P AD—an an ELECTRO MAGNETIC PROCESSES INC CNATSWO*Th CALIF F/S 13/9

A SURVEY OF AVAILABLE DATA ON Tilt NORMAL DRAG COEFFICIENT OF CA—flC(u

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Naval Construction Battalion Center
Port Huenan e, California
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NAVAL 1~ACIL1TIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

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NOAA DATA BUOY OFF ICE

~~~~
~~~ A SURVEY OF AVAI LABLE DATA ON ThE NORMA L DRAG
CO EFFICIENT OF CABLES SUBJ ECTED TO CROSS-FLOW
-

August 1977
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MAL iNCORPORATED
Rockville, Maryland
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~ A ?RAG ~ OEFF ICIENT OF ~ ABL E S .~UBJECTE~ PtS
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Civil Engineering Laboratory
Naval Construction Battalion Center
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Naval Facilities Engineering Command~ ~
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Cables , ropes, chain, drag coefficient, moorings , hydro-

dYnamics

A•I YAAC T fC~~ SMi.. — .•AM5 5d5 U n 5•IAMP .s~ Id. nIIfr 55 55.55 n.Mth55)

e Civil Engineering Laboratory is conducting a research pro-

gram with the goal of developing mathematical models to aid in
the computer simulation of the behavior of cable structures in
the ocean . One of the major goals of the program has been pre-
diction of the normal drag of a vibrating cable. Two simulation
models have been independently developed which, when used to-
aether. result in th~ cajs*hility i~sf p risd it-i4n g t h s* nni .~~~1 elmg
DO ~~~~~ 1473 C0*Ti0* OP I N O V S $ IS o.so,.tv1 UNCLASSIFIED ~~~~~~~~
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~lock 20. Cont’d

of a vibrating cable. The models predict the frequency and
amplitude of the cable vibrations based upon the mechanical pro-
perties of the cable and the fluid flow properties ; a factor is
then computed which , when mu ltiplied by the non-vibrating drag
coefficient for the cable , results in the effective drag coef-
ficient for the cable. Thus, the non-vibrating drag coefficient
must be known . A survey has been conducted to identify avail-
able drag coefficient of non-vibrating cables and to assess the
quality of the data as to its applicability for use in design
of undersea cable structures.

UNCLASSIFIED

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

—
S~ CtIOfl Page

I INTRODUCTION I-I
—

2 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA ITEM S 2-I

2. 1 Data Item 1 2-2
2.2 Data ltem 2 2-5
2.3 Data Item 3 2-14
— 2.4 Data Item 4 2-19
2.5 Data Item 5 2-21
2.6 Data Item 6 2-24
—
2.7 Data Item 7 2-29
2.8 Data Item 8 2-38
2.9 Data ltem 9 2-41
2.10 Data ltem lO 245
3 SUMMARY OF EXISTING DRAG COEFFICIENT DATA 3-I
3.1 Non-Jacketed,Stranded Steel Cables 3-1
3.2 Jacketed Cables 3-3
3.3 Synthetic Ropes 3.3
-. 3.4 Chain 3-3

4 BIBUOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED 4-1

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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_______________________________________ ______________________________
— — - -f — - —i
p UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

2-1 Drag CoefficientData by Reif and Powell of Stranded

Wire Cables 24
—
2-2 Drag CoefficientData by Pode of Eight Stranded Wire Ropes 2-13
2-3 Drag Coefficient Data by Zajac for a Smooth Jacketed
—
Steel Ca ble 2-16
2-4 Drag Coefficient Data by Zaj ac for a Tar Impregnated
Jute Jacketed Steel Cable 2-18
2-5 Drag Coeffi cient Data by Schultz for a 0.396-Inch Stranded
Wire Rope 2-20
—
2-6 Drag Coefficient Data for a 1.1 6-Inch Simulated Double-Armored
Cable 2-23
— 2-7 Drag Coefficient Data by Diggs for a 0.375-Inch Smooth
Jacketed Cable 2-26
2-8 Drag Coefficient Data by Diggs for Several Bare Double-Armored
—
Cables 2-28
2-9 Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for Several Plaited
Synthetic Ropes 2-34
2-10 Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for a 3/8-Inch Single
Braided Synthetic Rope 2-37
—

2- 11 Dra g Coefficient Data by Eisen ber g Based on Chain Width for

Straight Link Chain 240
—

2-12 Drag Coefficient Data by Bonde Based Upon Chain Width for
Stud Link Chain ( Die-Lock Type) 2-44
— 2-13 Drag Coefficient Data for the SEACON II Cable 246

3-I Summary of Drag Coefficient Data for Non-Jacketed Stranded

— Steel Cable 3-2
3-2 Summary of Drag Coefficient Data for Jacketed Steel Cables 3-4
—
3-3 Summary of Drag Coefficient Data for Synthetic Ropes 3-5
34 Summary of Drag Coefficient Data for Chain 3-6

:
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2-1 Drag Coefficient Data for Data Item 1 2-3

2-2 Drag Coefficient Data for Eight Stranded Wire Ropes by Pode 2-7
2-3 Drag Coefficient Data by Zaj ac for a Smooth Jacketed Steel Cable 2-15
—

2-4 Drag Coefficient Data by Zaj ac for a Tar Impregnated Jute

Jacketed Steel Cable 2-17
2-5 Drag Coefficient Data by Schultz for a 0.396-Inch Stranded
Wire Rope 219
— 2-6 Drag Coefficient Data for a 1.16-Inch Simulated Double-Armored
Cable 222

—
2-7 Drag Coefficient Data by Diggs for a 0.375-Inch Smooth
Jacketed Cable 2-25
2-8 Drag Coefficient Data by Diggs for Several Bare Double-Armored
—
Cables 2-27
2-9 Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for Several Plaited, Synthetic
—
Ropes 2-30
2- 10 Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for a 3/8-Inch Single Braided
Synthetic Line 2-35
2-I 1 Drag Coefficient Data by Eisenberg for Straight Link Chain 2-39
2-12 Drag Coefficient Data by Bonde for Stud Link Anchor Chain 242
—

2- 13 Drag Coefficient Data for the SEACON II Cable 2-45

I-v-

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— — J
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~
—- - -

.
 Section 1

INTRODUCTION

The Civil Engineering Labora tory is conducting a research program with the goal of develop-
ing mathematical models to aid in the computer simulation of the beh avior of cable structures in
the ocean. One of the major aspects of the program has been in the area of predicting the normal
drag of a vibratin g cable. Two simulation models have been independently developed which , when
—

used toge ther , result in the capability of predicting the normal drag of a vibrating cable . The first of
the two models predicts the frequency and ampli tude of the cable vibrations based upon the mechan-
ical properties of the cable and the fluid flow field prope rties. The second model uses the frequency
and ampli tude of the cable vibrations and computes a factor which, when multiplied by the non-
vibrating drag coefficient for the cable , results in the vibrating drag coefficient for the cable. There-
fore. in order to compute the drag coefficient of a vibrating cable using these two models the non-
vibrating drag coefficient must be known. As a result , a survey was conducted to iden tify what drag
—

coefficient data of n on-vibratin g cables are available and to assess the quality of the data as to its
— applicability for use in the models described above.

1—1

-
 Section 2

-
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA ITEMS

In this section ~“e data which were collected during the course of the survey are presented
—

in tabulated and plotte d ioims. The data items are organized in terms of the source of the data , that
is, by the author of th.~ report or the investigator. Where possible, a discussion of the experimental
—
techniques used to genera te the data and an assessment of the quality of the data is presented for
each data item. Each data item may contain drag coefficient data for more than one ty pe of cable.
—
For those cases in which more than one cable is presented and where the cables are greatly dis-
similiar in type or construction , then the data are presented in separate tables and graphs.

I
j 21

-
_ _ _ _ _ _ -
I
 2.1 DATA ITEP# l

Source: Reif, E.F.,and Powell,C. H.,“Tests on Smooth and Stranded Wires Inclined to the Wind
Direction, and a Comparison of Results on Stranded Wire in Air and Water”, Advisory
Committee for Ae ronautics , Great Britai n , Reports and Memoranda (New Series) No. 307 .
January 1917 .

Cables Tested: The investigators tested thre e (3) cables which are described as follows:

a. 1¼ inch British Cable , measured circumference 1.22 inches,

6 x 24 construction
b. 1½ inch British Cable , measured circumference 1.57 inches,
6 x 37 construction
c. 1-3/8 inch German Cable, measured circumference 1.38 inches,
7 x 7 construction.

In addition , data from previous tests for two (2)other cables are presented in the report by Reif
and Powell. These are:

d. 3 inch circumference cable unkn own construction , and

e. 4/5 inch diameter stranded wire , 7 x 14 construction . (This diameter is an approxi-
m ate valu e, determined from known Reynolds number and air flow velocity values
and a mean kinematic viscosity from the four previous cable tests.)

Experimen tal Procedure: A 30 inch long sample of cable was mounted horizontally in a wind tunnel
by a 1/8-inch spindle at the center of the sample. The normal drag force was measured and corrected
for end effects . The data were presented by Relf and Powell in terms of:

normal drag per foot

pdV 2

versus Reynolds number. The data presented in this report have been recalculated to obtain the
normal drag coefficient

n orm al drag per foo t

Cd =

½ pd

2-2

--
‘
I..—
—
Assessment of the Data: The actual amount of data presented is very small with only one data
point per cable, however, there is no evidence to indicate that the data is of poor quality. No mea-
surement of cable vibrations were made , nor were observations of vibrations reported.

~ Drag Coefficient Data: The cable normal drag coefficient data is presented in Table 2-1 and
-

Figure 2-1.

— Table 2-1. Drag Coefficient Data for Data Item I

CABLE Re Cd
—
d

1¼” British Cable 8.128 x io 1.204

~
IYi” British Cable 1.045 x io 4 1.124

— 1-3/8” German Cable 9. 183 xio~ 1.228

3” Cable 1.483 x io 1.080

.
~
4.000 x 1 0’s
—

4/5” Stranded Wire 0.978

5 .333x 1& 1.028

—

2-3

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~ 3 Cable
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~ 4/5 Stranded Wire
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Figure 2-1 . Dr-ag Coefficient Da ta by Reif and Powell of

Stranded Wire Cables

2-4

__ ___
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- —- —
. -
~~~~~~~~
 2.2 DATA ITEM 2

Source: Pode. Leonard, “An ExperimentalInvestigation of the Hydrodynamic Forces on

Stranded Cables”, David Taylor Model Basin, Report 7 13 , May 1950.

Cables Tested: Eigh t samples of cable were tested , four of 1/ 16-inch diameter , three of 1 ~-inch
diameter , and one of ¼-in ch diam~’ er . The eigh t cables tested are as follows:

—
a. 1/ 16-inch l9 wire strand construction
b. 1/ 16- inch 7 x 7 construction
c. 1i ’1 6-inch 7 x 7 construction
—

d. 1/ 1 6-inch 7 x 7 construction
e. 1/ 8-inch 7 x 7 construction
f. 1/8-inch 7 x 19 construction
g. 1/8-inch 7 x 19 construction
h. 1/4-inch 7 x 19 construction

Experimental Procedure : Samples of the cables approximately sixty (60) feet in length were
—
towed from the towing carriage in the NSRDC deep wate r basin at speeds ran ging from 3 knots
to 1 6 knots. The true cable angle was measu red using an arran gement of two optical devices: a
travelling telescope and a sightin g transit. These measurements enabled the computation of the
di rection cosines of the line of the cable. Knowing the cable angles and the weigh t of the cable
in water , the drag coefficient can be determined from a summation of forces normal to the cable ,

N = Wm c o t~

where N is the normal hydrodynami c force per unit length , W is the cable weight per uni t
length in water , m is the direction cosine of the cable in the direction of gravi ty , and 0 is the
—

angle between the cable and the velocity stream. Havin g computed the normal force , N , the
norm al force coefficient , C N, can be computed by

N
CN =
‘/2p V 2 d

2-5

—
-
,
—
-~
where p is the fluid density, V is the t owspeed and ci is the cable diameter. The drag coefficient
of a cable perpendicular to the velocity vector can then be computed using the sine squared
p rinciple .

CN
Cd =
0

Assessment of the Data: Although it is felt that the quality of Pode’s data is good, there are
cert ain factors which should be brought out concerning the meaning of the data. First, the data
represents towing configu ra tions in the criticalangle range. That is, the cable angles were very
shallow, ranging from about one (1)degree to less than ten (10) degrees. This regime of cable
angles does not reflect the typical mooring scenario. Second, the sine squared law was used to
compute the drag coefficie nt , Cd. Although this is a common practice for steep angle configur-
ations . the re is no conclusive evidence that the sine squared principle is valid for very shallow
angles. ft can be shown that a one-half degree error in the measurement of the cable angle can
result in as much as a 25 percent error in the value of Cd. Lastly, Pode makes no mention of

cable vibr ations. Based upo n similiar experiments by other investigators, it is felt that it is highly
likely that the cables did vibrate under some test conditions.

Drag Coefficient Data: Pode ’s drag coefficient data are presented in Table 2-2. The cable desig-
nations A through H are as described previously. Figure 2-2 shows the plotted drag coefficientsas a
f unction of Reynolds number.

2-6

- --- -- — — ~~-~~~~~ - - r - . -
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
 Table 2-2. Drag Coefficient Data For Eight Stra nded Wire Ropes by Pode

CABLE REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

A 2.886 x 1O 3 1.53
3.607 x io~ 1.62
—

4.3 14x 10~ 1 .80

5.050 x I0 ~ 1. 79
—

5.786 x 10~ 1.85

—
6.507x 10 3 1 .99
7.200 x 10 ~ 2.13
B 2.171 x io 1.81
—
~
2.900 x 10~ 1.76
— 3.629 x 10 ~ 1 .60
4.328 x 10~ 1 .36
— 5.072 x I0 ~ 1.36
5.800~~ 10~ 1.43
—
6.514x 10~ 1.53
7.207 x I 0~ 1.69
—
C 2.886x 10~ 1.58
3.621 x i0 3 1.46
4.328 x 1.39
—

4.336 x 1.35
-

~~ 5. 0 7 9 xl & 1.36
5.757 x
5.786 x io~ 1.41
6.507 * 10~ 1.47
—

7.214 x I 0~ 1.59

—
7.2 14* l0~ 1.51

2-7
 TabLe 2-2. Drag CoefficientData For Eight Stranded Wire Ropes by Pode (Cont.)

CABLE REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

D 2.878 x 10 3 1.71
2.886 x 10~ 1.73
2.886 x 10~ 1 .69
3.607 x io~ 1.31
3 .6 l4x 10~ 1.57
4.328 x io 1.37
~
4.328 x 10~ 1.66
4.328 x 10~ 1.44
5.043 x 10~ 1.50
5.064x 10~ 1.42
S.757~~ I0 ~ 1.58
S.778 x 10~ 1.46
6.478 x 10~ 1 .66
6.493 x 103 1.52
7.200 x 10~ 1.88
7.2 14x io 1.61
~
7.936 x 10~ 2.02
8.657 ~ 103 2.06
9.378 x 2.44
9.955 x 103 2.47
E 7.185 x 1.46
7.2 14x 1O~ 1.40
8.657 * 103 1.37
8.671 x l0~ 1 .42
8.686~~ 103 1 .40
i.oio~ io~ 1.29
1.01 1 ~ io4 1.33
1.014 * 1.28

2-8

- ,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
- ~~~~~~ -
 —

Table 2-2. Drag Coefficient Data For Eigh t Stranded W ire Ropes by Pode (Cont.)

—
CABLE REYNOLD S NUMBER Cd

E 1.15 6 ~~ 10~ 1.17

io~
—

1.157 x 1.10
1.159 x 10 4 1 .08
io~
—

1.291 x 1.20
1.299x 10 4 1.10
—

1.301 x 10~ 1.12

—
1.440x 10~ 1.17
1.443 x 10 4 1.1 2
— 1.444~ Io~ 1.17
1.576 x 10~ 1 .23
— 1.580 x 10~ 1.25
1.721 x io ’ 1 .30
~
1.721 x io 1 .38
~
—

1.868 x 10~ 1.49

—
1.873 x 104 1 .25
2. OlOx I0~ 1.61
2. OlO x 10~ 1.49
2. 1 58 x 10~ 1.67
2.158 x 10 4 1 .65
2.304 x 10~ 1.69
2.307~~ i0~ 1.53
F 7.21 $~~ i0~ 1.37
—

7.229 x 10~ 1.33

7.243~~ 10~ 1.43
8.556 z 103 1 .45 -:

8.642~~ iO ~ 1.34
1.36
— i.oio~ io~ 1.25

-
- 2-9

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-I--— — ;-- ~-
Table 2-2. Drag Coefficient Data For Eight Stranded Wire Ropes by Pode (Cont. )

CABLE REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

F 1.014 x 10 4 1.21
I . 153 x 10~ 1 .06
1.154 x 10~ 0.92
1.157 ~~ 10~ 0.93
1.297x 10 4 1.09
1.299 x 10~ 0.93
1.300 x 10~ 0.98
1.438 x 10~ 0.97
1.440x io 1 .49
~
1.587 x 10~ 1.18
1.731 x io 1.21
~
1.731 x io 1.09
~
1.876 x 10~ 1.16
2.020 x 10~ 1.23
2.158 x 10~ 1.38
2.30 1 x io 1.53
~
G 7.214 x 10~ 1 .30
7.2 14x 10~ 1 .26
8.657 x io~ 1 .34
8.657 x 1 .29
~~
8.686 x 10~ 1.27
l Ol O x io 1.14
~
1.OIO x io 1.17
~
1.0 13x 10 4 1.16
1.51 x 1o4 1.03
1.153 ~~ 10~ 1.01
1.l57 ~~ lO ~ 0.99

2-10

- ,
t ~~
y_
 Table 2-2 , Drag CoefficientData For Eight Stranded Wire Ropes by Pode (Cont. )

0 — CABLE REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

—
G 1.296 ~~ 10~ 1. 10
1.299 * 10~ 1.10

—
1.301 x 10~ 1.17
1.438 x 10 ~ 1.25
— 1.440x io~ 0.8 1
l.443 x 10~ 1 .04
• 1.443~~ 10~ 0.89
l.577 x l0~ 0.84
—
1.721 ~ 1O ~ 1.14
1.726 x 10~ 1.02
—
1 .863 x l0~ 0.98
1.866 x l0 ~ 1.63
2.010~~ 10~
—
1.25
2.0 13x 10~ 1.57
2. l S O x l O 4
— -

1.50
2. 16 4 x 10 4 1. 90
—

2.304x 10~ 1 .07

2.306 x io 2.40
~
2.020 x io
—

if 1.22
~
2.303 x 10~ 1.30
—

2.309 x io 1.23
~
—
2.583 * 10~ 1.30
2.591 x IO ~ 1.19
— 2.880 * i04 1.20
2.886 x 10~ 1.25
— 2.886 x 10~ 1.34
2.886 x 10~ 1.26
— 3.l6O x 1O ~ 1.41

2-li

—
 Table 2-2. Drag Coefficient Data For Eigh t Stran ded Wire Ropes by Pod e (Cont.)

CABLE REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

H 3.166 x 10~ 1 .26

3. 174 x ~~~ 1. 19
3.451 x 10~ 1 .29
3.463 x 10~ 1.40
3.463~~ 10~ 1 .28
3.737~~ 1O ~ 1.14
3.751 x 10~ 1.39
4.017~~ 10~ 1.58
4.025 x 10~ 1.45
4.028 x io 1.43
~
4.040~~1O~ 1.40
4.271 x io~ 1.42
4.328~~ 1O~ 1.34
4.591 x io~ 1 .57
4.608 * 10~ 1 .45
4.617~~ 10~ 1.34

24:

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_

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- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t r 1 ~ 4 b ~~~~~~~~-~~
~~~~~~~~~ .4 .
~~
-

4 -

‘: —t
—

1.0 . . .
~I - .
-
-~~j-~ j~~~
- ~ _ _ _ _

_ _

-
1
~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

11~~~~
-

o1 _ __ _ _ _ _

—
io~ l0 10
~ ~
Reyno kis Number , R e
d

Figure 2-2. Drag CoefficientData By Pode of

—

Eigh t Str*nded Wire Ropes

243
—

- ---- — -
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~1
-
~~~~ ~~~~~
2.3 DATA ITEM 3

Source : Zaj ac, E. E., “Dynam ics and Kinetics of the Layin g and Recove ry of Submarin e Cable ” ,
Bell Syste m Technical Journal , Volume 36(5), September 1957 , pp. 1129-1207.

Cab les Tested : The investigator tested two ja cketed armored cables which are described as
follows:

a. 0.75 inch steel cable with a smooth polyethylenejacket

b. 1.25 inch steel cable with a rough tar-impregnated jute jacket.

Experimental Procedure: The data presented by Zajac were obtained from at-sea towing tests of
cables of 20 feet to 100 feet in length.The cables were towed over a range of speeds from I ~
knots to 9 knots. The cable angle (critical angle) was measured and the data are presented as
plots of critical angle versus towing speed. Based upon the da ta for the weights in water of the
cables and the water density, the drag coefficientswere calculated using the relationship for the
bal an ce of the forces normal to the cable and the sine- squared relationship.That is,

w cos ~
Cd - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Y ip V 2 d sin 2 Ø

Assessment of the Data : Virtually no information was provided by the investigator on the experi-
mental technique to assess the quality of the data. No mention was made as to the technique used
to measure the cable angle or the accuracy of the measurements. Also ,the investigator made no
mention of measurements of cable vibrations or observations that cable vibra tions were present
during the tests. Although the cable angles reported by Zajac are generally greater than Pode
(see Data Item 2),in the range of six (6) to forty (40)degrees, it is felt that applying a sine-
squared relationship may not result in good quality data for the drag coefficient.The reasons for
this as stated previously,are th a t the sine-squared relationship may not closely apply to shallow
an gle cables, and a small error in the measurement of the angle can result in a significanterror
in the computation of the drag coefficient.

Drag CoefficientData : The drag coefficient data by Zajac are presented in Tables 2-3 and 2-4 , and
Figures 2-3 and 2-4 for the two cables identified.

2-14

— -. -,- -~~~
—

Table 2-3. Drag Coefficient Data by Zajac for a

Smooth Jacketed Steel Cable

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

7.89 x IO ~ 1.16
— 8.42 x I0~ 1 .56
9.21 x I0~ 1.18
— l.05~~l0~ 1.10
1.37 x I0~ 0.95
—
I .58x10 4 1.60
1.58~~10~ 1.70
—
2.lO x 10~ 0.72
2.10~~10~ 1 .42
2 .lOx 1.78
—

2.63x 10~ 0.79

—

2.63~~10~ 1.24
3.16~~10~ 1 .02
—

3.16 x I0~ 1 .24

3.16 x 104 1.53
—

3.68 * IO~ 0.91

3.68x104 0.91
3.68x104 1.13
4.21 x iO ~ 0.86
4.21 * iIØ 0.97
— 4.21 x l0~ 1.09
4.74 x 0.76
— 4.74 x ~~ 0.98
4.74 x 10~ 1.07

2-15

- . - —~~~~
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 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _
-
_ _ _ ~~~~~~
i=
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— ~~~~~

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
t ~~~r .~~~~~ -::
-
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~
I
•
~~~~ — ~~
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~~ ~~
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~~~~~~ 1 1 r- -
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~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~ E f ~
- Q O
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _

-
~ •~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- _ _ _
••
-
- _ _ _ _
-

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1t ~~
~m-~
- --
1
—
iT ~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~ -f
_f
-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r
~~~~~~
—

:-.;~—~-t- ~- --
r ’- - tz- ~ :.- . -
~: -4.:--
~— -
1 -t: ~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~-E~~~
-
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ ~ ~ —
-
- - -

~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~

- -- ..--. __ . _
~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

io5

Reynokls Num ber, e

~

Figure 2-3. Drag Coefficient Data by Zaj ac for a

Smooth Jacketed Steel Cable

2-16

TI
 Table 2-4. Drag Coefficient Data by Zajac for a
Tar Impregnated Jute Jacketed Steel Cable

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd
-

1.75 x1 0 4 1 .24
l .75 x 10 4
—
1.27
1 .75 x 104 1.30
2.63x1 04
—

1 .44
2.63 x io 1 .46
— ~
2.63 x 10~ 1.52
3.5 1 ~ io~ 1.17
—

3.51 x io~ 1. 1 9

—
4.39 x 10~ 1.37
4.39 x IO ~ 1.37
— 5.26 x 10~ 1.50
6. l 4 x 10~ 1.10
— 6.14x10 4 1 .59
6 1 4 x I0 ~ 1.88
— 7.02 x 10 4 1.68
7.89x104 1 .50
—
7.89 x 10~ 1. 96
7.89 x io~ 2.28

2-17 4
 10.0
J:
.

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.
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~~~~~~~~~~~ H -1 . 1HT T :. H
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~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~

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= 4=-
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V
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_
— _ _ _
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_

~= L i
_ _
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1
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~~ -i
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~~~~~~~~~~ :-4~~
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E
~~~~~~~ -
~~~~~~~~

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r
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~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~
01
io~
Reynolds Number , R e
d

F igure 2-4. Drag Coefficient Data b y Z ajac f or a Tar

Impregnated Jute Jacketed Steel Cable

2- 18

-.
. —. — — r— —-- , . —
- —
I--- ~~~~ ~~~~~~
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
—_
 2.4 DATA ITEM 4

Source: Schultz . M. P.. “Wi nd Tunnel Determination of the Aerodynami c Characteristics of

Several Twisted Wire Ropes ”, David Taylor Model Basin , Report 1 645 , Aero Report
1028 , June 1962.

Cables Tested : Three different cable diameters of a 12-stran d, right-hand lay twiste d wire rope
—
were tested. Of the thre e diameters tested (0.266 inch , 0.330 inch , and 0.396 inch ), only the
data for the 0.396 inch cable were usable for thi s survey.

Expe rimental Procedure : The twisted wire ropes were mounted in the wind tunne l test section
by attaching the samples to lengths of piano wire which, in turn , were mounted to a rigid tr.ime.
In order to obtain a measurable drag fo rce , several samples of the same diameter cable were
mounted in the test section at the same time. The supportin g framework was attached to the
— win d tunnel fo rce balance so that the entire unit could be rotated fro m zero degrees to 360
degrees. Measureme nts of lift , drag, and sideforce were taken at 20 degree intervals. Each cable
was tested at four tunnel speeds.
—

Assessment of the Data: Althoug h the forces exerted on the piano wire and support structure
were deducted from the forces exerted on the entire assembly, no other correctio ns were made
to the data to account for e ffects of jet boundary , wake blockage , etc. The investigator made no
mention of cable vibra tions, however , unsteady lift forces were noted and may be due to cable
vibra tions. Only the 0.396 inch cable sample was tested at an angle of 90 degrees to the flow .
Th ere fo re , the data for the remainin g two cables are not presented here.

Drag Coefficient Data : The cable dra g coefficient data for the 0.396 inch stranded wire rope are
presented in Tab le 2-5 and Figure 2-5 .

Table 2-5. Drag Coefficient Data by Schultz for A 0.396-inch

Stranded W ire Rop e

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

2.54 x IO 4 1. 29

3.91 x l0~ 1.23

4.53~~~I0 ~ 1.19

5.35 x l0 ~ 1 21

2-19
_______________ —‘U—.-
 -

10.0 .
~~. f ’ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ci 1
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

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~ _
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_ _ _
_ _ _ _
I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~ t I-
1
~~~~~~~~~~
1 I
_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

.- --
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~~~~~~~ -~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-
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4 *iTT~~i-
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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ri

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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~~~~~~

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hz~-tr_-t r—~ : — z . r 4--. -. t
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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1 _ _. _ - - —.
~~~~ ==-~ =4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .=—~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~

- —--------- -— - — — - ----- ‘----4:-—+---t---; - ———- -:-- - -- - -

:
~~~.:
. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0.1 -
~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~

10 10
~ ~

Reynold s N um ber , R e
d

Fig u re 2-5. Drag Coefficie n t Data by Sch u lt z for A

0.396-Inch Stranded Wire Rope

2-20

- . -
.- -~~~~~~~~~ • -- .-I-
—p—- -_ _ _

~
 2.5 DATA ITEM S

Source : “Drag Measurements of Bare and Faired Cables”, David Taylor Model Basin, Enclosure
to 1MB Letter 9250 (549:TG), May 1964.

Cables Tested: The cable tested was a model made up of a solid steel rod wrapped with coppe r
wire to simulate a double-armored bare cable. The model had a diameter of I .16 inches dnd was
-

two (21 feet in length. The number of wire strands used to simulate the armore d cable was not
— stated in the report.

Experi mental Procedure: The cable model was mounted in the test section of the two-dimensional
—
dyna mometer such that the model was oriented 90 degrees to the flow when towed through the
water basin . The tests were conducted over a speed range from I to 12 knots. The data were
--
presented in the report in the form of a curve of drag per foot as a function of tov ~ing speed. The
data were converted to coefficient form for presentation in this report .

Assessment of the Da ta : It is felt that the quality of the data is good with the exception of the
th ree data poin ts below a Reynolds Number of 5 x I o . Those data points are suspect because the
~
—
magnitudes of the measured forces were very small and probably influenced by the accuracy of the
dyriamo meter measuring system. The investigator stated that the model was rigid and did not
— vibrate . Due to the shortness of the cable model (two ( 4 ) feet), th ree-dimensional effects migh t
possibly be influencing the data resulting in the data having values lower than would a long cable.

—
Drag Coefficient Data: The drag coefficient data for the 1.16 inch stranded cable are pre sen ted in
Table 2-6 and Figure 2-6.

2-21

-
— — - . — — . — -
~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~
-

--‘
Table 2.6. Drag Coefficient Data for A 1.16 Inch Simulated
Double- Armored Cable

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

1.484~~l0~ 1.822

2.969 x ~~ 1.367

4.4S3~~lO ~ 1 .114
5.937 x i0~ 0.934

7.421 ~ 1O ~ 0.933

8.906 x io~ 0.931

l .039 x IO 5 0.941

1.1 87 x 105 0.940

1.336 x l0~ 0.936

1.484x I0~ 0.933

1 .633 x 10~ 0.925

1.781 x 10~ 0.917

 - 11_t 1-1 .:_ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ r=~T~~:
j
~ ~ ~~
.

_ _ _

bk~~
4L~?~~
-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ £
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1~

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0.1 ~~~~~ . - -
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~ ~~~~~~~ —

io~

Reynolds Number,Re
d

Figure 2-6. Drag CoefficientData for A 1.16 Inch

Simula ted Double-Armored Cable

2-3

— — .- - - —

~ --——-~~~ ----------—
— -
-_ _ —. - — - .
— —— - -
~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ .
‘
 2.6 DATA ITEM 6

Source : Diggs, J. S., “Hydrodynami c Characterization of Various Towed Arra y Towcables ”,

MAR , Incorporated TR- 1 28, August 1974.

Cables Tested: A total of four (4) cables were tested , one ( I ) smooth jacketed and three (3)
unjacketed double-armored cables. The four (4)cables are ide n tified as follows:

a. 0.375 inch smooth jacketed

b. 0.322 inch , 18 x 18 construction
c. 0.542 inch, 24 x 24 construction
d. 0.840 inch , 24 x 24 construction.

Experimental Procedure: The data contained in the report represent the results of both NSRDC
towing basm tests and at-sea towing tests. The measurement technique used was the same for both
the labora tory and at-sea tests. The cable was towed at its critical angle and both the cable angle
an d kiting angle were measured with resistancepotentiometers.The drag coefficientswere the n
computed from the followingrelationship:

w cos~~cos~ ,
C_i
,
=

½ p d V 2 sin 2 Ø ( l + c o t Øsin ~~ , )3J’ ’~

1

where 0 and i~, are the measured angles. The angle 0 is defined as the angle be tween the cable
tension vector and its projection onto the horizontal plane. The an gle ui is defined as the angle
be tw een the free stream velocity ve ct o r an d the projection of the tension vector onto the hori-
zontal plane (i.e., the kiting angle). The above expression thus computes the drag coefficient from
the balance of the normal hydrodynamic force and the component of cable weight force normal
to the cable and then a sine-squared correction is applied. This is essentially the same procedure
used by Pode. (See Section 2.2.)

Assesament of the Data: As was described in Section 2.2 , the re are two (2) inherent problems in
dete rmining cable d rag coefficientsfrom critical angle towing tests. The fi rst is that a small error
in t
he measurement of the cable angle can result in a large error in the computation of the drag
coefficient. The second, not related to the experimental accuracy, is that for shallow angles

2-24

L•
— -
—‘- -•‘ “ :———-i- - -_ _ _ _ _ _

~~ i:iiii_
~ ~~
 m
tion of the no~~ at hY dT0dY ~
P for the varia was
d relati0fl~~ cable Stfl1infl ~~~S
e de nce that the sine44~~ wi th the authOf that the
the re is no ~ by dis
it was verified
USSi01~~~

v alid. Also.
force is taken.
of the data WaS in
present when much
jacketed cable are presCnted
the smooth in
dr9g coe fficient data for cableS are presented
ilt Data : The for the uniaCket~~
Drag Coeff
, and the ~ main~’~ data
Figure 2-1
Table 2-1 and
FigUre 2-8 .
Table 2-8 and

Smooth Jacketed Cable

ta by Diggs For A ~ .375 inch
Coeffi ~~ 5t Da
TablC 2-7 . Drag
Cd
REYI4OLDS NUM BER
i .03
2.9 0X l0~
i .09
4 . 20 X l 0 ~~

1.15
S.85 % 10~~

1.20
l0
~~~ x ~ 1.29
8.8OX10~

2-25

TT —r -
10.0 .: j : --
~~ .
~
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- f
Li
_ _

_
_ _ _
_ __
_ __
_ __
_ ___ ___ __ -
_ _ _ _ [ I _ _ _ _

t±u ~T~~ T74

~ ~-~ - j
- - £

~~~~~
-
r -
I j -=
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

r
~~~~
-
~~~ r i I
~~~~~~

: : f ~~~~~ -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _

i~~.
.
.- . . .

.
~~

~~~~~ 1B E L
_
_
_
_
__
~~~~~~~~~~

_
___ _
_
_

01
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
l0 ~ 10~ io 6

Reyno lds Number , R e

d

Figure 2-7. Drag CoefficientData by D iggs for A 0.375 Inch

Smooth Jacketed Cable

2.26

.-
——— - — — - .-—--- - —. r—v •~

~~~~~~
p
Table 2-8. Drag Coefficient Data by Diggs for Severa l Bare
Double-Armored Cables

CABLES REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

0.322 inch , 18 x 18 2.90 x l0~ 1.54

I 4.25 x io~ 2.03

I 5.90x io~ 1.91
8.40 ~ I0~ 0.30
0.542 inch .24 x 24 4.30 x IO~ 1.27
I 7 . I7 , ~ 10~ 1.74
I 9.80 x io~ 3.60
I 1 .14x 10 5 2.05

4’
—

l.43x1 0 5 1 .84
0.840 in ch , 24 x 24 7.20 x IO~ 0.82
-
1.06 x 10~ 1.03
1.43 x 105 1 .44
1.76 x 10 5 2.00
6.35 x IO ~ 1.91
9.70 x 10~ 1.84
1.26 x 105 1.92
6.80 x 10~ 1.55
I .03 x IO~ 1.40
1.34x1 0 5 1 .39
— 1.70 x l0~ 1.18
7.SO x 10~ 1.71
I.05 x 1 0 5 1.61
I.42x 10 5 1 .70
1.76x 10~ 1.91

2-27

1-u--
- _
— — - - - -
- ,
- -
-I
_ _ __
~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
 ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~

O 0.322 in ch , 18 x 18 construction
A inch, 24 x 24 construction
0.5 4 2

O 0.840inch, 24 x 24 construction

10.0
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~
..~~~Zj
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.

£ —— t
.

~~ ~- L ~~~~~~~~~ :
~~~~~
: L
..

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_ _ _
-

_ ft
L

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~~~~~~~ ~ ~
_
_ _ _ _
~ _
_ _ _ _
_ _
F _
__

_ _ _

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r_ ________ ~~~~~
-
: - -
t~~~~~~~~~ -
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~

~~~~ _

______
—
__
~~~-4 -~~~~-
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— -— —_— _ —
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h
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i~—=- =i--- v—-
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~~~~~

_
______

_ _

0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
10~ to 6

Reynolds Number , Re
d

Figure 2-8. Drag Coefficient Data by Digp for Several Bare

Double-Armored Cables

2-28

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- -- — . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- --— ~~~~~~~~~~~~ --
 2.7 DATA ITEM 7

Source : Chamews, D. P., “Drag Coefficients of Vibrating Synthetic Rope ” , MIT,’WUOI .

September , 1971.

Cables Tested: Four (4) synthetic ropes , all without jackets , were tested by Chamews. Three (3 1
of the ropes were of a plaited construction and the remaining rope was of a single braided con-
structio n. The cables tested are identified as follows:

a. 9/16 inch, nylon, 8 strand plaited

b. 5/8 inch, nylon, 8 st ran d plaited
c. 3/4 inch,nylon, 8 stra n d plaited
d. 3/8 inch, dacron, sin gle braided.

Experimental Procedure: The tests were conducted at the Variable Pressure Water Tunnel at the
M assach u se tt s Ins tit u te of Technology.The cables passed through the tunnel test section and were
maintained under tension with a tensioning frame . The drag force on the rope was measured
using a strai n gauge dynomometer. The frequency of cable vibration was determined with a
—
strobo tac. Drag measurements were made for each rope for various cable tension (50 pounds
to 2 000 pounds) and water speeds. In addition,the diameter of the rope was measured at each
tension step.

Assessment of the Data : The origin al purpose of the expe riments was to measu re the drag of
vibrating synthetic ropes. However, due to the bearing surface s used to measu re the drag, the
cables only vibrated at low tensions.The majority of the data was for non-vibra ting conditions.
Only the non-vibrating data are presen ted in this report. Except b r the data points at the low
Reynolds Numbers where considerable scatter can be noticed, the data shows good agreement
fo r all tensions and diameters . The scatter at the low Reynolds Numb ers which correspon ds to
—
low water speeds is probably due to the low values of drag which were measured.

Drag Coefficient Data : The tabulated and plotted drag coefficient data are based upon the actual
cable diameter under load as measured by the investigator and not the nominal diameter. The
data for the thre e (3) plaited ropes are presen ted in Table 2-9 and Figure 2-9. Since all of the
plaited ropes are of identical construction and good agreement exists between the data for tt’e
t ree diffe e
h r n t diame te rs, the plotted data values are presented without distinguishing one dia-
meter fro m another. The data for the 3/8-inch single braided rope are presented in Table 2-10
and Figure 2- 10.

2-29

.- . . _
. — . ,
,,
—
—
Table 2-9. Drag Coefficient Data by Char news for Severa l Plaited.
Synthetic Ropes

DIAMETER REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

9/16 inch 4.536 x iO ~ 0.794

9.072 x IO ~ 0.992
1.456 x 10~ 1.001
I.910x io~ 0.985
2 .387 x IO~ 0.974
2.889 x IO~ 0.959
3.342 x IO ~ 0.965
3.820 x I0 4 0.963
4.297 x IO~ 0.964
4.775 x 1o 3 1.433
9.550 x 10~ 1.075
1.456x 10~ 1 .001
l.934x to~ 1.048
x io 1 .003
2.387
~
2.889 x 1O~ 0.959
3.342 x 0.936
~~
3.820 x 10~ 0.940
4.250 x IO ~ 0.922
4.775 x 10 ’~ 0.931
4.729 x IO~ 1.447
9.458 ~ io 1.085
~
1.419x io~ 0.964
1.915 x IO ~ 0.970
2.4 12x 10~ 0.973
2.837 x 0.984

2-30
— Table 2-9. Drag Coefficient Data by Char n ews for Several Plaited.
Synthetic Ropes (Cont .)

DIAMETER REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

3 .3 10x 10~ 0.974

—
9/l6inch
3.783 x io~ 0.972
—

4.256 x l0~ 0.982

4.705 x io~ 0.986
—

4.379 x l0~ 1.644

9.219x 10~ 0.928
—

1.383 x IO ~ 0.989
l .844x10 4 1.020
2.305~~~~~ l0~~ 1 .009

—
2.766 x io~ 0.989
3.227 ~ io ’ 0.969
— 3.688 x l0~ 0.986
4.172 x io 0.988
~
— 4 .6lOx 10~ 0.979
5/8 inch 5.528 x io 1.253
~
I. 164 x. 10~~ 0.989

1.804 x 0.882
—
2.327 x l0~ 0.954
2.909 x 10~ 0.905
4.073 x 0.923
4.655 x tO 4 0.989
5.2 67 x to 3
—

1.315
l .053~~ lO ~ 1.1 50
1 .691 x tO 4 1 .020
2.24.6 x 10~ 1.049
—

2-31

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Table 2-9. Drag Coefficient Data by Charn ews for Several P lai ted ,
Synthetic Ropes (Cont.)

DIAMETER REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

5/8 inch 2.772 x l0~ 1 .068

3.327 x 1.038
~~
3.937 x I 0 ’~ 0.989
4.436 x l0~ 1.010
5.483~~ lO ~ 1.200
1.069x104 1.104
1.700x 10~ 0.999
2.221 ~ 1O ’~ 1.024
2.769 x 10~ 1.012
3 .34 5 x 10 4 1.000
3.838 x IO ~ 0.992
4.386 x 10~ 1 .003
5 .518x 10~ 1.192
1.104x 10~~ 1 .043

1.655 x l0 4 1 .060
2.262 x I0 ~ 1 .028
2.8 14x 10~ 0.986
3.3 11~~~1O ~ 1.010
3.863 x io~ 0.998
4.415x10 4 1.015
3/4 inch 6.456 x 1O ~ 1.007
l.227 ~~ 10~ 1.116
I
I 1.904 x 10~ 1 .027

I‘V 2.582 x io
3.228 x
~ 1.024

~~ 0.993

2-32

_________________________________________ - —— —
r
Table 2-9. Drag Coefficient Data by Cha rnews for Severa l Plaited ,
Synthetic Ropes (Cont.)
—

— DIAMETER REYNOLDS NUMBE R Cd

3/4 inch 3.873 x io 0.993

~
1 .002
-
4.454 x I O ~
6.2 10x IO ~ 1.108
1.307x 10 4
—
1 .000
1.994 x 10~ 0.968
2.647 x 10~ 1 .006
3.268 x io 0.980
— ~
3.922 x IO~ 0.972

—
4.575 x 1O ’~ 0 . 949

5.229 x io 0.945
~
x io 1.004
—
6.584
~
1.284 x 10~ 0.924
— 1.975 x 10 4 1 .004
2.63 4~~~~ 10~~ 1 .004
— 3.325 x ~~~ 0.985
3.950 x lO ~ 0.990
4.609 x io 0.974
~
5.267 x io 0.973
~

2-33

~~~~~~~~~ -
~~~~
_ _ _
~~~~.
1o.o~ ~~

- -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

:t ;
_ _ _ _ _ _ _

~ ~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~ L -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

i — ~~~~~~
-
- - -
~~~~~~~ ~~~~
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ -
-

___________________________ ______________ ____________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- -
_ _ _ _ _

I
:=~~~~ w~ ~ i~-fE~1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _

L~~~~

: : . . :.;: ; .~ : LT: .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~
: . .
-

1o3 ~~
Reynolds Number , R e
d

Figure 2.9 . Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for Several

Plaited Synthetic Rop es

2-34

-
 -

~ Table 2.10. Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for A

3/8 Inch Single Braided Synthetic Line

—
REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

2.957x 103 1 .099

5.915 x io 0.824
~
—
9 . 168x 103 1 .029
1.2 13x 10 4 1 .11 1
— 1.508x 10 4 1.141
1. 789 x l0~ 1.201
— 2.O85~ .1O ~ 1 . 105

2.381 x io~ 1.153

—
3. 11 9x iO ~ 0.947
5.670 x 10~ 1.146
8.789 x l0~ 1 .073
1.162 x 10~ 0.955
1.014
—
1.446 x 10~
1.729 x 10~ 1.078
—
2 .013x104 1 .069
2.297x104 1.171
—
3 .119x l0~ 1 .895
5 . 8 12 x 1 & i.364
—

8.789 x io~ 1.193

—
l.1 62 x 10~ 1.227
1.446x104 1.278

— 1.729 x 10~ 1.140

1.999 x 10~ 1 .084
- 2.29 7x 104 1.031

2-35

- — - ---
-
_._ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_-—.-i ~~__
~~~—~ _ _ __ _ _
__
- - -- ~~~~~— --— - -- —- -- _ _ _ _ — - --- - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Table 2.10. Drag Coefficient Data by Charnews for A
3/8 Inch Single Braided Synthetic Line (Cont. )

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

2.835 , IO ~ 1.146
5.670 x 10 ~ 1.146
8647~~ 1O~ 1.109
l .l62 x 104 1.159
l .446x l0~~ 1.146
1.729x 10 4 1.140
2.0 13 x io 1. 114
~
2 .297x 10 4 1.153

2-36
 1O O
~ : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

- I
_
_

- _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

_
_

-
- - --

i.oL ~~~ T.J

—
. ‘ - •
~~ ~~ . —-
. - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• .:.~..
~~~~~~~~~
— -
-
- ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
- -

k
_ _ _ _
1
-
~ ~~ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

L
k

=
~
-
1
-
-4= ~~~~~ i~~~~~~
____

j ~~ ~

L-_ 1
_ _ _
_
- _ __ _ _ ___ _ ___
_ _ _

-
~~
- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~

- ‘:‘
-
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

JJ F~~t~~~~~~ L~
~
-

o 1 ~~~~~~~~~ r~~~
10~ 5 io
—

Reyno lds Number . R e

d

Figure 2-10. Drag Coeffici ent Data by Charnews for A

3/8 Inch Single Braided Synthetic Rope

2-37
2.8 DATA ITEM 8

Source: Eisen berg, P., “Characteristics of the NRL MARK 3 Boat-Type Buoy and
Determination of Moor ing Line Sizes ” , David Taylor Model Basin , Report 550 ,
September 1945.

Cables Tested: Three (3) sizes of commercial straight link chain were tested by the investigator
as indicated below.

Link Size Link Width Link Length

(In ches) (Inches) (Inches )
a. 0.28 1.05 1.56
b. 0.19 0.68 1.15
c. 0.15 0.54 0.88

Experimental Procedure: The drag coefficientswere determined by towing a length of chain in

the NSRDC towing basin measuring the angle, computing the normal hydrodynamic force from
the angle and the weight of the chain,(see Section 2.2),and finally applying the sine-squared
relationship. That is

w ccs Ø
C =

½ p d ~ V 2 sin 2~
d

where W is the weight of the chain, S is the length of the chain, is the angle of the chain to
~
the horizontal , p is the fluid density, d L is the width of the chain link , and V is the towspeed.

Assessment of’the Data: The investigator made no mention of the chain vibra ting. Again , a
sine-squared relationship was used to compute the drag coefficient data. The document does not
give sufficient information to compute the towing angles, however , it is suspected that the angles
measured were greater than 25 degrees and the sine-squared relationship is probably a reasonable
assumption.

Drag Coefficient Data: Tabulated values of tne drag coefficient data for the three (3)sizes of
straight link chain tested are presented in Table 2-1 1. Plotted values are presented in Figure 2-1 1.
Note that the drag coefficients and Reynolds Numbe rs are based upon the width of the chain link.

2-38

- -
- ~~~~~ -.

- -
 — Table 2-11. Drag Coefficient Data by Eisenberg for Straight Link Chain

—
CHAIN WIDTH REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd

— 1.05 inch 2.7 x io~ 0.85

5.4 x 10~ 0.93

— 8.2 x 10~ 0.86
8.2 x 0.89
—
9.5 x i04 0.93
9.5 x i04 0.96
1.09 x 10~ 0.91
—

1.09 x IO~ 0.98

1.37x 1 05
—
I 0.90
0.68 inch 1.8 x i04 0.79
—
3.5 x i0~ 0.83
5.3 x 1O’~ 0.84
io~
—

5.3 x 0.87

7.1x 104 0.96

—

0.54 inch 1.4 x io~ 0.70

I 2.1 x io
~ 0.74

I
—

2.9 x 10~ 0.82

—
1
V
3.5 x iO~
4.2x iø~
0.88
0.91

2-39

-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~~~~
10. 0 ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~
j ~~~~~~~~~ —tI ~~ ~

0 1 05 inch
~~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _

-I
H ~~~~~
I
-
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 0.68 inch
~~~~~~~~~
A 054 inch
_
_ _

~~~~~~

~T
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _

____________________

~~~~~~~~~~
_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

t _ . _ __
__ - f-- ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ t =
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t
_ _
~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ _ _

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
10
_ _ _

~~~~
-
t. ~~-~:4-~ =----
- -
_ 4__ . T-TT -
_ _ _ _
~~~~~~~~~ ;. . _ _

~~~~ ~
--

_.
~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ILE ~~~ ~~~~~
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
i r4~~~— -
_ _ _ _ -. — _
_ __
_____
_

T~ E~1H ~ TH
—
~-
—

4f ’
::
~~~
t.
~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
L i i
-
—

!- I
- ~~~~~ ~~
_ _ _

~ J~I~~~--I _ _ _ _ _

_________________________________

01 __________________ ______________________________

1o5 io 6
Reynolds Number , R e
d

Figure 2- 11. Drag Coefficient Data by Eisenberg Based on Chain

Width for St ra ight Link Chain

2-40

r —~~~~. - U—I~ — .
.
.
 2.9 DATA ITEM 9

Source: Bonde , L W., “Determination of Stud Link Anchor Chain (Die-Lock Type) Drag
--
CoefficientsFrom Tow Test Data ”, Hydrospace Research Corporation , Report No. 133,
November 1965.

Cables Tested : Three (3) sizes of stud link chain were tested as indicated below.

CHAIN SIZE LINK WIDTH LINK LENGTH

(Inches) (Inches) (Inches)
—
a. 3/4 2.69 4.5
b. 1 3.59 6.0
—
c. 134 4.50 7.5

Each stud link chain was of the die-lock type.

Experimental Procedure: Seventy (70) foot lengths of chain were towed from the stern of a
—
small boat. Measurement of the weight of the chain, the towspeed, and the towing angle of the
chain were made. The drag coefficientswere computed from the balance of the forces acting
— normal to the chain with a sine-squared relationship applied. (See Sections 2.2 and 2.8.)

— W cos~
Cd
Y2 p d V 2 Sin 2 ~

The investigator presented the data for the drag coefficients and Reynolds Numbers in terms of
—
the ch ain size.

Assessment of the Data: The investigator made no mention of the chain vibra tin g during the tow
—
tests.The chain was towed at angles as shallow as 10 degrees and it is felt that the sine-squared
relationship does not hold true for angles that shallow, especially when the shape of chain as
-- compared to a wire rope or synthetic rope is considered. As a result, that portion of the da ta
corresponding to ang les below 20 degrees are not included in this report . Another reason for not
including that portion of the data is the boat wake noted by the investigator which affected the
-

chain when towing at the higher speeds (i.e., shallow towing angles).

2.41

-
— - . ~~~~~~~ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Drag Coefficient Data : The tabulated and plotted drag coeffi cient data are presented in Table
2-1 2 and Figure 2-12 , respectively. It should be noted that , although the investigator presented
the drag coefficientand Reynolds Number data in terms of the chain size, that data have been
recomputed and are presented herein in terms of the link width in order to be consistent with
the data by Eisenberg (Section 2.8).

Table 2-12. Drag Coefficient Data by Bonde for Stud Link Ancho r Chain

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd
CHAIN SIZE ( Based on Cha in Width) ( Based on Cha in Width )

3/ 4 inch 1 .07x 10~ 0.87

1.58 x 0.78
1.61 x 10~ 0.81
1. 79x 10~ 0.63
1 .83 x 0.60
2.04x 0.60
2.27 x 10~ 0.84
2.36 x 10
~ 0.74

2.36 x 10~ 0.77

2.76 x 10~ 0.88

3 .I SxlO 5 0.91
3.ISx 10~ 0.95
l inch 1 .26x 105 0.89
1.26x 0.92
1.40x105 0.74
1.54x 10 5 0.90
1.54 x 0.92
1.80x 10 5 0.96
1 .80 x 105 0.97

2-42

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
—.--
_r
 -
Table 2-12. Drag Coefficient Data by Bonde for Stud Link Anchor Chain (Cont.)

REYNOLDS NUMBER Cd
CHAIN SIZE (Based on Chain Width) ( Based on Chain W idth)

— l inch I .90x 105 0.85

2.01 x 10~ 0.65
— 2.05 x 10~ 0.88
2.23 x l0~ 0.83
-
~~ 2.37 x 0.88

2.48 x 0.78
—
2.SO x 10~ 0.67

2.5 1 105 o.9o

~
2.59 x 0.82

2.87 x 0.85

2.91 x 0.78
—

2.94 x o.9o
—
2.96x 10~ 0.95
3.09 x 0.88
—

3.30 x 10~ 0.82

3.45 x 0.88
3 .45 x 10~ 0.99
3.59 x i05 0.93
3 .59x 10~ 0.74

—
l34inch 2.16x105 0.81
2.48 x 105 0.72
— 2.52 x 10~ 0.64

2.56 x I0~ 0.69

2.63x 0.79
3.24 x 10~ 0.81
—
3.31 x 105 0.78

2-43
— — y - .-, — .—.— -,—----- --.—
—-- -
—
~~ .__p__ .
~~~~~~~~~~
~~ — - ~~~~~~ ~ — , .
10.0 -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ - -

-t-- 3/4 inch

~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ i~~ ~J 0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f ~~~~~~~~~t t ~~~ j -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I - O lu i ch
4~~T
-

: A I ‘4 inch
~~~
- -

—
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~ L:~ ~~~~~ 4~~ i-

-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-~ ~~
~
.
-
- -L-
~~~~~ ~~
T~~~ L -:-
~~~~ T - ET
~~
..r~ _ _ _ _

F
-
-J ::
_ _

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 i- L ± ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~ ~~ ~
fT
- -
~~~~~~ : r~~
t
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~
r ~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~ v - ~~~~
~~ ~~~~= I~~~~~~~~~~~

‘ - -
- - ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~

it,
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~ ~‘— ~I~-’ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~
j ~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- :
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f 1~J ±~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~9~
-. ____

j
-
-
_ _ _ _ _

ç r
~~~ -t~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~[
t -
~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~f - ~~~~~ ~~~~~

-- - - - -. r t ~~
- - -- 4
-
-
L- ~~~
_ _ _
~
‘
~~~~~ ± :
-

0.1 _ _
~~~~ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _

10~

R eyno lds N umber , R

ed

Figure 2-12. Drag Coefficient Data by Bond e Based Upon Chain

Width for Stud Link Chain Die-Lock Type)

2-44

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - —
 2.10 DATA ITEM IO

Source: Kretschmer,T.R.,Edgerton , G.A. and Albe rtson , N.D ., “Seafloo r Construction Experiment ,
SEACO N II An Instrumented Tn-Moor for Evaluating Undersea Cable Stricture Tech-
-

n ology ,” Civil Engineering Laboratory , Naval Construction Batt alion Center, Technical
Report R 848, December 1976.
-

Cables Tested : The SEACON II cable consists of a 0.50 inch 3x19 wire rope with a polyethylene
jacket giving an overall outer diameter of 0.72 inches.

— Experimen tal Procedure : The SEACON Ii cable was tested at two separate facilities. The majority
of the data were taken in the Naval Post Graduate School water tu nnel. A four (4) inch long section
was tested in the water tunnel. The second set of data were measured at the Naval Ship Research and
Development Center. A fifteen ( 15) foo t section was towed in the towing basin . Both tests represent
situations where the cable was oriented normal to the flow direction. In the case of the NSRDC data
—
only the data for which the cable was observed to be non-vibrating are presented.

Assessment of the Data: The data have been verified to be measurementsof a non-vibrating cable.
—
The lack of scatter would indicate that the quality of the data is quite good, especially considering
the data were taken in two separate tests.

Drag CoefficientData: The tabulated and plotted drag coefficient data are presented in Table 2-13
and Figu re 2-13.

Table 2-13. Drag coefficientData for the SEACON II Cable

Source Reyno lds Number Cd

—
NPGS 8.10 * 10 2 168
1.51 * I03 1.51
— 2.00~~l0~ I. 54
3.96 x l0~ 1.57
— 6.00~~ 10~ 1.61
8.OOx 10~ 1.64
NSRDC 2.52 * I0 ~ 1.52

1.
V
3.32 x
4.29 x 1&
io~ 1.59
1.58

2-45

- - -. -- -
________
-

-
 o NPGS Test
10.0
o NSRDC Test
-—
-= - I- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
--
- - -
-—
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

F— -—
~

-- -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~- ~~ - ~~~~~~ i ~~~~~~~~~~ 1
—
L - Hj
t I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
—:———
_ _

-- 1,: -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ~- -
-
_ _ _ _ _ H ~~~~~

~-r
1-

~
~~
- -- — 3-— L -
~~ . ~~~
—
-

L-:. :_ . ~
- 1_ L
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L ~- ~~~~~
~~~~~~
-L -: s- .
- -~
_ 1 - +:: I
-
~~~~~~~~~
—
-
-
- —-r
0_ a
—
- ~ ~~ —
~~~~~
i
~~~
—
~~
.
~~
-;
~~~
I ~
J I _ a P

:~~~~~~~ 1 : - : J . ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_;

10 -
-
-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~~~~~~~~
- - t • -
*— ~ _ :—-
.
-- -- -
~~~~~~~~ -) ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~
- - - _E - -
- ~~2 ;~~~~~: _ .
— ~~ - ~~~~- ~~ .

——
- ±~ ~~~~~~~~~~
--

-
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L
-
— - ~~~~~~~~~~
- : :-
F ~~ ~ ~~ —~~~ ~ ‘
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-

__________________________
~~~~~~~~~
—
5 -
~~~~~
—‘
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~. - 4 ~~~~~~-
.=- - - ~: i 4 ~:~~ ~~ - . J — ~~
,
~- 4 ~~ ~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-•

__ r
-
l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
— - -—
-~~~~~ - _F - -i-
-
-
1 - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~
—r — — — — — —

U-
~
T- - ’
~~~~~4

I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0.1 ’
~~~~~~~~~
102
- -
-

~~~~~~~~~~~
- -
-
- :
-
-
:

-~ 5
-
-i
~~~

~~
— - -

-
- ~~~:-
~~~~~~~
-
~~ —~~~
‘ t ~~~~~~~~~
-

~~
— --
:.
~~~~~~~~~
i_— —r--- ~~~--
~~

Reynolds Number, Red

Figure 2-13. Drag Coefficient Data for the SEACON II Cable

2-46

_ _ _ _ -
- -.
-
~~----—- ~~~~~~
-

— --
 Section 3

SUMMARY OF EXIST iNG DRAG COEFFI CIENT DATA

The purp ose o this section is to summariz e the drag coefficient data by type of cable
and to identify t he range (s) of Reynolds number for which data is lacking or inadequate.

3. 1 NON-JACKETED , STRANDED STEEL CAB LES

The available data for non-jacketed , stra
nded steel cables are summarized in Figu re 3-1
and represent the results of the following investigators and/or sources: ReIf and Powell , Pode ,
Schult z , DTMB . and Diggs.
As a baseline reference for comparison, an empirical relationshi p between normal drag
coefficient and Reynold s number , for a smooth circular cylinder of infinite length and in a uniform
flow field , is ill ustrated by the Wieselsberger curve (full-line). The Wieselsberger curve is widely
accepted as a valid baseline for cable normal drag comparison. Also shown is a representative curv e
(dash-l ine ) of a stranded cable , developed by Wilson , re fe r
en ce 84 , from the towing test data of
Zaj ac . re fe rence 87; Pode , reference 60 , Mosely (1952). and Kullenberg ( 1 9 5 1 ) . It should be noted
that the data util ized to formulate this curve , were from towing configurations in the critical angle
regime and that the sine-square d law was utilized to compute the normal drag coeffi cients. As men-
tioned earlier , results of this type of analysis are of questionable validity.
It is a very difficult task to make an assessment of the data shown in Figure 3-I as to the
value of the data for use in computer programs. As a potential user of the data , it is not clear what
drag coefficient should be selected for a given Reynolds number. All of the cables for which data
is incl uded are of sufficient similarity in construction. All of the cables are of 7 x 7 (or 6 x with
~
an independent core)construction or greater, and therefore , have a relatively circular cross-section.
~~o cables having a largely different cross-section than circular (e.g., 3 x 19) are represented in the
family of data. Therefore, it is felt that the construction of the cable is not a major factor in the
scatter of data shown in Figu re 3-1.
Based upon knowledge of the expe rimental procedure s used by the various investigators .
cert ain statements ca n be made concerning the data . First,a large percentage of the data by Diggs
is cert ainly inil uenced by cable vibrations. This is probably also the case for Pode ’s dat a. Second ,
the data b y Pode and Diggs are also affected by the fact that the data represent a very shallow

3-I

- -
 - :~~~
- -j ~~~ 1- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- -

t4=
-

Hi
_ _ _

_ _

-
~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ T z~~t~~~~~~~~
4-
--

- -
~~~ 4
~~~~~~~ —

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1E~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~

th ~~
-
-
_ _ _ _ _ _ ________
_
I

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
: :i ~~~~: -- - ---
~~ ~~~~~~~L J 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
~~~
—= -
~~~~ I
- -
i -; - -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~~~~~ ~~ -
-:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~

Jt
- .
j -j _1 iI
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~
- -~~~~: 4 :.r
- - ‘
: : r ~~~ -~~ --j ~~~~~~~~~~ ’-~ -
-
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
: -

i_ :
-
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- -
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 angl e towing regime (critical angle) . The inherent inaccuracy of the computed drag coefficient (a
large error is possible ) d ue to a small erro r in the measurement of the cable angle , and the un cer-
tainty of the sine-squared principle for small cable angles both lend little credibilit y to the data .
The DTMB data are slightly suspect due to possible three-dimensional data by Reif & Powell.
The data by Schultz are believed to be of good quality, howeve r, the amount of data (a total of
ten ( 1 0) points over the Reynolds Numbe r range from 4.5 x ~~ to 5.3 x l0 ~ ) is felt i nade quate
to justify its use. Finally, no data covering the Reynolds Number range from io 2 to 2 x ~~ have
been identi fied.

3.2 JACKETED CABLES

The available data for jacketed cables are summarized in Figure 3-2. No data were identi-
fied dunng the survey which cover the Reynolds Numbe r range from lx 10 2 to 8x10 2 . Wit/i the
exception of the SEA CON !! cable data , due to the large scatter of the data shown in Figure 3-2
covering the Reynolds Number range for 8x 10 3 to 9x 10 4 and since those data were all derived
from shallow angle tow tests, it is felt that the data are inadequate for use in computer simula-
tions requiring d rag coefficients for non-vibrating jacketed cables. The SEACON 11 data are ade-
quate for use in the computer simulations and the average value over the Reynolds Number range
from 8x10 to 8 x 0 3 is 1 55.

—
3.3 SYNTHETI C ROPES
The available data for synthetic ropes are summarized in Figure 3-3. It can be seen that
the drag coe fficients for the braided ropes are slightly higher than for the plaited rope. Although
only a single investi gator could be identified for synthetic ropes (i.e., Charnews), it is felt that the
data covering the range from 6 x io to 5.3 x to ~ for plaited rope and the range from 3 x l0 ~
~
- - to 2 4 x I ~4 for braided rope are adequate for use in computer simulations requiring drag coef-
ficients of non-vibrating cables.
- - No data could be found for synthetic ropes having stranded or parallel lay constructions.

3.4 CHAIN
- -
The available drag coefficient data for chain are summarized in Figure 3-4. It is felt that
the data shown are adequate over the Reynolds Number ranges shown. Data are lacking for straight
link chain in the Reynolds Number range from i o 2 to 1.4 x 1 o . Data are lacking for stud link
~
chain in the Reynolds Number range from io 2 to ~~~

3-3

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3-4

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35

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3-6

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 Section 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED

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--

Mooring Systems”, Civil Engineering Laboratory , Technical Report R8 15 . August 1974.

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-
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—
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—
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—

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—

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—

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—
—
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--

4-I

- — -- — - - - _ _ _ J- —
- - —
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
 12. Chen , Y.N ., “Fluctuatin g Lift Forces of the Karman Vortex Streets on Single Circular
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—

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4-2

-. - -
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_ _

- ,
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4-3

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- - _ _ _
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—

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4-4

-i - — ----
-.
-i -‘-U- .— --
_ _
— --- —

~~
 54 . Myers , L., “Estimation of the Tangential and Normal Coefficient of Drag for the ONR
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—

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—
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4-s
-. .— . - - —
- - —s • . — -— -—
— - ~~ -~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
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—
71 - Schmidt , L.V. , “Measurements of Fluctuating Air Loads on a Circular Cylinder ”,
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‘
~~
Schultz, M.P., “Wind Tunnel Determination of the Aerodynami c Characteristics of
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—

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—

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-
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—
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—
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4-6
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—

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4-7