CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the related literature, related studies, conceptual framework,
and definition of terms.
Related Literature

Solar Energy. According to Jingcheng (2010), Solar energy constitutes of light and heat

from the sun, in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Solar energy is created from the sun’s

nuclear fusion reactions within the continuous energy generated. Earth’s orbit, the average solar

radiation intensity is 1367kw/m2. Circumference of the earth’s equator is 40,000km, thus we can

calculate the energy the earth gets is up to 173,000 TW. At sea level on the standard peak

intensity is 1kw/m2. Humans need solar energy to survive, like other forms of renewable energy

except for geothermal resources. Although the total amount of solar energy resources is ten

thousand times of the energy used by humans, but the solar energy density is low, and it is based

and changes accordingly to location , season, which is a major problem of development and

harnessing of solar energy.

Photovoltaic cell. According to NASA, also called solar cells. It is made of

semiconductor materials like silicon, usually found in microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a

thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and

negative on the other. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from

the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and

negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be harnessed in the form of an

electric current also known as electricity. This electricity could be used to power a load, a light ,

a tool, not to mention you could charge a device.

Smartphone. According to Cassavoy (2012) Smartphone can be defined to be a device that allows the

user to make telephone calls and perform activities that may need a computer device in the past in

order to do so such as sending and receiving e-mails, editing office documents. In order to know more

about a smartphone it is important to know its beginnings, at the start there was only cell phones (basic

phones) and personal digital assistants (PDA) while cell phone was only used for making phone calls, the

PDA was an individual organizer where it was made possible to do these features that the cellular phone

lacks, save contact list, list to do, sync with the user computer. Ultimately the PDA grew to have wireless

connectivity that made it possible to send and receive e-mails. At the same time cell phone grew to have

messaging capabilities, then PDA added the cellular phone features and the cell phone added PDA or

computer features and the consequence of these steps was Smartphone.