‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ‪1‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺭ ‪ :‬ﺩ ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺻﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬
‫‪https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Asma_Elmangoush‬‬
‫‪@Aelmangosh‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻳﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺁﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪.Google ClassRoom‬‬
‫‪Code: 9tvkar‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﻭﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻷﺳﺗﺎﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪.«1‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ ‫) ‪ (asma_elmangoush@cit.edu.ly‬ﺑﻌﻧﻭﺍﻥ »ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻳﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪Lab. Work‬‬ ‫‪20%‬‬
‫‪Class Tests‬‬ ‫‪30%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﻋﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Report‬‬ ‫‪10%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫‪Final Exam‬‬ ‫‪40%‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
1. Data Communications and Networking
By B. Forouzan, 5th edition.
:‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬
2. Computer Networks, By Andrew Tanenbaum &
David Wetherall
3. Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach
Featuring The Internet. By J. Kurose and K.
Ross, 3rd edition.
4. Computer Networks Performance and Quality of
Service, by Ivan Marsic
[http://www.ece.rutgers.edu/~marsic/books/CN/]

‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- 1 ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ 4

 ‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ – ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻛﻭﻝ ﻭﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪Physical Layer‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Data-Link Layer‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺻﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ‪Network Layer‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺗﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺭ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ‪Transport Layer‬‬

‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ‪Application Layer‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ؟‬
‫?‪What is a network‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

 ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ؟‬
‫ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ‪interconnected systems‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ computer network‬ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻘﺩ ‪ nodes‬ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ‪ Hardware‬ﻭﺑﺭﻣﺟﻲ ‪ ،Software‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻳﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪PCs, workstations‬‬
‫• ﺧﻭﺍﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ﻣﺧﺻﺻﺔ ‪dedicated computers‬‬
‫• ﻫﻭﺍﺗﻑ ﺫﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﺭﻳﺔ ‪Smart phones, Microcontroller‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻧﺣﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻭﺍﺑﻝ ﻣﺣﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪7‬‬

 ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫‪Message .1‬ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﺍﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺹ‪ ،‬ﺻﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺻﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Sender .2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫‪Receiver .3‬‬
‫ﺳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺳﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻣﻳﺭﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺗﺣﺳﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻡ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﺧﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻔﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ :Transmission medium‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻛﻭﻝ ‪ :protocol‬ﻭﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻠﺔ ﻋﺑﺭﻩ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺗﺭﺍﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺃﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ؟‬
‫?‪Why do we need it‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪9‬‬

 ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ؟‬
Sharing resources ‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
◦ Resources become available regardless of the user’s physical location (server based, peer2peer)

Load Sharing/utilization ‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬

◦ Jobs processed on least crowed machine
◦ Resource can be shared

High reliability ‫ﺃﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬

◦ Alternative source of supply (multiple copies)

‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- 1 ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ 10

 ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪Business Applications‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )ﻁﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﺣﺎﺕ ﺿﻭﻳﺋﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺇﻟﺦ (‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ )ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻭﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺟﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺔ ‪E-commerce‬‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻧﺯﻟﻳﺔ ‪Home Applications‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )ﻁﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻣﻳﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﺣﺎﺕ ﺿﻭﻳﺋﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺇﻟﺦ (‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺭﺍﺩ )ﺻﻭﺕ‪/‬ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻓﻳﺔ )ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺙ ﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ(‬
‫‪Mobile Users‬‬
‫ﺇﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﻠﻳﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Social Issues‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻧﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﻋﺳﻛﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪11‬‬

 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪Network Criteria‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ‪:Performance‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ transit time‬ﻭ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪response‬‬
‫‪ .time‬ﻭﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪:Reliability‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺧﻁﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ ‪ recover‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪..‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻷﻣﻥ ‪:Security‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺧﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺿﻳﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺻﺭﺡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ‪Types of Networks‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت ﺣﺳب‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﯾﺔ ‪Topology‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐطﯾﻬﺎ‪Geography‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻻرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ‪transmission technology‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫اﺳﻠوب اﻟﺗﺑدﯾل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ‪Switching Strategies‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪13‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪Point-to-point Connection‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺧﺻﺹ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺳﻳﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﻪ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ‪Multipoint Connection‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬
 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪Topology‬‬

‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫‪Mesh Network‬‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﻝ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪15‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪Topology‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁﺔ ‪Mesh Network‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺧﺻﺹ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺍﺳﻝ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ ‪.dedicated point-to-point link‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ n‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻝ ﺟﺎﻫﺯ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ )‪ (n-1‬ﻣﻧﻔﺫ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ‪I/O ports‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫‪n (n – 1) / 2 duplex-mode links‬‬

‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺄﺩﺍء ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺧﺻﺹ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﻧﺔ ‪ robust‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻁﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﻁﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺳﻬﻝ‬
‫ﺟﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻳﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪Topology‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﻣﺔ ‪Star Topology‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ ﺑﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻭﻁﺔ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪17‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪Topology‬‬

‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ‪Bus Topology‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻳﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪.backbone‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻼﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ‪Topology‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﻛﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪Ring Topology‬‬ ‫ﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺭﺑﻭﻁ ﺑﺎﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﻳﻥ ﺑﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺧﺻﺹ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺗﺣﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻳﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪19‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
Interprocessor Processors located in Example
distance

1m Personal Personal Area Network

10 m Room
100 m Building Local Area Network
1 Km Campus
10 Km City Metropolitan Area
100 Km Country
Wide Area Network
1 000 Km Continent
10 000 Km Global Internet

‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- 1 ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ 20

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ )‪Personal Area Network (PAN‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﺷﻐﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺗﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﻭﺗﻭﺙ ‪ Bluetooth‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻛﻳﺎ ‪USB‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪21‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪Local Area Network (LAN‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻛﺗﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺑﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺭﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎءﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Bus‬‬

‫‪wireless‬‬
‫‪Ring‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ )‪Metropolitan Area (MAN‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ )‪Wide Area Network (WAN‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ‪ WAN‬ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻠﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﻝ ﻳﺷﺗﺭﻛﻭﻥ ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻗﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻭﻓﺭ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ ‪.common carrier‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺣﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺅﺟﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
Circuit switched ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
◦ dedicated circuit per call
◦ performance (guaranteed)
◦ call setup required
◦ telephone system

:Packet switched ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬

◦ data sent through net in discrete “chunks”
◦ user A, B packets share network resources
◦ resources used as needed
◦ store and forward: packets move one hop at a time
◦ The Internet (TCP/IP)

‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- 1 ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ 25

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪Circuit Switched Networks‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺟﺯ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺯﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻭﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻟﻼﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺭﺣﻼﺕ( ﺑﻳﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻁﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺟﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺭ ‪Signaling‬ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻠﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺻﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‪..‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪C ity A‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻭﺏ‪ :‬ﺿﻳﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺟﺯ‬

‫ﺃﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺳﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪C ity B‬‬ ‫‪C ity C‬‬ ‫) ‪(a‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺧﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ‬
‫‪C ity D‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻠﺔ )ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪26‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ‬
‫‪Packet Switched Networks‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺟﺯ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺗﻝ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺯﻡ ‪ ،packets‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺻﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﺳﻠﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻟﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﺑﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Datagram‬‬
‫‪C ity A‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻳﺔ ‪Virtual Circuit.‬‬
‫) ‪(b‬‬
‫‪C ity B‬‬ ‫‪C ity C‬‬ ‫‪C ity D‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﺧﺫ ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻧﺗﻅﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺍﺑﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪27‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ‬
‫‪Packet Switched Networks‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫?‪Why Packet switched and not Message switched networks‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻼﻡ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻭﺟﻳﻬﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﻐﻼﻝ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺩﻋﻡ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻋﻁﺎء ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ‪ Robustness‬ﻓﻌﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﻁﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ ‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫‪Packet Switched Networks‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻧﺳﺏ ﺣﺟﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺯﻣﺔ؟‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫‪10 10 10 10 10 10‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ‪ <-‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪10 10 10 10 10 10‬‬
‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪overhead‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ‪ <-‬ﺃﺣﺗﻳﺎﺝ ﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬

‫‪10 10 10 10 10 10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻷﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺃﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﻡ ‪Maximum Transmission Unit‬‬
‫)‪(MTU‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪29‬‬

 ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ ‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫‪Packet Switched‬‬
‫‪Networks‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

 ‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺰﻡ‬
‫‪Packet Switched Networks‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:Datagram networks‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻧﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺻﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﺟﻠﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻭﺛﻭﻗﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻓﺿﻝ ﻻﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻳﺔ ‪Virtual Circuit networks‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﻻً ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻟﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻁﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺟﻠﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻧﻘﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺳﻡ ‪tag‬ﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪31‬‬

 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ‬

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching
(Datagram type)

Packet Switching
A
(Virtual Circuit
Type)
B

‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- 1 ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ‬ 32

 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪33‬‬


‫‪Circuit Switching‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻭﻣﺧﺻﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺗﺭﻭﻳﺳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ‪ overhead‬ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ‪ Bandwidth‬ﺛﺎﺑﺕ‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺣﻳﻝ‬
‫)‪Packet Switching (Datagram type‬‬ ‫‪Packet Switching (Virtual Circuit‬‬
‫)‪Type‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﺧﺻﺹ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺧﺻﺹ‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺗﺭﻭﻳﺳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ‪ overhead‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺗﺭﻭﻳﺳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ‪ overhead‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ‪ Bandwidth‬ﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻕ ‪ Bandwidth‬ﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻲ‬
‫‪34‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬

International Standards International European

Organization (ISO) Telecommunication Union Telecommunications
‫• ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬ (ITU) Standards Institute
‫• ﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ‬

Internet Engineering Task Institute of Electrical and World Wide Web

Force Electronic Engineers. Consortium (W3C)
‫• ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫•ﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺔ‬

3rd Generation Partnership

Project (3GPP)

Monday, October 2, 2017 ‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- ‫ﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬ 35

 ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
The Internet Engineering Task Force
Standardization is key to network interoperability
◦ The hardware/software of communicating parties are often not built by the same vendor
yet they can communicate because they use the same protocol

Internet Engineering Task Force

◦ Based on working groups that focus on specific issues

Request for Comments

◦ Document that provides information or defines standard
◦ Requests feedback from the community
◦ Can be “promoted” to standard under certain conditions
◦ consensus in the committee
◦ interoperating implementations

Monday, October 2, 2017 ‫ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- ‫ﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬ 36

 ‫ﺃﻗﺭﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺏ‬
‫‪“Data Communications and Networking” By B. Forouzan,‬‬
‫‪5th edition‬‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺧﺔ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻧﺯﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺟﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻭﺟﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪Classroom Code:‬‬
‫‪9tvkar‬‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﻭﺏ ‪ - 1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻋﺑﺩﷲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪37‬‬