is SAP Business Blueprint?

What is Business Blueprint in SAP?
The SAP Blueprint is a detailed description of a company's business processes and system requirements. It is a key
implementation document. The SAP Blueprint document shows all the important configuration setting to adapt the ERP to company
needs.

A well-defined SAP Blue print acts as a foundation for successful implementation of the SAP system. It includes numbers of
activities, events, milestones, and deliverable.

In this tutorial, you will learn

  What is Business Blueprint in SAP?
 Why SAP Blueprint Document?
 Process for creating SAP Blueprint
 Benefits of Business Blueprints
 Challenges & Solution for SAP Blue print

Why SAP Blueprint Document?

Consider the case of Norther Territory Government. It implemented SAP to handle its Asset Management System. The original cost
was 7.2 million dollars by the actual cost escalated to $70 million. The solution was only 11% fit to purpose and would cost an
additional $120 million to fix. Hence, planning the ERP implementation is very important.

The SAP business blueprint focuses on understanding, authenticating and documenting project scope, specifications. It also helps
to define its objective conceptually and practically.

Using this methodology, you can create a questionnaire for the system users. You can circulate these to business process &
owners. They will fill the questionnaire and return to consultants. This process helps the consultants to understand how business is
done and how they can implement the best processes by implementing SAP.

In this process, the entire set of discussions act as a base for SAP implementation. Here, all the details which are mapped related
to the business processes should reflect in the documentation file. The success of this phase is largely determined with an effective
closure at this point.

Therefore, implementation team should include these activities when finalizing the business process for configuration.

Process for creating SAP Blueprint:

Here is step by step process to create a Blueprint
1. Develop a Process Inventory:

It is a first step for making an inventory of all types of processes. This step may help you to start thinking regarding process orders.
Here, you can plan how you can implement your current system. In this stage, you also need to Identify development needs for a
custom form, report, enchantment or workflow.

2. Create a foundation for building Business Blueprint:

This stage helps to develop the scope of SAP project. Here, you need to create a plan before beginning working on a new software
system. Gather system Security authorizations and enterprise-wide training requirements. The scope definition document helps
you define process boundaries. It also provides some basic information about a given process.

3. Create Blueprint

Creating the blueprint involves understanding where a responsibility changes occur between two departments. The step needs to
apply the information by explaining which department or individual is working for which part of the process from beginning to end.
Here, you also need to define the Master Data by focusing on key integration points and supporting organizational activities.

4. Estimate Time and Cost

Before setting goals for process its vital to have a baseline measurement. In this phase, you need to determine the cost and time of
this process. This step also benefits you to define the parameters that will be used to set improvement targets for your organization.

5. Verify the SAP Blue print:

In this phase, it is essential to get feedback from the appropriate colleagues. This allows you to make sure that your created SAP
business Blue print should able to reflects reality. This stage also allows you to get the support and suggestion from the all the
stakeholders.

6. Deploy Improvement Techniques

Follow organized approach for improving business processes by using methods like evaluating value-added activities, removing
redundancy, reducing processing time, and using automation whenever you can. This will, helps you to create business value.
7. Develop Internal Controls and Metrics:

The next step is to create internal control and metrics which helps you track to track your progress. It also allows creating tools to
increase the effectiveness and efficiency for implementing SAP business process.

8. Conduct a Trial Run:

It is essential to do the trial run, as it helps you to check the SAP system without the need for larger investment. This step helps you
to resolve bugs and make certain that the process works according to your needs.

9. Implement the Changes:

In this step of SAP Blueprint, the newly designed process is rolled out. This step allows you to communicate the right information to
the right people. Without this step, it is difficult to the have a success.

10. Follow Continuous Improvement:

In this last stage, you need to follow continuous improvement concept. This stage is all about the establishing a new approach for
implementing business process improvements. However, for that, you need to do a frequent evaluation to ensure to its
effectiveness.

Benefits of Business Blueprints

 SAP business Blueprint helps end users to understands what solution could look like
 Offers solid foundation to support organizational change and
 Helps to eliminate the risk of losing market share or reputation
 Helps you to define all the critical success factors and key performance indicator
 Provides Project scope on time and budget
 The benefit to implement tested improvement methodology
 Offers better Project delivery
 Review and discuss the current business processes.
Challenges & Solution for SAP Blue print
Challenges Solutions

Commitment from company's management Be strict. It will influence project timeline &
budget

Users are unfamiliar with computer & system The consultant needs to be more explorative
process. They may forget about some and grill the stakeholders extensively to elicit
Business processes which may come up all processes.
later.

Users ability to grab SAP concept Adequate training should be provided.

The Consultant handles more than one The consultant should focus on handling one
project at same time. project at a time. For that, you can hire an
additional consultant.

Conclusion:
 The SAP Blue print is a detailed description of company's business processes and system requirements
 The SAP business blueprint focuses on understanding, authenticating and documenting project scope, specifications.
 Identify development needs which could result in the need for a form, report, enchantment or workflow.
 Helps you to define all the critical success factors and key performance indicator
 It also helps to eliminate the risk of losing market share or reputation

What is the Full Form and Meaning of ERP?

What is ERP Full Form?
The Full form of ERP is Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP is a business management software. It is a suite of integrated
application that helps users to store and manage data of their business.

One of the most important activities associated with the implementation of an ERP system is the opportunity to streamline and
improve the business operations of an organization through business process re-engineering and the by implementing the best
practices and standards.

In this tutorial, we will learn-

 What is the Full Form of ERP?

 Why implement an ERP System?
 What are Primary Goals for the ERP System?
 Steps To Implement On ERP System
 Benefits and Drawbacks of ERP system

Why implement an ERP System?

An ERP is the best option for demonstrating value by providing real-time information to all employees of a corporation across
departments.

1. Integrate Financial Information

Enterprise owners want to understand company's overall performance because in numerous situation they may find various
versions of the truth. Finance and sales have another version and business units may have their version of the contribution of
revenues for the organization. By implementing ERP, they can get a single version of the truth.

2. Standardize and Speed up Manufacturing Processes:

ERP systems come with methods for automating manufacturing process. This helps organizations to speed up and standardize the
manufacturing process.

3. Reduce Inventory:
It helps to increase the visibility of the order fulfillment process of any company. It may lead to reduced inventories to make
products.

4. Increases and Improves Interaction:

ERP system also helps to increase and improve interaction between customers and suppliers. Moreover, the suppliers can also
communicate more seamlessly with sales, marketing, and finance team.

What are Primary Goals for the ERP System?

The goal of any ERP project is to track supply chain actions from inventory purchase, processing, and final shipment.

1. Efficiency
The real-time information flow in ERP system eases the analysis, data, and reporting. It also improves decision-making. It also
helps to reduce the need for maintaining multiple databases.

2. Cost Reduction
Cost reduction is vital reason why small and large enterprises invest huge time and resources for implementing ERP systems. It will
reduce waste and increase productivity. It also reduces overall production's cost.

3. Quality
Quality improvement is the most important goal of ERP. The software technology helps management to benchmark its quality
performance against other manufacturing companies in the same industry.

4. Decentralization
Enterprise resource planning systems can decentralize decision-making process at all level. It also allows users to have real-time
access to the same data, such as production status and financial reports.

Steps To Implement On ERP System

Step 1) Strategic Planning
 Assign a team of employees from sales, accounting, purchasing, and logistics department.
 Examine current business processes and information flow.
 Check the ERP software's capabilities to check how they perform day-to-day tasks in the new system.
 Set objectives of the Project.
 Develop a project plan.

Step 2) Procedure Review

 Review software and check every aspect of the ERP software and identify gaps.
 Evaluate which processes are manual and should be Automated
  Develop standard operating procedures.

Step 3) Data Collection and Clean-Up

 Determine which information need to be converted through an analysis of current data.
 Define the new data that needs to be collected. Create spreadsheets to collect and segment the data into logical tables
 ERP database needs to be reviewed for accuracy and completeness
 Review and clean-up unwanted information

Step 4) Training and Testing

 Mock ERP runs to test the data accuracy.
 Make sure that the actual test mirrors the Standard Operating Procedures.
 The project team needs to perform a final test on the data and processes.

Step 5) Deployment
 Once ERP software has been configured correctly and financial data is sorted it's time to go live.
 In the final evaluation, you need to create structured evaluation plan by keeping in mind all the goals and objectives which is
set in the planning stage.

Benefits and Drawbacks of ERP system

Benefits of ERP system

 An ERP system is easily scalable so adding new functionality according to the business plan is very easy.
 By offering accurate and real-time information ERP software reduces administrative and operations costs.
 ERP system improves data quality by improving the underlying processes which help organizations to make better business
decisions.
 ERP system helps to improve data access with the use of advanced user management and access control.
 ERP provides transparency to the organization
 Helps to eliminate redundancy in the data management system
  Offers a higher level of security by allowing restricting employee's accounts only to the processes.
 It helps to helps make reporting easier and more customizable.

Drawbacks of ERP system

 The up-front cost of the entire implementation can be very high for any small-to-medium-sized businesses.
 ERP deployments take a relatively longer amount of time. Sometime it may take 1-3 years to be implemented and be fully
functional.
 Migration of existing data is very difficult to achieve. That' why Integrating ERP systems with other standalone software
systems is equally difficult.
 ERP implementations are very difficult in decentralized organizations with different kind of business processes and systems.

Conclusion
 Enterprise resource planning known as ERP is a business management software
 ERP system gives the opportunity to streamline and improve the business operations.
 By implementing ERP, enterprise owner gets a single version of the truth.
 The main aim of ERP project is to track supply chain actions.
 Quality improvement is the most important goal of ERP.
 The real-time information flow in these systems eases the data collection, analysis, and reporting.

What is Full form of SAP?

SAP Full Form
SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.
SAP is an ERP software which helps to run day to day business. SAP software suite maps financial, logistics, human resource and
many other business processes. SAP system offers real time visibility across the entire enterprise. It can be used by every
individual in the organization.

SAP is a client-server-based software which is also called R/3. (Where "R" stand for real time data process & 3 stand for 3-tier.

1. Database,
2. Application servers
3. Client

History and Growth of SAP:

 SAP was founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hector, Hopp, Plattner, and Tschira.
 Earlier it was called System Analysis and Program Development (German: Systemanalyse und Programmentwickung) after
that it was renamed as SAP.
 1972 – when the first version launched. SAP company has 0.3-million-dollar revenue with just nine employees.
 1979- R/2 mainframe version launched. The revenue reached 5.1 million with 60 employees and 50 clients in two countries.
 1992- R/3 client/server version launched. The revenue figure reached 6,266 million. Employee strength reached around
3200 with around 2800 customers in 35 countries.
 1999- mySAP.com with one step Business launched. The company revenue went up to 7341 billions and employee strength
reach to 25,000. The customer base expands to 15,000 customers around in 120+ countries.
SAP Advantages
 SAP system eliminate duplicate data.
 Business processes are standardized.
 Planning, tracking, scheduling & management, becomes easier.
 Enables integration with E-commerce.
 Cost-effective as it reduces administrative expenses.
 Helps to automate reporting & monitoring of the projects
 SAP helps to enhance Customer Service through better Customer Interaction.
 Offers consistency across the whole division.
 Increases efficiency, productivity, and better management of resources.

Dis- advantages of SAP:

 The Implementation of ERP for a small organization can be expensive. So, it is quite expensive to purchase and implement.
 SAP systems are always complex; therefore, some organization may not adjust according to it.
 You need to hire experts to maintain the SAP systems.

Conclusion:
 SAP long form is Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing.
 SAP is an ERP software which helps to run day to day business.
 SAP system was founded in 1972 by Wellenreuther, Hector, Hopp, Plattner, and Tschira.
 SAP software which offers best solutions for financial, logistics, human resource, etc sectors.
 SAP system helps organizations to eliminate the duplication and redundancy in data.
 The Implementation of ERP for a small organization can be expensive. So, it is quite expensive to purchase and implement.

Top 18 SAP Testing Interview Questions & Answers

1) Mention what is SAP?

SAP stands for System Applications and Products. It provides customer the ability to communicate with common corporate
databases for a comprehensive range of applications. It makes the business process work efficiently.

2) Mention what is SAP Testing?

The SAP Testing is same as software application Manual Testing. It helps to detect and rectify error at all business modules like
finance, manufacturing, etc.

3) Mention what are the types of testing is done for SAP?

Types of SAP testing are,

1. Unit testing
2. Functional and Regression testing
3. UAT testing
4. Integration testing and so on.

4) Mention how to create an effective SAP Test case?

 Determine SAP role required to execute the test case

 Identify the SAP transaction that needs to be executed for the test case
 Test Data requires executing the test case. Determine whether the data needs to be created or whether it is used by another
tester or whether the data is locked & cannot be modified
 Is there any pre-requisites required
 Create negative as well as positive scenarios
 Create detailed Test Steps
 Test coverage should be robust
 Document defects in a timely manner as soon as they are discovered

5) Mention tools useful for SAP Testing?

Tools useful for SAP Testing include,

 QTP ( Quick Test Professional Tool)

 SAP TAO
 ECATT

6) Why choosing a right strategy is more important than choosing a tool for SAP Testing?

Choosing right strategy is important for SAP Testing because,

 SAP is a humungous system with endless variations. It's neither feasible nor cost-effective to check all possible variations
and combinations of test parameter inputs in SAP system.
 A Tester needs to adopt strategies to reduce the number of test cases without sacrificing coverage.
 Examples of such strategies include,
 Boundary value analysis,
 Equivalence partitioning & orthogonal array.

7) Mention what are the benefits for SAP applications?

Benefits for SAP applications are,

 Improved test coverage

 Better product quality and less production outages
 Workload decreases with each release cycle

8) Mention what are the challenges faced during SAP Testing?

During SAP Testing challenges faced are,

 Valid combination of test data required for testing

 All the critical interfaces should be determined, and their connectivity should be established with corresponding test systems
 To recognize the business processes which are suitable for test automation
  Identify negative testing conditions
 Mention how does the system design trace back to all captured requirements and the number of test cases
 Identify Regression scenarios/test cases and build Regression test suite that requires during each release
 Managing output and input data to complete the scenarios OTC, P2P, etc.
 Design robust Automation Framework that should be maintainable and scalable

9) Mention what are the points to be considered while performing SAP Interface Testing?

While performing SAP Interface Testing remember following points,

 What is the objective of using SAP Interface and what business scenarios are processed by the interface?
 Verify the interface is processing all business scenarios accurately as per the test strategy
 Best practice to perform Interface testing is to begin with Unit testing
 Verify if the outbound interface is alright, which means that it ensures to perform file meeting specifications in terms of layout,
etc.
 Verify if the inbound interface is alright. Check if it is reading the file correctly and if it is performing the correct steps in the
target system.

10) Mention what are the types of work processes in SAP?

In SAP, types of work processes include are

 Dialog
 Enque
 Update
 Background
 Spool
 Message
 Server
 Gateway

11) Mention what is the difference between kernels, support packages & SAP Note?
The difference between kernels, support packages & SAP Note is,

 Snote: By implementing a SAP Note an error in a single program or Transaction is removed.

 Support Package: All known errors are corrected by applying SAP Support Package
 SAP Kernel: It is the core of the application. When a Kernel is upgraded, it means an older versions of the various EXE files
get replaced.

12) Mention what is ECATT?

ECATT is used to execute and create functional tests for SAP. It is an inbuilt tool that comes bundled with SAP with a primary
objective of automated testing of SAP business processes.

13) Mention what are the useful features of ECATT?

Useful features of ECATT are,

 Test transactions, scenarios, and reports

 Test remote systems
 Call BAPIs and function modules
 Check Authorizations (user profiles)
 Test updates
 Test the effect of changes to customize settings
 Check system messages

14) Mention what is the difference between developer trace, System trace, and System log?

The difference between developer trace, System trace, and System log

 System Trace: It is used when you want to record the internal SAP system activities
 Developer Trace: It contains technical information for use in the event of issues with your system. Using the entries in the
developer traces requires sound knowledge of the host systems in which your SAP system is running
 System Log: You can use the log to highlight and rectify errors occurred in your system and its environment.
15) Mention what is Screen flow logic in SAP Testing?

Screen flow logic in SAP Testing is like an ABAP code. It is used to contain the processing blocks. It consists of procedural part of
the screen and is created in screen painter. Screen painter is like an ABAP editor.

16) Mention what is the use of Process Flow Analyzer in SAP TAO?

In SAP TAO, Process Flow Analyzer is used to find out automatically the user interfaces used in transaction codes executed in a
SAP system.

17) Mention what is SAP Cutover Testing?

SAP Cutover Testing is usually performed once in a project lifecycle. In this phase, a full-scale execution of all tasks is involved to
retrieve data from legacy systems and then to implement any kind of data conversion, load the results into the SAP system and fully
validate the results, including a user sign-off.

18) Mention what should be the approach for writing a BDC program?

For writing a BDC program, convert the legacy system data into a flat file. Then convert the flat file into an internal table. Transfer
the flat file into sap system called "sap data transfer." Then call transaction or create sessions.