An automated teller machine (ATM), also known as a Cash Machine and by several other names (see below), is a computerised

telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the
need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a
magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a chip, that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration date
or CVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make cash withdrawals, credit card cash advances, and check their account
balances as well as purchase prepaid cellphone credit. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that which the bank
account is denominated in (e.g.: Withdrawing Japanese Yen from a bank account containing US Dollars), the money will be converted at a
wholesale exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible exchange rate for foreign travelers[1] and are heavily used for this purpose
as well.

ATMs are known by various other names including automatic banking machine (or automated banking machine particularly in the United
States) (ABM), automated transaction machine,[2] cashpoint (particularly in the United Kingdom), money machine, bank machine, cash machine,
hole-in-the-wall, autoteller (after the Bank of Scotland's usage), cashline machine (after the Royal Bank of Scotland's usage), MAC Machine (in
the Philadelphia area), Bankomat (in various countries particularly in Europe and including Russia), Multibanco (after a registered trade mark, in
Portugal), "Minibank" in Norway, and All Time Money in India.

An interbank network, also known as an ATM consortium or ATM network, is a computer network that connects the ATMs of different
banks and permits these ATMs to interact with the ATM cards of non-native banks.

While interbank networks provide capabilities for all ATM cards within the same network to use other banks' ATMs that belong to the same
network, the services vary. For instance, when a person uses their ATM card at an ATM that does not belong to their bank, the basic services,
such as balance inquiries and withdrawals, are usually available. However, special services, such as the purchase of mobile phone airtime, are
usually not accessible to ATM cardholders of banks other than the ATM cardholders of the acquirer (the bank that owns the ATM). Furthermore,
many banks may charge a fee to users of cards that do not come from their own bank (in addition to any fees imposed by the bank of the card the
person is using).

Interbank networks are convenient because people can access the ATMs of other banks who are members of the network when their own bank's
ATM is unavailable. Such is especially convenient for travelers traveling abroad, where multinational interbank networks, like PLUS or Cirrus,
are usually available.

Interbank networks also, through different means, permit the use of ATM cards at a point of sale through the use of a special EFTPOS terminal
where ATM cards are treated as debit cards.

Location ATMs are placed not only near or inside the premises of banks, but also in locations such as shopping centers/malls, airports, grocery
stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, or any place large numbers of people may gather. These represent two types of ATM installations: on and
off premise. On premise ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement an actual bank branch's capabilities and
thus more expensive. Off premise machines are deployed by financial institutions and also ISOs (or Independent Sales Organizations) where
there is usually just a straight need for cash, so they typically are the cheaper mono-function devices. In Canada, when an ATM is not operated by
a financial institution it is known as a "White Label ATM".

In North America, banks often have drive-thru lanes providing access to ATMs.

Many ATMs have a sign above them indicating the name of the bank or organization owning the ATM, and possibly including the list of ATM
networks to which that machine is connected. This type of sign is called a topper.

Hardware

A block dia gram of an ATM

An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:

• CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)

• Magnetic and/or Chip card reader (to identify the customer)
• PIN Pad (similar in layout to a Touch tone or Calculator keypad), often manufactured as part of a secure
enclosure.
• Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure.
• Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
• Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a Touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of
the transaction)

• Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their transaction)
• Vault (to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access)
• Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)

Recently, due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of computer-like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom
hardware architectures using microcontrollers and/or application-specific integrated circuits to adopting the hardware architecture of a personal
computer, such as, USB connections for peripherals, ethernet and IP communications, and use personal computer operating systems. Although it
is undoubtedly cheaper to use commercial off-the-shelf hardware, it does make ATMs potentially vulnerable to the same sort of problems
exhibited by conventional computers.

Business owners often lease ATM terminals from ATM service providers.

Two Loomis employees refilling an ATM at the Downtown Seattle REI.

The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a
vault.

Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:

• Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value)

• Deposit mechanism including a Check Processing Module and Bulk Note Acceptor (to allow the customer to
make deposits)
• Security sensors (Magnetic, Thermal, Seismic, gas)
• Locks: (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault)
• Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash memory device based on proprietary standards) or
a solid-state device (an actual printer) which accrues all records of activity including access timestamps,
number of bills dispensed, etc. - This is considered sensitive data and is secured in similar fashion to the
cash as it is a similar liability.

ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection include cost, weight, regulatory
requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices, and internal volume requirements.[31] Industry standard vault configurations include
Underwriters Laboratories UL-291 "Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes,[32] RAL TL-30 derivatives,[33] and CEN EN 1143-1:2005 - CEN III/VdS
and CEN IV/LGAI/VdS.[34][35]
ATM manufacturers recommend that vaults be attached to the floor to prevent theft.[36]

Software

A Suncorp Metway ATM running OS/2

With the migration to commodity PC hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating systems and programming environments can be
used inside of ATMs. Typical platforms previously used in ATM development include RMX or OS/2. Today the vast majority of ATMs
worldwide use a Microsoft OS, primarily Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Embedded. A small number of deployments may still be
running older versions such as Windows NT, Windows CE or Windows 2000. Notably, Vista was not widely adopted in ATMs.[citation needed]

A Wincor Nixdorf ATM running Windows 2000

Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul, the largest bank in the south of Brazil, which has
replaced the MS-DOS operating systems in its ATMs with Linux. Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux.

Common application layer transaction protocols, such as Diebold 91x (911 or 912) and NCR NDC or NDC+ provide emulation of older
generations of hardware on newer platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities, although companies like
NCR continuously improve these protocols issuing newer versions (e.g. NCR's AANDC v3.x.y, where x.y are subversions). Most major ATM
manufacturers provide software packages that implement these protocols. Newer protocols such as IFX have yet to find wide acceptance by
transaction processors.[37]

With the move to a more standardized software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested in the ability to pick and choose the
application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now known as CEN XFS (or simply XFS), provides a common API for accessing
and manipulating the various devices of an ATM. J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API.[38]

While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's "Write once, run anywhere" mantra, often different ATM hardware vendors have
different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a
middleware to even out the differences between various platforms.

With the onset of Windows operating systems and XFS on ATM's, the software applications have the ability to become more intelligent. This has
created a new breed of ATM applications commonly referred to as programmable applications. These types of applications allows for an entirely
new host of applications in which the ATM terminal can do more than only communicate with the ATM switch. It is now empowered to
connected to other content servers and video banking systems.

Notable ATM software that operates on XFS platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Agilis EmPower, NCR APTRA Edge, CR2 BankWorld,
KAL Kalignite, Phoenix Interactive VISTAatm, and Wincor Nixdorf ProTopas.

With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity of the ATM's software stack.[39]

Diebold, Inc. (NYSE: DBD) (pronounced /ˈdiːboʊld/) is a United States-based security systems corporation that is engaged primarily in the sale,
manufacture, installation and service of self-service transaction systems (such as ATMs), electronic and physical security products (including
vaults and currency processing systems), and software and integrated systems for global financial and commercial markets. Diebold is the largest
U.S. manufacturer of ATMs.[1]
Diebold was incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio in August 1876, and is headquartered in the Akron-Canton area; its mailing address
is the city of North Canton,[2] but its physical address is located in the city of Green.[3]

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are now NCR's principal product line. NCR had made its first ATM in the late 1970s with widespread
installations of the model 770 in National Westminster and Barclays Banks throughout the UK, but it was not until the Model 5070, developed at
its Dundee plant in Scotland and introduced in 1983 that the company began to make more serious inroads into the ATM market. Subsequent
models included the 5084, 56xx, and 58xx (Personas) series. In early 2008 the company launched its new generation of ATMs - the 662x/663x
SelfServ series. NCR currently commands over a third of the entire ATM market, with an estimated $18 trillion being withdrawn from NCR
ATMs every year. In addition, NCR's expertise in this field lead the company to contract with the U.S. Military to support the Eagle Cash
program with customized ATMs.[7]

Wincor Nixdorf is a German corporation that provides retail and retail banking hardware, software, and services.
Wincor Nixdorf is engaged primarily in the sale, manufacture, installation and service of self-service transaction
systems (such as ATMs), retail banking equipment, lottery terminals, postal terminals, software and services for
global financial and commercial markets.

Wincor Nixdorf is a German corporation that provides retail and retail banking hardware, software, and services. Wincor Nixdorf is engaged
primarily in the sale, manufacture, installation and service of self-service transaction systems (such as ATMs), retail banking equipment, lottery
terminals, postal terminals, software and services for global financial and commercial markets.

National Cash Register Company (NCR) Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are now NCR's principal product line. NCR had made its first
ATM in the late 1970s with widespread installations of the model 770 in National Westminster and Barclays Banks throughout the UK, but it was
not until the Model 5070, developed at its Dundee plant in Scotland and introduced in 1983 that the company began to make more serious inroads
into the ATM market. Subsequent models included the 5084, 56xx, and 58xx (Personas) series. In early 2008 the company launched its new
generation of ATMs - the 662x/663x SelfServ series. NCR currently commands over a third of the entire ATM market, with an estimated $18
trillion being withdrawn from NCR ATMs every year. In addition, NCR's expertise in this field lead the company to contract with the U.S.
Military to support the Eagle Cash program with customized ATMs.[7]

Fujitsu Limited

Keba AG is an Austrian company with its headquarters in Linz, that develops and produces industrial, bank, and
service industrial products.

In the field of industrial automation, Keba focuses on automation of machines and mobile automation. Keba
develops and produces control systems and mobile terminals. In the field of automation of machines, Keba has
solutions like the KemroPlast for injection molding or KemroMotion for the robotic systems.

An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific business or
educational purposes. An extranet can be viewed as an extension of a company's intranet that is extended to users
outside the company, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in
which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with a selected set of other companies (business-to-
business, B2B), in isolation from all other Internet users. In contrast, business-to-consumer (B2C) models involve
known servers of one or more companies, communicating with previously unknown consumer users. An intranet is
like a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for channel partners, without granting access to an
organization's entire network.

An IP (Internet Protocol) PBX (Private branch exchange) is a business telephone system designed to deliver voice or video over a data network
and interoperate with the normal Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) gateways can be combined with traditional PBX functionality enabling businesses to use their managed
intranet to help reduce long distance expenses, enjoy the benefits of a single network for voice and data and advanced CTI features or be used on
a pure IP system which in most cases give greater cost savings, greater mobility, and increased redundancy.

An IP-PBX can exist as a hardware object, or virtually, as a software system.

Function

Because a major part of IP PBX functionality is provided in software, it is relatively inexpensive and easy to add additional functionality, such as
conferencing, XML-RPC control of live calls, Interactive voice response (IVR), TTS/ASR (text to speech/automatic speech recognition), Public
switched telephone network (PSTN) interconnection ability supporting both analog and digital circuits, Voice over IP protocols including SIP,
Inter-Asterisk eXchange, H.323, Jingle (extension of XMPP protocol introduced by Google Talk) and others.
In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail
from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard
protocols for e-mail retrieval. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several
versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. POP3 is used for most webmail services such as Gmail and Yahoo.

Overview

POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). Although most
POP clients have an option to leave mail on server after download, e-mail clients using POP generally connect, retrieve all messages, store them
on the user's PC as new messages, delete them from the server, and then disconnect. Other protocols, notably IMAP, (Internet Message Access
Protocol) provide more complete and complex remote access to typical mailbox operations. Many e-mail clients support POP as well as IMAP to
retrieve messages; however, fewer Internet Service Providers (ISPs) support IMAP.

A POP3 server listens on well-known port 110. Encrypted communication for POP3 is either requested after protocol initiation, using the STLS
command, if supported, or by POP3S, which connects to the server using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) on well-
known TCP port 995 (e.g. Google Gmail).

Available messages to the client are fixed when a POP session opens the maildrop, and are identified by message-number local to that session or,
optionally, by a unique identifier assigned to the message by the POP server. This unique identifier is permanent and unique to the maildrop and
allows a client to access the same message in different POP sessions. Mail is retrieved and marked for deletion by message-number. When the
client exits the session, the mail marked for deletion is removed from the maildrop.

Fiber optics

The minimum bend radius is of particular importance in the handling of fiber-optic cables, which are often used in telecommunications. The
minimum bending radius will vary with different cable designs. The manufacturer should specify the minimum radius to which the cable may
safely be bent during installation, and for the long term. The former is somewhat shorter than the latter. The minimum bend radius is in general
also a function of tensile stresses, e.g., during installation, while being bent around a sheave while the fiber or cable is under tension. If no
minimum bend radius is specified, one is usually safe in assuming a minimum long-term low-stress radius not less than 15 times the cable
diameter.

Beside mechanical destruction, another reason why one should avoid excessive bending of fiber-optic cables is to minimize microbending and
macrobending losses. Microbending causes light attenuation induced by deformation of the fiber while macrobending causes the leakage of light
through the fiber cladding and this is more likely to happen where the fiber is excessively bent.

Microsoft Project (or MSP or WinProj) is a project management software program developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist
project managers in developing plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analyzing workloads.

The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain methodology third-party add-ons are also available. Schedules
can be resource leveled, and chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Project can recognize different classes of users. These different
classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views, and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and
fields are stored in an enterprise global which is shared by all users.

Microsoft Project was the company's third Windows-based application, and within a couple of years of its introduction it became the dominant
PC-based project management software.

Although branded as a member of the Microsoft Office family, it has never been included in any of the Office suites (Like Visio). This was also
the case with Office 2010. It is available currently in two editions, Standard and Professional. MS Project's proprietary file format is .mpp.

Microsoft Project and Microsoft Project Server are the cornerstones of the Microsoft Office Enterprise Project Management (EPM) product.
Microsoft Project 2010 features the Ribbon user interface.[1]
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