BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Introduction to Communication Systems Worksheet II

Note : The marked question numbers are assignments

1. Determine the instantaneous frequency, in Hertz,of each of the following waveforms

a) 10cos(100πt+π/3)
b) 10cos(200πt+10sinπt)
c) 2exp[j200πt(1+√𝑡)]
d) Cos200πtcos(5sin2πt)+sin200πtsin(5sin2πt)

2. The message signal m(t) = 10 sinc(400t) frequency modulates the carrier c(t) = 100 cos 2π fct. The modulation index is 6.
a) Write an expression for the modulated signal u(t)?
b) What is the maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal?
c) What is the power content of the modulated signal?
d) Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal.

3. Signal m(t) is shown below. This signal is used once to frequency

modulate a carrier and once to phase modulate the same carrier.

a) Find a relation between kp and kf such that the maximum phase of the modulated signals in both cases are equal.
b) If kp = fd = 1, what is the maximum instantaneous frequency in each case

4. An FM signal is given as
𝑡
𝑠(𝑡) = 100cos⁡[2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 100 ∫ 𝑚(𝜏)𝑑𝜏]
−∞

where m(t) is shown below

a) Sketch the instantaneous frequency as a function of time.

b) Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
5. A 1-GHz carrier frequency-modulated by a 10-KHz sinusoid so that the peak frequency deviation is 100Hz. Determine
a) The approximate bandwidth of the FM signal
b) The bandwidth if the modulating signal amplitude were doubled
c) The bandwidth if the modulating signal frequency were doubled
d) The bandwidth if both the amplitude and the frequency of the modulating signal were doubled

6. The sinusoidal f(t)=a cos2πfmt is applied to the input of a FM system. The corresponding modulated signal output (in
volts) for a=1v,fm=1KHz,Ф(𝑡) = cos⁡(2𝜋 × 107 𝑡 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2000𝜋𝑡) across a 50-ohm resistive load.
a) What is the peak frequency deviation from carrier?
b) What is the total average power developed by Ф(𝑡)?
c) What percentage of the average power is at 10,000MHz?
d) What is the approximate bandwidth, using Carson’s rule?

7. An angle modulated signal has the form

s(t) =100cos[2πfct+4sin2000πt]

Where fc=10MHz.

a) Determine the average power of the modulated signal

b) Determine the peak-phase deviation
c) Determine the peak-frequency deviation
d) The signal can be interpreted as either a PM or an FM signal. Explain how.

8. The message signal m1(t) is shown below

a) If m1(t) is frequency modulated on a carrier with frequency 106 Hz with a frequency deviation constant (k f )
equal to 5 Hz/V, what is the maximum instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal?
b) Ifm1(t) is phase modulated with phase-deviation constant kp =3 radians/V, what is the minimum and
maximum instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal?

A 200-KHz carrier signal is frequency-modulated by a 1-KHz sinusoid so that the peak frequency deviation is 200Hz.This
FM signal is applied to a chain of four consecutive × 4 multipliers.Each frequency multiplier is followed by BPF; in
addition, the first × 4 multiplier is preceded by a BPF. Specify the center frequency and bandwidth (use Carson’s rule) for
each of the five filters

9. Let nw(t) be a zero-mean white Gaussian noise with the power spectral density N0/2; let this noise be passed through an ideal bandpass
filter with the bandwidth 2W centered at the frequency fc .The output process is denoted by n(t). The in-phase and quadrature
components of n(t) are denoted by nc(t) and ns(t), respectively.
a. Find the power spectral densities of n(t), nc(t) and ns(t).
b. Determine the power of nc(t) and ns(t).
c. Find the envelop function V(t) of n(t).
d. Assume X(t)=Acos2πfct+n(t), where A is a constant.Find the envelop of X(t).

10. A noise process has a power spectral density given by

 |𝑓|
10−8 (1 − ) , |𝑓| < 108
𝑆𝑛 (𝑓) = { 108
0,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡|𝑓| > 108

This noise is passed through an ideal bandpass filter with a bandwidth of 2 MHz, centered at 50MHz.
a. Find the power of the output process n(t).
b. Write the output process in terms of the in-phase and quadrature components, nc(t) and ns(t), and find the power in each
component.
c. Find the power spectral densities of nc(t) and ns(t).

11. A DSB-SC signal with additive white Gaussian noise is demodulated by a coherent detector with a phase error φ shown below,show
𝑆 𝑃𝑇
that ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑.
𝑁 𝑜 𝑁0 𝑊

12. Calculate the transmission bandwidth BT and the required transmitter power P T of DSB, SSB and AM systems for transmitting an
audio signal which has a bandwidth of 10KHz with an output SNR of 50dB. Assume that the channel introduces a 40-dB power loss
𝑁
and channel noise is AWGN with power spectral density 0 = 10−10 𝑊/𝐻𝑧.Assume 𝜇 2 𝑃𝑚𝑛 = 0.6 for AM.Where 𝜇 is the modulation
2
index and Pmn is the normalized average message power.

13. In a broadcasting communication system, the transmitter power P T is 40 KW, the channel attenuation is 80 dB (the attenuation in dB
between PT and the received signal power PR is computed as 10log10(PT/PR), and the noise power spectral density is 10−10 𝑊/Hz. The
message signal has a bandwidth 𝑊 = 104 Hz.
𝑆
a. Find the predetection signal-to-noise ratio ( )𝑖 ⁡⁡for the cases when the modulations are DSB-SC, DSB-LC and SSB, respectively.
𝑁
𝑆
b. Find the output signal-to-noise ratio ( )𝑜 ⁡⁡ if the modulation is DSB.
𝑁
𝑆
c. Find the output signal-to-noise ratio ( )𝑜 ⁡⁡ if the modulation is SSB.
𝑁
𝑆
d. Find the output signal-to-noise ratio ( )𝑜 ⁡⁡if the modulation is DSB-LC (assume coherent detector is used in demodulation) with a
𝑁
modulation index 0.8 and has a normalized message of P mn=0.2.

𝑆 3 𝑃𝑇
14. Show that in an FM system the output SNR,( ) = 𝛽 2 for m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt).
𝑁 𝑜 2 𝑁0 𝑊

15. Consider an FM broadcast system with parameter ∆𝑓 = 75𝐾𝐻𝑧 and B=15KHz , Assuming Pmn=0.5,find the output SNR and calculate
the improvement in dB over SSB system.

16. A communication channel has a bandwidth of 100 KHz. This channel is to be used for transmission of a normalized message signal
m(t), where max(|m(t)|)=1, and its bandwidth is W = 4 KHz. Find the ratio of the output SNR of an FM system that utilizes the whole
bandwidth to the output SNR of a DSB-LC AM system (of the same carrier amplitude Ac) with a modulation index of 0.8.

17. An audio signal m(t) is to be transmitted over a radio frequency (RF) channel with additive white noise. It is required that the output
SNR be greater than 40dB.Given that E[m(t)]=0,P mn=1/2 ,W=15KHz,⁡
𝑁0
= 10−10 𝑊/𝐻𝑧 and power loss in the channel =50dB.
2
Calculate the transmission bandwidth BT and the required average transmitted power for
a. DSB modulation
b. AM with 80 percent modulation and coherent detection
c. FM with a deviation ratio 𝛽 = 5.

18. Assume x(t) has a bandwidth of 40 kHz.

a. What is the minimum sampling rate for this signal?
b. What is the minimum sampling rate if a guardband of 10 kHz is required?
c. What is the maximum sampling interval for the signal x1(t)=x(t)cos(80,000πt)?

19. Specify the Nyquist rate and the Nyquist interval for each of the following signals
 a. m(t)=sinc(200t)
b. m(t)= 3cos(50πt)+10sin(300πt)+cos(100πt)
c. m(t) =1/2cos(4000πt)cos(1000πt)
d. m(t)=sinc2(200t)
e. m(t)= sinc(200t)+ sinc2(200t)

20. If the Nyquist rate for m(t) is fs, what is the Nyquist rate for each of the following signals that are derived from m(t) ?
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑚(𝑡)
a)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡ b) 𝑚(2𝑡) c) 𝑚(𝑡)2 d) ⁡⁡𝑚(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
21. Find the minimum sampling frequency fs for the following bandpass signal
i) 20KHz to 82 KHz ii) 20KHZ to 30KHZ iii) 20KHz to 26KHZ

22. The amplitude spectrum of a singal m(t) is given by

1000 − |𝑓|
|𝑀(𝑓)| = { , −1000 < 𝑓 < 1000
1000
0,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

An ideal sampler with sampling rate fs is applied to the signal.

a. If fs=2400 Hz, does aliasing happen? If the answer is no, how large is the guardband? Sketch the amplitude spectrum of the
sampled signal; If the answer is yes, design an ideal lowpass anti-aliasing filter, which is applied to m(t) before the ideal simpler
is applied. What is the maximum permissible bandwidth of the anti-aliasing filter? Sketch the amplitude spectrum of the signal
after sampling.
b. If fs=1200 Hz, repeat Question (a).

23. Show the formula for each of the following sampled signals in frequency domain
a. Ideal Sampling: ⁡𝑀𝑠 (𝑓) = 𝑓𝑠 ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓𝑠 )
hint :first show that 𝐹[∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇𝑠 )] = 𝑓𝑠 ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓𝑠 )

b. Natural Sampling:⁡𝑀𝑠 (𝑓) = 𝐴𝜏𝑓𝑠 ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑛𝜏𝑓𝑠 )𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓𝑠 ) , where τ is the width and A is the amplitude of
the modulating pulse.

c. Flat-Top Sampling:⁡𝑀𝑠 (𝑓) = 𝐴𝜏𝑓𝑠 ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝜏𝑓)𝑀(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓𝑠 )𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏

d. Discuss the reconstruction of m(t) in each case and aperture effect distortion in c.

24. A signal m(t)=2cos(400πt)+6cos(640πt) is ideally sampled at fs=500Hz.If the sampled signal is passed through an ideal low pass
filter with cut-off frequency fc=400Hz,find
a. M(f) and sketch its spectrum
b. Ms(f) and sketch its spectrum
c. The components that appear at the filter output
25. The signal m(t)=4cos(4πt)cos(400πt) is sampled at the rate of 500 samples/sec.
a. Determine the spectrum of the resulting sampled signal.
b. what is the Nyquist rate for m(t)?

c. what is the cut-off frequencies of ideal reconstruction filter?

26. The spectrum of Bandpass signal m(t) has BW of 0.6KHz centered around ±12KHz.Find the Nyquist rate for quadrature sampling of
inphase and quadrature components of the signal m(t).

27. A message signal m(t)=2cos(2π10t) is sampled and then quantized, for quantization level L=5 and L=10
a. determine the step size and plot the quantized values
b. encode by appropriate BCD code starting from the lowest level.

28. A 10KHz sinusoid with amplitude 1V peak is quantized to have SNR of about 45dB.Find the number of bits required per sample ,bit
rate and BW of the system if sampling frequency is twice the Nyquist rate.
29. A telephone signal with bandwidth 4KHz is digitized in to an 8-bit PCM sampled at Nyquist rate.Calculate PCM transmission BW
and signal to quantization noise ratio( SNR).

30. Twenty-four voice signals are sampled uniformly and then time-division multiplexed. The sampling operation uses flat-top samples
with 1 µs duration. The multiplexing operation includes provision for synchronization by adding an extra pulse of sufficient amplitude
and also 1 µs duration. The highest frequency component of each voice signal is 3.4 kHz.
a. Assuming a sampling rate of 8 kHz, calculate the spacing between successive pulses of the multiplexed signal.
b. Repeat your calculation assuming the use of Nyquist rate sampling.

31. In a CD player, there are 2 signal channels, the sampling rate is 44.1kHz, and the samples are quantized using 16 bits/sample
quantizer. Determine the resulting number of bits for a piece of music with a druation of 50 minutes.

32. The signal 𝑚(𝑡) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑡) is transmitted using a 4-bit binary PCM system. The quantizer is mid-rise type, with a step-size of 1.
1 3 5
Assume a sampling rate of 4 samples/second, with samples taken at 𝑡 = ± , ± , ± , …
8 8 8
Determine the sampled discrete-time signal 𝑚𝑠 (𝑡), the quantized sampled digital signal 𝑚𝑞 (𝑡),and the binary sequence
representations of the quantized digital signal sample values between⁡⁡⁡−1 < 𝑡 < 1.

33. The bandwidth of TV video plus video signal is 4.5MHz.If the signal is converted to PCM bit stream with 1024 quantization
levels,determine the number of bits/sec generated by the PCM system.Assume that the signal is sampled at a rate of 20% above
Nyquist rate.

34. A compact disc(CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM.Assume the audio signal bandwidth to be 15KHz.
a. What is Nyquist rate?
b. If the Nyquist samples are quantized in to L=65,536 levels and then binary coded,determine the number of binary digits required
to encode a sample.
c. Determine the number of binary digits /sec required to encode the audio signal.
d. For practical reasons,the signals are sampled at a rate above Nyquist rate at 44100 samples per second.If L=65,536 ,determine
number of bits per second required to encode the signal and transmission BW of encoded signal.