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Name(s) ________Levi Neely________________

Questions for Fishman et al. 2005 (19 pts)

Please put answers in your own words; don’t just re-state what the authors say.

Introduction:

1. What are the three most common biological phenomena that can cause
unequal transmission of parental alleles to progeny? (1 pt)

Differential inclusion in the products of meiosis, differential survival or fertilization


success of haploid gametes, or differential survival of the diploid zygotes.

2. Which of the three items from #1 represent true “meiotic drive?” (1 pt)

Differential inclusion in the products of meiosis.

3. In most plants and animals, how is the outcome of female meiosis different
from male meiosis? (1 pt)

Three of the four products of meiosis degenerate and only one forms a gamete.

4. How can “selfish” chromosomes use the process described in #3 to increase


their rate of transmission to progeny? (1 pt)

The selfish characteristics allow it to be selected as the one meiotic product to form
the viable gamete, which means it will be the sexually successful one, allowing it to
be passed on.

5. What are centromeres, and how can they contribute to meiotic drive? (1 pt)

Centromeres: the primary sites of kinetochore assembly and spindle attachment.


The article states that the centromere may compete during asymmetric meiosis.

6. What are several features that make selfish chromosomal elements difficult
to detect? (1pt)

One method of selfish chromosomal competition is listed above with the centromere
competition. This is nearly impossible to detect without detailed genotypic analyses.

Results: Linkage and Distortion Mapping


7. In this paper, the authors generate hybrids between two species of
monkeyflowers, M. nasutus and M. guttatus. We can imagine there is a gene D
with two alleles: Dn is the allele from M. nasutus, and Dg is the allele from M.
guttatus.
a. Using these symbols, what would the genotype be of a pure M. nasutus
plant? Pure M. guttatus? F1 hybrid? (1 pt)

Pure M. nasutus: DnDn, pure M. guttatus: DgDg, F1 hybrid: DnDg.

b. What are the expected genotypes, and in what proportions, in the F2


generation? (1 pt)

DnDn, DnDg, DgDg in a 1:2:1 ratio.

c. The authors genotypes 287 F2 plants. What are the expected


numbers of genotype, given the proportions you determined in b? (1
pt)

71.75, 143.5, 71.75.

d. In the F2 intercross experiment, what genotypic proportions do the


authors observe on a particular part of linkage group (chromosome)
11? (1 pt)

1:3:3:1

e. Imagine that the observed numbers of F2 individuals of each genotype


are: 3 DnDn, 144 DnDg, and 140 DgDg. Perform a Chi-square analysis to
determine whether the authors can reject the null hypothesis of equal
segregation of alleles. (2 pt)

They cannot reject the null hypothesis, because this doesn’t follow the 1:2:1 ratio
that it should.

Results: Reciprocal backcross experiment


8. What are the three hypotheses the authors developed to describe the finding
described in #7? (1 pt)

Selection at quantitative trait loci underlying pollen performance, severely biased


transmission at D was caused by the loss of female gametophytes or developing
seeds with the disfavored genotype, Nearly completely biased transmission at D was
caused by the loss of female gametophytes or developing seeds with the disfavored
genotype.

9. To distinguish among these three hypotheses, the authors set up reciprocal


backcross experiments, in which a heterozygous F1 plant (either male or
female) is mated back to one of the pure parents. In other words, the authors
first make a hybrid plant by mating a M. nasutus to a M. guttatus together,
then mate that hybrid plant back to a pure nasutus or guttatus.
a. In each of these two crosses, what are the expected genotypic
proportions of the progeny? (1 pt)

1 DnDn: 2DnDg: 1DgDg, 1 DnDn: 1DnDg

b. What were the proportions that the authors observed if the F1 plant
was a male? (0.5 pt)

The same as above

c. What were the proportions that the authors observed if the F1 plant
was a female? (0.5 pt)

The same as above

10. Based on the authors’ finding in #9, which hypothesis from #8 appears most
likely? (1 pt)

The first hypothesis.

Results: Persistence of drive in nearly isogenic lines


11. We will skip discussion of the experiment on cytoplasmic effects. In the next
experiment, the authors generate nearly isogenic lines (NILs) by repeated
backcross the F1 plants to M. nasutus plants for 5 generations. At a given
locus in the genome, every F1 plant is heterozygous. After each backcross,
the number of plants that are expected to be heterozygous at that locus is cut
in half.
a. After 4 generations of backcrossing, how many plants should still be
heterozygous at that locus? (0.5 pt)

¼.

b. Near the proposed distortion locus, what percentage of plants were


still heterozygous? (0.5 pt)

Results: Seed development in D-heterozygous NILs


12. The authors examined the ovules of these NILs, and did not find an increase
in mortality/infertility. Based on this finding, is the increased rate of
transmission of the Dg allele most likely due to something happening during,
or after meiosis? (1 pt)

During meiosis.

Discussion
13. Based on their data, what is the authors’ best hypothesis for what is causing
such strong transmission distortion in these hybrid plants? (1 pt)

The first one listed in #8.

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