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=side^2
To calculate the perimeter of a square, multiply one side by 4. The following formula uses a cell
named side to calculate the perimeter of a square:
=side*4
=height*base
To calculate the perimeter of a rectangle, multiply the height by 2 and then add it to the width
multiplied by 2. The following formula returns the perimeter of a rectangle, using cells named
height and width:
=(height*2)+(width*2)
=PI()*(radius^2)
=diameter*PI()
=(base*height)/2
=PI()*(radius^2)*4
To calculate the volume of a sphere, multiply the cube of the radius by 4 times Π and then divide
by 3. The following formula calculates the volume of a sphere. The cell named radius contains the
sphere’s radius.
=((radius^3)*(4*PI()))/3
=(side^2)*6
To calculate the volume of a cube, raise the length of one side to the third power. The following
formula returns the volume of a cube, using a cell named side:
=side^3
=PI()*radius*(SQRT(height^2+radius^2)+radius))
To calculate the volume of a cone, multiply the square of the radius of the base by Π, multiply by
the height, and then divide by 3. The following formula returns the volume of a cone, using cells
named radius and height:
=(PI()*(radius^2)*height)/3
=(PI()*(radius^2)*height)
=(width*length*height)/3
3x + 4y = 8
4x + 8y = 1
Solving a set of simultaneous equations involves finding the values for x and y that satisfy both
equations. For this set of equations, the solution is as follows:
x = 7.5
y = –3.625
The number of variables in the set of equations must be equal to the number of equations. The
preceding example uses two equations with two variables. Three equations are required to solve
for three variables (x, y, and z).
The general steps for solving a set of simultaneous equations follow. See Figure 10-3, which uses
the equations presented at the beginning of this section.
1. Express the equations in standard form. If necessary, use simple algebra to rewrite the
equations such that the variables all appear on the left side of the equal sign. The two
equations that follow are identical, but the second one is in standard form:
3x –8 = –4y
3x + 4y = 8
2. Place the coefficients in an n x n range of cells, where n represents the number of equa-
tions. In Figure 10-3, the coefficients are in the range I2:J3.
3. Place the constants (the numbers on the right side of the equal sign) in a vertical range
of cells. In Figure 10-3, the constants are in the range L2:L3.
4. Use an array formula to calculate the inverse of the coefficient matrix. In Figure 10-3, the
following array formula is entered into the range I6:J7. (Remember to press
Ctrl+Shift+Enter to enter an array formula.)
{=MINVERSE(I2:J3)}
5. Use an array formula to multiply the inverse of the coefficient matrix by the constant
matrix. In Figure 10-3, the following array formula is entered into the range J10:J11. This
range holds the solution.
{=MMULT(I6:J7,L2:L3)}
Rounding Numbers
Excel provides quite a few functions that round values in various ways. Table 10-1 summarizes
these functions.
It’s important to understand the difference between rounding a value and formatting a
value. When you format a number to display a specific number of decimal places, for-
mulas that refer to that number use the actual value, which may differ from the dis-
played value. When you round a number, formulas that refer to that value use the
rounded number.