Module 1:

PSYCHOLOGY
The Science of
human experience
Remember!
 LEARNING GOALS
By the end of lecture, you would have gained insight into:

1. Psychology: Definition & Goals

2. Modern Approaches
3. Historical Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
DESCRIBE

EXPLAIN

PREDICT

CONTROL
History
History
 LEARNING GOALS
By the end of lecture, you would have gained insight into:

1. Psychology: Definition & Goals

2. Historical Approaches
3. Modern Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues
Historical Approaches
1. ______________
STRUCTURALISM

2. ______________
FUNCTIONALISM

3. ______________
GESTALT

4. ______________
BEHAVIORISM
Elements of the Mind: ______________
STRUCTURALISM

• study of the most basic

elements (e.g. __________ and
SENSATIONS

___________) that make up our

PERCEPTIONS

conscious mental experiences

 Method: __________________
INTROSPECTION

• Procedure asking subjects to

________________ and report
LOOK INWARD

their ______________ and

SENSATIONS

______________.
PERCEPTIONS
History
Functions of the Mind: ________________
FUNCTIONALISM

• study of the FUNCTION rather than the

structure of consciousness
• Focus on how minds______ to our
ADAPT

changing environment
Sensations Vs. Perceptions:
____________ Approach
GESTALT

• _____________ is more than the _____ of its

PERCEPTION SUM

parts and studied

• Emphasis: ____________ of sensations into
ASSEMBLY

meaningful perceptual experiences

History
Observable Behaviors: ______________
BEHAVIORISM

• Emphasis: OBJECTIVE, scientific analysis of

______________ BEHAVIORS
OBSERVABLE
 LEARNING GOALS
By the end of lecture, you would have gained insight into:

1. Psychology: Definition & Goals

2. Historical Approaches
3. Modern Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues
Modern Approaches
A. Biological Approach
B. _________ Approach
COGNITIVE

C. _________ Approach
BEHAVIORAL

D. Psychoanalytic Approach
E. ____________ Approach
HUMANISTIC

F. Cross-cultural Approach
G. ______________ Approach
EVOLUTIONARY

H. ______________ Approach
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
Biological Approach
• focuses on how ______, • - Subfields:
GENES

__________ and
HORMONES
▪ __________________
BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE (ANATOMY)

_____________
NERVOUS SYSTEM
interact
with our environments ▪ __________________
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE ( PHYSIOLOGY)

to influence ▪ __________________
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY(CHEMISTRY)

psychological variables
Behavioral _____________ APPROACH

• Asserts all mental experiences and

behavioral acts are products of
the nervous system
STRUCTURALISM
• ____________________ produces
the specific type of experience or
behavior being studied
 ____psychology
STRUCTURALISM

• “____________ Psychology”
• study the ways __________
and ______ act on the brain
to alter behavior and
experience, either in
humans or in nonhuman
animals
Behavioral ____________
• - psychological differences due to
differences in their ________
- Estimation of _______________ in
differences among people for
some psychological trait
- Comparison of ______ of people
who differ in specific _______
_____________ Approach
COGNITIVE

• Examines how we ________,

PROCESS

_____, and ____ information

STORE USE

• how ________
INFORMATION
influences
what we attend to,
perceive, learn, __________,
REMEMBER

believe, and feel.

______________ Approach
BEHAVIORAL

• “___________ Psychology”
BEHAVIORAL

• studies how organisms

learn new behaviors or
______________ ones,
MODIFY EXISTING

depending on whether
events in their
environments ________ or
REWARD

________ these behaviors.

PUNISH
Psychoanalytic Approach
- stresses the influence of
_____________, fears,
UNCONCIOUS

desires, and motivations on

thoughts, behaviors & the
____________ of personality
DEVELOPMENT

traits and psychological

problems later in life
______________ Approach
HUMANISTIC

- Emphasis on individual’s:
a. great __________ in
FREEDOM

directing one’s future

b. large capacity for
_____________
ACHIEVING

c. intrinsic ________
WORTH

d. enormous __________
POTENTIAL

for self-fulfillment
 _________________ Approach
SOCIOCULTURAL

• Highlights influence
of cultural and
ethnic similarities
and differences
______________ Approach
EVOLUTIONARY

• studies how ___________

EVOLUTIONARY

ideas (e.g. _________,

ADAPTATION

________________, etc.)
NATURAL SELECTION

account for human

behaviors and mental
processes
 Biopsychosocial Approach
• Considers three factors:
_______________,
PSYCHOLOGICAL

B S
______________ & _________
BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL

Phenomenon
Approaches
Psychology

Historical Modern
 Approaches
Psychology

Historical

Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt Behaviorism

 LEARNING GOALS
By the end of lecture, you would have gained insight into:

1. Psychology: Definition & Goals

2. Modern Approaches
3. Historical Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues
Contemporary Psych
“Psych holds a special pantheon in human
knowledge”
Contemporary psychology
I. Areas of Specialization

II. Membership

III. Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs.

Psychometrician
 Areas of Specialization
• Deals with the assessment and treatment of
? people with psychological problems
CLINICAL/
COUNSELING

• Focuses on a person’s moral, social, emotional &

DEVELOPMENTAL
?
cognitive development throughout the life span

• Deals with physical and chemical changes that

BIOLOGICAL occur during human functioning & the interaction
?
of the nervous system interact with the
environment
 Areas of Specialization
• study of social interactions (e.g. stereotypes,
SOCIAL
? prejudice, attitudes, intra & inter-group
behavior, etc.)

• An area using experimental methods in

investigating diverse human functioning (e.g.
EXPERIMENTAL
?
sensation, perception, learning, human
performance, etc.)

• Deals with how humans store, process and use

COGNITIVE ?
information
 Areas of Specialization
• focuses on the measurement of various
PSYCHOMETRICS ? human abilities (e.g. abilities, skills, intelligence,
personality, and abnormal behaviors)

• Deals with applying psychological principles in

INDUSTRIAL/
?
ORGANIZATIONAL the workplace
Membership

American Psychological Association (APA)

• largest scientific and professional organization
of psychologists in America subdivided in 54 divisions
• 117,500 members (APA, 2012)
European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations
(EFPA)
• federation of 36 European national psychological
associations, including all 28 EU member states and 8 other
European countries
• 350,000 members (EFPA, 2013)
Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP)
• organization composed of 7 major divisions representing the
specialty areas of psychology
• 1,500 members
Membership
 Psycho. . .?
______________ ______________ _________________
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST PSYCHIATRIST PSYCHOLOGIST

• Doctorate degree • Medical doctor • BS/ BA

(Ph.D., Psy.D., or • Specialization: Psychology
Ed.D.) diagnosis and • Limited to
• Has specialization treatment of administration,
• Min. requirement psychological scoring, and
M.A. Psychology* disorders interpretation**
• can prescribe
medication
*As stated in Psychology Act of 2009
**with supervision of registered psychologist
Psychology Today
•“
• Like the pioneers, today’s psychologists are citizens of many
lands. The International Union of Psychological Science has 71
member nations, from Albania to Zimbabwe. Psychology is growing
and it is globalizing. The story of psychology is being written in many
places, with interests ranging from nerve cell activity to international
conflicts.

•”
- Peter Gray
 LEARNING GOALS
By the end of lecture, you would have gained insight into:

1. Psychology: Definition & Goals

2. Modern Approaches
3. Historical Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues
Early Discrimination
i. ________
WOMEN

ii. ________
MINORITIES

iii. _________________
RIGHTING THE WRONGS
 Women in Psychology
THEN NOW
• Mary Calkins • Women currently earn
• Margaret Washburn more PhDs than men
• Female psychologists
earn less than male
psychologists,
• Fewer women are
editors of psychology
journals
Minorities in Psychology

THEN NOW
• Inez Prosser • Psychology must continue to
• George Sanchez focus on recruiting
• 1920-1966: only 8 PhDs awarded to minorities and ensuring
Blacks their academic and career
• 1996: number of PhDs (Rabasca, 2000b) success (Maton et al., 2006).
• African Americans: 168
• Hispanics: 183
• Native Americans: 23
• Asians: 131
• Whites: 2,939
Rectifying History’s _________________
WRONGS

JOURNALS
a. Establishing _________
b. Sponsored __________
PROGRAMS TO
VISIT
HIGHSCHOOLS
c. ____________________
TEACH
MINORITY

____________
STUDENTS
ABOUT
CAREERS IN
PSYCHOLOGY
 Check Up: Learning Goals
• By now, you would have gained insight into:
1. Psychology: Definition & Goals
2. Modern Approaches
3. Historical Approaches
4. Contemporary Psychology & its Profession
5. Special Issues