Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
GROUP 3:
(1) RAJI MUSTAPHA
( 2) ALIYU FAVOUR
(3) IYALA SULIYAT
(4) ABDULLAHI ISHOLA
(5) DAVID VICTORIA
( 6) AJIBOLA MUJEEB
(7) KAREEM JOWERAT
(8) AZEEZ BASIRAT
(9) LUKMON SALIMON
(10) GBAJABIAMILA YUSUF
(11) TOKOSI AZEEZAT
CLASS: J.S.S.1
PRESENT
CLASS: S.S.2B
TOPIC:
CONTRIBUTION OF THE TRIOS PERSONALTY
TO NIGERIA
* JAJA OF OPOBO, * QUEEN AMINA OF ZARIA,
* CHIEF MRS. FUNMILAYO ANIKULAPO KUTI
DAWDA JAWARA PROMINENT ROLE PLAYED IN NIGERIA
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
INTRODUCTION
Jawara was born in Barajally, MacCarthy Island Division, the son of Mamma
Fatty and Almami Jawara. He was educated at the Methodist Boys' School
in Bathurst and then attended Achimota College in Ghana. He trained as a
veterinary surgeon at the University of Glasgow's School of Veterinary
Medicine and then completed his training at the University of Liverpool. He
returned to The Gambia in 1953 and married Augusta Mahoney, beginning
work as a veterinary officer. He decided to enter politics and became
secretary of the new People's Progressive Party (PPP) and was elected to
the House of Representatives in the 1960 election. He became the leader of
the PPP and then the country's first Prime Minister in 1962, only the second
ever head of government following Pierre Sarr N'Jie's term as Chief Minister.
Alhagi Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara has departed for the Federal Republic of
Nigeria as head of a mission to explore the situation in Nigeria in the build -
up to the April 2007 Presidential and General Elections. Alhagi Sir Dawda
was selected by the Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) to head this mission.
In 1962, Jawara became Prime Minister, which laid the foundation for PPP
and Jawara domination of The Gambia's political landscape. With Jawara's
rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a
gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, and self-government was granted in
1963. Jawara was appointed Prime Minister in the same year, and
independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia's
peaceful transition from colonial rule.
With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban Wollofs,
Jawara and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to
sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that
political independence would bring with it immediate improvement in their
life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent
ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some
political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as
the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their
promises.
Impact printers
An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image
by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following
are some examples of impact printers.
Dot-Matrix Printers
Daisy-wheel printers
In order to get the quality of type found on
typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can
be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer
because the print mechanism looks like a daisy;
at the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed
character which produces solid-line print. A
hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character
against the ribbon, and the character prints on the paper.
Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second.
Line printers
In business where enormous amount of material are printed, the character-at-a-
time printers are too slow; therefore, these users need line-at-a-time printers.
Line printers, or line-at-a-time printers, use special mechanism that can print a
whole line at once; they can typically print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per
minute. Drum, chain, and band printers are line-at-a-time printers.
Drum printer
Band printers
Non-impact printers
Ink-jet printers
One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets
of ink are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then
guided to the paper by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has
positive charge (upper plate) and the other has negative charge (lover plate)]. A
nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed to print text, but full-color printing is
also possible with the addition of needed to print text, but full-color printing is
also possible with the addition three extra nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and
yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character or image being
formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle.
Several manufacturers produce color ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come
with all their color inks in a cartridge; if you want to replace on color, you must
replace all the colors. Other color ink-jet printers allow you to replace ink
individually. These printers are a better choice if user uses one color more than
other colors. These printers produce less noise and print in better quality with
greater speed.
Laser printers
Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page
is loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print
quietly without producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print
eight pages per minute, but faster and print approximately 21,000 lines per
minute, or 437 pages per minute if each page contains 48 lines. When high speed
laser printers were introduced they were expensive. Developments in the last few
years have provided relatively low-cost laser printers for use in small businesses.
FUNCTION OF PRINTER
Single Function Printers
Typically, Single Function Printers are least expensive and has its own usage in
print only purposes. You can get both monochrome and color print equipment at
a relatively high print speed operations. Get the flexibility in Printer Connectivity
either using an Wireless feature or USB high speed cable. Single Function Printers
do not consume a lot of office space.
Multi-Functional Printers
Printing
Copying
Scanning
Faxing
Stapling
Duplexing
Hole punching
Color and/or black and white printer compatibility
Extra paper trays
Photo organization software
Optical character recognition (OCR) software
consumables like ink or toner Cartridge.
Lagos State Governor, Akinwunmi Ambode, has signed the 2018 Appropriation bill into law.
The N1.4 trillion budget is the second largest in the country and the first budget of the state to
cross N1 trillion. There’s a significant increase in funds apportioned to capital projects
indicating a plan to consolidate on previous budget spending on infrastructure.
On Monday, the governor passed the third budget of his administration for the year ending
December 31, 2018 into law. The budget will be funded with an Internally Generated Revenue
(IGR) target of N897 billion and the rest from deficit financing. It comprises of N347.038 billion
to be funded from the Consolidated Revenue Fund, and N699.082 billion from the Development
Fund for both capital and recurrent expenditure.
Speaking on the budget, Mr Akinyemi Ashade, the Commissioner of Finance stated that the
budget is tagged “Budget of Progress and Development, and in terms of capital and recurrent
expenditure, we have 63 percent capital and 37 percent recurrent which shows that we are really
big on infrastructural renewal.”
“In terms of revenue, we are expecting a total of N897billion both from the State and Federal
receipts, so the rest would be funded through budget deficit financing,” the Commissioner further
explained.
Below is the sectoral breakdown of the budget:
General Public Services sees a decrease from the 2017 budget to N171,623bn, representing 16.41
percent
Economic Affairs takes the largest share and a significant boost from 2017 budget with
N473,866bn, representing 45.30 percent
Environmental Protection is earmarked N54,582bn, representing 5.22 percent; and Housing and
Community Amenities got N59,904bn, representing 5.73 percent
Health sector gets a boost also to N92.6 billion, representing 8.86 percent
Recreation, Culture and Religion got N12.5 billion, representing 1.20 percent
Education increased to N126.3 billion representing 12.07 percent, while Social Protection got
N8.042 billion representing 0.77 percent
Governor Ambode declared while presenting on the floor of the state’s House of Assembly that
the budget estimates would be used to consolidate on the achievements recorded in infrastructure,
education, transportation/traffic management, security and health sectors, and also for capacity
building for all public servants including teachers and health workers.
Concerning infrastructural renewal, Governor Ambode reaffirmed the commitment to sustain the
tempo of continuous construction, rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of a network of
roads across the city, including those within the boundary areas of Lagos and Ogun state.
The budget is lower than that of last year, which was N1.046trn.
Explaining the shortfall in the 2019 budget, Ambode said the budget performance
of 2018 was put into consideration before preparing the 2019 budget.
“The overall 2018 budget stood at 60 per cent and that was put into consideration
in preparing the 2019 budget.
“The 2019 budget is all-encompassing and it will cater for all Lagosians,” Ambode
said.
Ambode said N462.757bn representing 54 per cent of the total budget had been
earmarked for capital expenditure, while N389.560bn representing 46 per cent
had been dedicated to recurrent expenditure.
Gov. Akinwunmi Ambode of Lagos State on Tuesday presented the 2019 budget
proposal of N852.316 billion to the state House of Assembly.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the 2019 budget is N287.68
billion lesser than that of 2018 which stood at N1.04 trillion.
In his presentation to the House, Ambode said that the budget was projected to
consolidate on the economic gains made so far by capitalising on realistic, budget
friendly programmes and projects.
He said projected total revenue for year 2019 was ₦775.231 billion, of which
₦606.291 billion would be generated internally.
“In preparing the year 2019 Budget therefore, we were very mindful of the
outgoing year performance, the yearnings of our people and the fact that we are
going into an election year,” Ambode said.
He said that in 2019, as was with previous budgets, economic affairs still
dominated the sectoral allocation of the proposed budget.
“This is due to our continued focus on the completion of major ongoing projects
including Oshodi-Murtala Mohammed International Airport Road; Agege Pen
Cinema Flyover; Phase II of Aradagun-Iworo -Epeme Road, Oshodi Interchange
Terminal; completion of JK Randle Complex, Onikan Stadium.
“Others are Imota Rice Mill; Renovation/Furnishing of Lagos Revenue House,
among others in order to meet their specified deliverable outcomes without any
bias or prejudice to others.
“We are confident that the revenues of the state will improve this year by
consolidating on the already established public financial management and
technology-driven revenue reforms; through data integration and use of multi-
payment channels,” Ambode said.
He said the budget had been carefully planned to accommodate all and sundry;
women, youth and physically challenged, young and old.
“We will continue to spread development to all part of our state even as we
embark on effective transition knowing fully well that the implementation, failure
or success of the Budget depend on all of us,” he said.
Ambode commended the lawmakers for their contributions, unalloyed support and
cooperation accorded to his administration.
“Each time I have come here, we have been accorded a very warm and cordial
reception by this Honourable House and for this, we are very grateful.
“This House has been a solid partner in progress and none of the achievements
recorded in our state in the past three and half years could have been possible
without the support and cooperation of this 8th Assembly.
“Mr Speaker, I have been very privileged to have worked with this House and
there is no bill we have brought forward that has not been given favourable
consideration.
“That is the secret of the success of Lagos State; the cooperation between the
different arms of government and our unity of purpose to make life better for all
our people,” he said.
In his remarks, the Speaker of the House, Mr Mudashiru Obasa, commended well-
meaning Lagosians for ensuring peace reign supreme between the two arms of
government over the impasse between the legislature and executive on the 2019
budget.
Obasa, who noted that the assembly would not delay in the passage of he
budget, urged the governor never to relent in delivering dividends of democracy
to the people.
“The role of budget in economy and its essence is key, as provided in the 1999
Constitution (as amended) in Section 121.
“The constitution stipulates that the governor must prepare and lay the budget
before the House, which now creates the avenue to incur expenditure.
“All the arms of government must work together to ensure economic growth and
human development.
“We also need to know that infrastructure of the state is crucial, and the position
of Lagos State is germane in Nigeria and its West African suburbs.
“Dear Lagosians, as an arm of government, we are not at odds with the governor
over anything. Rather, we are diligently playing our roles in contributing to the
transparent and accountable governance.
“This has made Lagos the envy of all and a model frame of reference in terms of
development in this political dispensation.
He advised the executive to especially address the inner roads of the state as well
as issue of environment.
The speaker said: “We should be cognizant of the fact that the essence of
democratic governance is that people remain the object of development.
“With the remaining part of this tenure of ours, more can still be done to ease
socio-economic problems, particularly on finishing all road projects and
rehabilitation.
“More can still be done on provision of housing, making sure that our environment
is clean and poverty alleviation programmes embarked upon, before the end of
this administration.’’
The speaker, who expressed hope that the 2019 Budget would be of great benefit
to the people of Lagos State, appealed to Ambode and Lagos residents for
sufficient time to scrutinise the financial document.
Obasa said that the budget had great influence on the lives of the people and
assured that the Assembly would not delay the passage of the budget.
“We will be interested in placing high premium on the need to ensure that the
interests of people of Lagos are protected socioeconomically and politically.
The lawmaker, who urged Lagos residents to be law abiding during the upcoming
general elections, advised them to vote All Progressives Congress (APC)
candidates across all levels.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) recalls that the House and the executive had
been at loggerheads over the budget in the last one week, such that the
lawmakers had threatened to commence impeachment procedure against the
governor.
NAME: SALAU FAWAZ CLASS: J.S.S. 3B
LAGOS HOUSE RECEIVES ITS 2019 BUDGET
Ambode during the presentation of the 2019 budget to the Lagos State House of Assembly
Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode, has presented a budget of N852.13bn to
the Lagos State House of Assembly.
The budget is lower than that of last year, which was N1.046trn.
Explaining the shortfall in the 2019 budget, Ambode said the budget performance of 2018
was put into consideration before preparing the 2019 budget.
“The overall 2018 budget stood at 60 per cent and that was put into consideration in
preparing the 2019 budget.
“The 2019 budget is all-encompassing and it will cater for all Lagosians
,” Ambode said.
Ambode said N462.757bn representing 54 per cent of the total budget had been earmarked
for capital expenditure, while N389.560bn representing 46 per cent had been dedicated to
recurrent expenditure.
Gov. Akinwunmi Ambode of Lagos State on Tuesday presented the 2019 budget proposal
of N852.316 billion to the state House of Assembly.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the 2019 budget is N287.68 billion lesser
than that of 2018 which stood at N1.04 trillion.
In his presentation to the House, Ambode said that the budget was projected to consolidate
on the economic gains made so far by capitalising on realistic, budget friendly
programmes and projects.
He said projected total revenue for year 2019 was ₦775.231 billion, of which ₦606.291
billion would be generated internally.
According to him, a total of ₦168.940 billion is expected from Federal Transfers while a
total of ₦77.086 billion will be sourced through deficit financing within the state’s
medium term expenditure framework.
“In the outgoing year, however, we experienced a reduction in our revenue projections,
which affected our projected performance and our desired implementation of the year
2018 Budget.
“The overall budget performance as at Nov. 2018 stood at 60 per cent or ₦574.206 billion
with actual cumulative total revenue of N530.192bn at 64 per cent.
“In preparing the year 2019 Budget therefore, we were very mindful of the outgoing year
performance, the yearnings of our people and the fact that we are going into an election
year,” Ambode said.
He said that in 2019, as was with previous budgets, economic affairs still dominated the
sectoral allocation of the proposed budget.
“This is due to our continued focus on the completion of major ongoing projects including
Oshodi-Murtala Mohammed International Airport Road; Agege Pen Cinema Flyover;
Phase II of Aradagun-Iworo -Epeme Road, Oshodi Interchange Terminal; completion of
JK Randle Complex, Onikan Stadium.
“Others are Imota Rice Mill; Renovation/Furnishing of Lagos Revenue House, among
others in order to meet their specified deliverable outcomes without any bias or prejudice
to others.
“We are confident that the revenues of the state will improve this year by consolidating on
the already established public financial management and technology-driven revenue
reforms; through data integration and use of multi-payment channels,” Ambode said.
He said the budget had been carefully planned to accommodate all and sundry; women,
youth and physically challenged, young and old.
“We will continue to spread development to all part of our state even as we embark on
effective transition knowing fully well that the implementation, failure or success of the
Budget depend on all of us,” he said.
Ambode commended the lawmakers for their contributions, unalloyed support and
cooperation accorded to his administration.
“Each time I have come here, we have been accorded a very warm and cordial reception
by this Honourable House and for this, we are very grateful.
“This House has been a solid partner in progress and none of the achievements recorded in
our state in the past three and half years could have been possible without the support and
cooperation of this 8th Assembly.
“Mr Speaker, I have been very privileged to have worked with this House and there is no
bill we have brought forward that has not been given favourable consideration.
“That is the secret of the success of Lagos State; the cooperation between the different
arms of government and our unity of purpose to make life better for all our people,” he
said.
In his remarks, the Speaker of the House, Mr Mudashiru Obasa, commended well-
meaning Lagosians for ensuring peace reign supreme between the two arms of government
over the impasse between the legislature and executive on the 2019 budget.
Obasa, who noted that the assembly would not delay in the passage of he budget, urged the
governor never to relent in delivering dividends of democracy to the people.
“The role of budget in economy and its essence is key, as provided in the 1999
Constitution (as amended) in Section 121.
“The constitution stipulates that the governor must prepare and lay the budget before the
House, which now creates the avenue to incur expenditure.
“All the arms of government must work together to ensure economic growth and human
development.
“We also need to know that infrastructure of the state is crucial, and the position of Lagos
State is germane in Nigeria and its West African suburbs.
“Dear Lagosians, as an arm of government, we are not at odds with the governor over
anything. Rather, we are diligently playing our roles in contributing to the transparent and
accountable governance.
“This has made Lagos the envy of all and a model frame of reference in terms of
development in this political dispensation.
“ We need to remind ourselves that democracy is about institution and we must all learn to
protect this. We must not, in whatever circumstance, derogate or smear this institution.
Obasa called on Ambode to endeavour to attend to urgent needs of residents within the
few months left in his administration.
He advised the executive to especially address the inner roads of the state as well as issue
of environment.
The speaker said: “We should be cognizant of the fact that the essence of democratic
governance is that people remain the object of development.
“With the remaining part of this tenure of ours, more can still be done to ease socio-
economic problems, particularly on finishing all road projects and rehabilitation.
“More can still be done on provision of housing, making sure that our environment is
clean and poverty alleviation programmes embarked upon, before the end of this
administration.’’
The speaker, who expressed hope that the 2019 Budget would be of great benefit to the
people of Lagos State, appealed to Ambode and Lagos residents for sufficient time to
scrutinise the financial document.
Obasa said that the budget had great influence on the lives of the people and assured that
the Assembly would not delay the passage of the budget.
“We will be interested in placing high premium on the need to ensure that the interests of
people of Lagos are protected socioeconomically and politically.
The lawmaker, who urged Lagos residents to be law abiding during the upcoming general
elections, advised them to vote All Progressives Congress (APC) candidates across all
levels.
The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) recalls that the House and the executive had been at
loggerheads over the budget in the last one week, such that the lawmakers had threatened
to commence impeachment procedure against the governor.
OKESUNA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
CLASS: S.S.2B
TOPIC:
CONTRIBUTION OF THE TRIOS PERSONALTY
TO NIGERIA
* JAJA OF OPOBO, * QUEEN AMINA OF ZARIA,
* CHIEF MRS. FUNMILAYO ANIKULAPO KUTI
Jaja of Opobo (full name: Jubo Jubogha; 1821–1891) was the first known Nigerian richest
man, nationalist, a merchant prince and the founder of Opobo city-state which now forms
part of Nigeria`s River State. Jaja whose real name was Mbanaso Okwaraozurumbaa was
also a savvy political and military strategist, brought to the Bonny Kingdom as a slave,
who was perhaps the most troublesome thorn in the flesh of 19th-century British imperial
ambition in southern Nigeria.
Burton's words proved prophetic. Ja Ja's successes incurred the jealousy of opponents who
feared that, if left unchecked, his house might incorporate most of the houses in Bonny
and thereby dominate its political and economic arena. Oko Jumbo, his bitterest opponent,
was determined that such a prospect would never materialize.
Ja Ja had sued for peace in order to gain time to retreat from Bonny with his supporters
with little or no loss in men and armament. A master strategist, he relocated in the Andoni
country away from the seaboard at a strategic point at the mouth of the Imo river, the
highway of trade between the coastal communities and the palm-oil rich Kwa Iboe and
Igbo country. There, he survived the initial problems of a virgin settlement as well as
incessant attacks of his Bonny enemies.
Long before the war of 1869, Ja Ja had been carefully planning to found his own state. The
war merely provided him with the occasion to implement his design.
In naming his new territory Opobo, Ja Ja was appealing to the nostalgia and historical
consciousness of his followers while giving them the impression that he was truly the heir
of the celebrated king. That this impression was widespread and accepted by most Bonny
citizens may be judged from the fact that of the 18 houses in Bonny, 14 followed Ja Ja to
Opobo.
To no avail, the British consul tried to coerce Ja Ja to come back to Bonny. Against the
admonition of the consul, and in the face of Bonny's displeasure, many British firms began
to trade openly with Opobo while others transferred their depots there. By May of 1870,
the Ja Ja revolution had driven the death-knell on Bonny's economy. British firms
anchoring there are said to have lost an estimated £100,000 of trade by mid-1870. The
city-state fell from grace to grass as Opobo, flourishing on its ashes, became in
Ofonagoro's words, "the most important trade center in the Oil Rivers," and Ja Ja became
"the greatest African living in the east of modern Nigeria."
For 18 years, Ja Ja ruled his kingdom with firmness and remarkable sagacity. He
strengthened his relations with the hinterland palm-oil producers through judicious
marriages and blood covenants which bound the parties into ritual kingship. He armed his
traders with modern weapons for their own defense and that of the state. He thus
monopolized trade with the palm-oil producers and punished severely any community that
tried to trade directly with the European supercargoes.
In 1873, the British recognized him as king of independent Opobo, and Ja Ja reciprocated
by sending a contingent of his soldiers to help the British in their war against the Ashanti
kingdom in the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Queen Victoria expressed her gratitude in 1875
by awarding him a sword of honor. It seemed a honeymoon had developed between
Opobo and Britain.
Queen Amina of Zazzau, today Zaria, was a warrior queen who governed the Hausa in the
sixteenth century. Mohammed Umar's contemporary Amina, called Queen Amina by her
sisters-in-arms, is also among the elite in northern Nigeria, but she must rebel against the
corruption of her class and against the oppression of her gender. It is above all the Marxist
paradigms of social and class struggle that shape the form of Umar's narrative, resulting in
a political blueprint for Africa from a feminist perspective that envisions a 'better world'
(p. 243) at the close of the novel.
At the time of Amina’s reign, Zazzau was situated at the crossroads of three major trade
corridors of northern Africa, connecting the Sahara with the remote markets of the
southern forest lands and the western Sudan. The rise and fall of the powerful and more
dominant Songhai people, and the resulting competition for control of trade routes, incited
continual warring among the Hausa people and their neighbouring settlements during the
15th and 16th centuries.[5]
The expansion of Amina’s kingdom made it the trading centre for all of southern
Hausaland, spanning the traditional east-to-west trans-Saharan axis and guaranteeing
Zaria’s prosperity. Amina brought unheard-of wealth to the land; one description cites a
tribute payment of 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts. ‘She boosted her kingdom’s wealth
and power with gold, slaves and new crops. Because her people were talented metal
workers, Amina introduced metal armour, including iron helmets and chain mail, to her
army.’[9]
Amina is also credited as the architect of the strong earthen walls around the city, which
became the prototype for the fortifications used in all Hausa states. She built many of these
fortifications, later known as ganuwar Amina or ‘Amina’s walls’, around various
conquered cities. Many of these walls remain in existence to this day.
Walling was a vitally important consideration in the development of African urban life.
Walls gave definition to settlements and prevented uncontrollable sprawl. They also
provided psychological and physical security. In unstable times, they afforded protection
against theft or destruction and in peacetime, they controlled entry and exit.
Also, politically, walls were considered prestigious, their size a measure of a ruler’s ability
to command the labour of his or her subjects. The walls constructed by Queen Amina of
Zaria not only protected Hausa markets from external threats emanating from the south,
but also became an enduring testimony to her glorious reign.
According to legend, Amina refused to marry and instead took a temporary husband from
the legions of vanquished foes after every battle.[10]
FUNMILAYO RANSOME-KUTI
AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO NIGERIA
Ransome-Kuti served several terms on the local council of Abeokuta between 1949 and
1960. In 1951 she ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the regional assembly as the candidate
of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), which she had helped
found in 1944. In 1953 the FNWS became affiliated with the Women’s International
Democratic Federation, and Ransome-Kuti was elected a vice president of the
organization. She subsequently lectured in several countries on the conditions of Nigerian
women. After the NCNC rejected her bid for a second candidacy for the assembly in 1959,
she ran as an independent, which split the NCNC vote and ensured the opposing party’s
victory. She was subsequently expelled from the NCNC and formed her own party, the
Commoners’ People’s Party, which was disbanded one year later. By this time her
political influence in Nigeria and her following among women in Abeokuta had declined
significantly.
In the early 1970s she changed her surname to Anikulapo-Kuti to further identify herself
with Yoruba culture, thereby following the example of her son, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, a
popular musician and a fierce critic of Nigeria’s military governments from the 1960s. In
1977 some 1,000 soldiers stormed the family property in Lagos, which Fela had
transformed into a commune that he called the Kalakuta Republic. During the assault,
soldiers dragged Funmilayo by her hair and threw her out a second-story window. She
died of complications from her injuries the following year.
Women's rights
Ransome-Kuti launched the organization into public consciousness when she rallied
women against price controls that were hurting the market women. Trading was one of the
major occupations of women in the Western Nigeria at the time. In 1949, she led a protest
against Native Authorities, especially against the Alake of Egbaland. She presented
documents alleging abuse of authority by the Alake, who had been granted the right to
collect the taxes by his colonial suzerain, the Government of the United Kingdom. He
subsequently relinquished his crown for a time due to the affair. She also oversaw the
successful abolishing of separate tax rates for women. In 1953, she founded the Federation
of Nigerian Women Societies, which subsequently formed an alliance with the Women's
International Democratic Federation.
Ransome-Kuti campaigned for women's votes. She was for many years a member of the
ruling National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) party, but was later
expelled when she was not elected to a federal parliamentary seat. She was the treasurer
and subsequent president of the Western NCNC Women's Association.[10] After her
suspension, her political voice was diminished due to the direction of national politics, as
both of the more powerful members of the opposition, Awolowo and Adegbenro, had her
support close by. However, Ransome-Kuti continued her activism.[11] In the 1950s, she
was one of the few women elected to the house of chiefs. At the time, this was one of her
homeland's most influential bodies.
Travel ban
The honeymoon between Ja Ja and the British turned out to be meteoric: the
ultimate ambitions of the two ran at cross-purposes. Ja Ja guarded his
independence jealously, had a tight grip on the interior markets and confined
British traders to Opobo, away from these markets. He made sure that the traders
paid their comeys (customs and trade duties) as and when due.
But in the 1880s, the clouds of British imperialism were closing in menacingly on
Opobo, the overthrow of indigenous sovereignties having been initiated by John
Beecroft, the first British consul to Nigeria (1849-54). British imperialism had
begun to assert itself forcefully; British officials on the spot were increasingly
ignoring indigenous authorities, while British traders had begun to insist on trading
directly with the hinterland palm-oil producers. Ja Ja tackled these formidable
problems judiciously and with restraint.
In July 1884, fearing German intrusion in the Delta, the British consul, Edward
Hewett, rushed to the area, foisting treaties of protection on the indigenous
sovereignties. With a veiled threat from a man-of-war, Ja Ja too was stampeded
into placing his kingdom under British protection. But unlike the other African
monarchs, this was not before he had sought explanation for the word
"protectorate," and had been assured by the consul that his independence would
not be compromised. Hewett wrote to Ja Ja informing him, inter alia (among other
things), that:
the queen does not want to take your country or your markets, but at the same
time she is anxious that no other nation should take them. She undertakes … [to]
leave your country still under your government; she has no wish to disturb your
rule.
At Ja Ja's insistence, a clause providing for free trade in his kingdom was struck
off before he agreed to sign the treaty.
The following year, European powers entered into the Treaty of Berlin which set
the stage for the scramble and partition of Africa among themselves, without
regard to the wishes of Africans. The treaty provided for free navigation on River
Niger and other rivers, such as the Imo, linked to it. On the basis of this, the British
consul asserted that British firms were within their rights to trade directly in the
interior palm-oil markets. That same year, 1885, Britain proclaimed the Oil Rivers
Protectorate, which included Ja Ja's territory. Sending a delegation to the British
secretary of states for the colonies to protest these actions by right of the treaty of
1884, Ja Ja's protest fell on deaf ears. A man of his word, he was shocked at
Britain reneging on her pledge.
Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, (born May 16, 1924, Barajally, MacCarthy Island,
The Gambia), politician and veterinarian who was The Gambia’s prime minister
from 1962 to 1970 and its president from 1970 until he was overthrown in 1994.
The People’s Progressive Party won the general elections of 1962, and
Jawara became The Gambia’s prime minister. He led his country into
independence from Great Britain three years later. Under his leadership, the tiny
nation of The Gambia became one of Africa’s few successful parliamentary
democracies; Jawara’s ruling People’s Progressive Party won six successive
elections (1966, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992) under completely free conditions
after independence in 1965. He was knighted in 1966. Jawara served as president
from 1970, when a republican constitution was adopted to replace the former
monarchy under the British sovereign. Jawara survived an attempted coup in
1981 with help from neighbouring Senegal, with which Gambia joined in a
confederation called Senegambia from 1981 to 1989. Jawara was overthrown in
July 1994 in a military coup led by Capt. (later Col.) Yahya Jammeh. Jawara and
his family were given asylum in Senegal and later lived in exile in London. In late
2001 Jammeh granted amnesty to Jawara, who returned to The Gambia in 2002.
Although Jawara was barred from participating in national politics, he was active
in regional affairs through his work with the Economic Community of West African
States.
During the 1920s, a period in Nigerian history associated with the beginning
of political agitation for self-rule, Macauley became a leading figure in the first
generation of Nigerian Nationalists. In 1921, Macauley passionately led protests in
Lagos over water rates, land issues, and mishandling of the railway finances. In
1922, he helped a Lagos chief in his legal battle with the colonial government who
had forcefully taken some of his land for government purposes. The highest court
in England heard the case and returned the land to the chief. This victory inspired
Macauley to establish in 1923 Nigeria’s first political party, the Nigerian National
Democratic Party whose members were the first to sit in the Legislative Council.
If at any time it shall appear that the Slave Trade has been carried on
through or from the territory of the King and Chiefs of Lagos, the Slave Trade may
be put down by Great Britain by force upon that territory, and British officers may
seize the boats of Lagos found anywhere carrying on the Slave Trade; and the
King and Chiefs of Lagos will be subject to a severe act of displeasure on the part
of the King and Queen of England
The slaves now held for exportation shall be delivered to any British officer
duly authorized to receive them, for the purpose of being carried to a British
Colony, and there liberated; and all the implements of Slave Trade, and the
barracoons or buildings exclusively used in the Slave Trade, shall be forthwith
destroyed.
The subjects of the Queen of England may always trade freely with the
people of Lagos in every article they wish to buy and sell in all the places, and
ports, and rivers within the territories of the ing and Chiefs of lagos, and
throughout the whole of their dominions; and the King and Chiefs of Lagos pledge
themselves to show no favour and give no privilege to the ships and traders of
other countries which they do not show to those of England.
The King and Chiefs of Lagos declare that no human being shall at any time
be sacrificed within their territories on account of religious or other ceremonies;
and that they will prevent the barbarous practice of murdering prisoners captured
in war.
Complete protection shall be afforded to Missionaries or Ministers of the
Gospel, of whatever nation or country, following the vocation of spreading the
knowledge and doctrines of Christianity, and extending the benefits of civilization
within the territory of the King and Chiefs of Lagos.
The King and Chiefs of Lagos further agree to set apart a piece of land,
within a convenient distance of the principal towns, to be used as a burial-ground
for Christian persons. And the funerals and sepulchres of the dead shall not be
disturbed in any way or upon any account.
In faith of which we have hereunto set our hands and seals, at Lagos, on
board Her Britannic Majesty’s ship Penelope, 1st January, 1852.
OKESUNA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
CLASS: S.S.2B
TOPIC:
IDENTIFY ANY THREE NATIONALIST LEADER
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO NIGERIA
POLITICAL INDEPENDENT
He is considered the founder of Nigerian nationalism as the movement was under his
influence in 1920s. He started the nationalist movement because of the believe that the
people of different bag rounds living in the british coony of Nigeria needed to come
together as one.He joined the colonial civil service and this exposed him to the ills and
irregularities to fight for the right of Nigeria. He was the fisrt Nigerian to establish a
political right in 1922,the Nigeria national democratic party (nndp) He become the first
national president of national council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (ncnc) Party He co-
found it by her best macaulay together with Nnandi Azikiwe in 1944 He died in 1946
Although General Muritala Mohammed power did not last long. His admistration
specify a new path for the country strengthened the sense of duty and patriotism. He
created nineteen state to increase the number of state in Nigeria from the twelve that
were created in 1967. He also established a commission of pulbic copliants which provide
honesty for the society.
Gen. Muritala Muhammed was killed in 1976: his portrait is placed on the 20 Naira bank
note. The air port in Lagos was named after the famous general MuritalaRanate
Muhammed
Benjamin Nnandi Azikiwe is one of the famous Nigerian fathers of nation and the first
Nigerian president after gaining independence from great Britain.he was affectionately
called “ZIH”
Queen Amina of Zazzau, today Zaria, was a warrior queen who governed the
Hausa in the sixteenth century. Mohammed Umar's contemporary Amina, called
Queen Amina by her sisters-in-arms, is also among the elite in northern Nigeria,
but she must rebel against the corruption of her class and against the oppression
of her gender. It is above all the Marxist paradigms of social and class struggle
that shape the form of Umar's narrative, resulting in a political blueprint for Africa
from a feminist perspective that envisions a 'better world' (p. 243) at the close of
the novel.
At the time of Amina’s reign, Zazzau was situated at the crossroads of three major
trade corridors of northern Africa, connecting the Sahara with the remote markets
of the southern forest lands and the western Sudan. The rise and fall of the
powerful and more dominant Songhai people, and the resulting competition for
control of trade routes, incited continual warring among the Hausa people and
their neighbouring settlements during the 15th and 16th centuries.[5]
The expansion of Amina’s kingdom made it the trading centre for all of southern
Hausaland, spanning the traditional east-to-west trans-Saharan axis and
guaranteeing Zaria’s prosperity. Amina brought unheard-of wealth to the land; one
description cites a tribute payment of 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts. ‘She
boosted her kingdom’s wealth and power with gold, slaves and new crops.
Because her people were talented metal workers, Amina introduced metal
armour, including iron helmets and chain mail, to her army.’[9]
Amina is also credited as the architect of the strong earthen walls around the city,
which became the prototype for the fortifications used in all Hausa states. She
built many of these fortifications, later known as ganuwar Amina or ‘Amina’s
walls’, around various conquered cities. Many of these walls remain in existence
to this day.
FUNMILAYO RANSOME-KUTI
In the early 1970s she changed her surname to Anikulapo-Kuti to further identify
herself with Yoruba culture, thereby following the example of her son, Fela
Anikulapo-Kuti, a popular musician and a fierce critic of Nigeria’s military
governments from the 1960s. In 1977 some 1,000 soldiers stormed the family
property in Lagos, which Fela had transformed into a commune that he called the
Kalakuta Republic. During the assault, soldiers dragged Funmilayo by her hair
and threw her out a second-story window. She died of complications from her
injuries the following year.
Women's rights
Ransome-Kuti launched the organization into public consciousness when she
rallied women against price controls that were hurting the market women. Trading
was one of the major occupations of women in the Western Nigeria at the time. In
1949, she led a protest against Native Authorities, especially against the Alake of
Egbaland. She presented documents alleging abuse of authority by the Alake,
who had been granted the right to collect the taxes by his colonial suzerain, the
Government of the United Kingdom. He subsequently relinquished his crown for a
time due to the affair. She also oversaw the successful abolishing of separate tax
rates for women. In 1953, she founded the Federation of Nigerian Women
Societies, which subsequently formed an alliance with the Women's International
Democratic Federation.
Ransome-Kuti campaigned for women's votes. She was for many years a member
of the ruling National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) party, but
was later expelled when she was not elected to a federal parliamentary seat. She
was the treasurer and subsequent president of the Western NCNC Women's
Association.[10] After her suspension, her political voice was diminished due to the
direction of national politics, as both of the more powerful members of the
opposition, Awolowo and Adegbenro, had her support close by. However,
Ransome-Kuti continued her activism.[11] In the 1950s, she was one of the few
women elected to the house of chiefs. At the time, this was one of her homeland's
most influential bodies.
Travel ban
Jaja of Opobo (full name: Jubo Jubogha; 1821–1891) was the first known Nigerian
richest man, nationalist, a merchant prince and the founder of Opobo city-state
which now forms part of Nigeria`s River State. Jaja whose real name was
Mbanaso Okwaraozurumbaa was also a savvy political and military strategist,
brought to the Bonny Kingdom as a slave, who was perhaps the most
troublesome thorn in the flesh of 19th-century British imperial ambition in southern
Nigeria.
Ja Ja had sued for peace in order to gain time to retreat from Bonny with his
supporters with little or no loss in men and armament. A master strategist, he
relocated in the Andoni country away from the seaboard at a strategic point at the
mouth of the Imo river, the highway of trade between the coastal communities and
the palm-oil rich Kwa Iboe and Igbo country. There, he survived the initial
problems of a virgin settlement as well as incessant attacks of his Bonny enemies.
For 18 years, Ja Ja ruled his kingdom with firmness and remarkable sagacity. He
strengthened his relations with the hinterland palm-oil producers through judicious
marriages and blood covenants which bound the parties into ritual kingship. He
armed his traders with modern weapons for their own defense and that of the
state. He thus monopolized trade with the palm-oil producers and punished
severely any community that tried to trade directly with the European
supercargoes.
Due to the increasing unemployment rate in Nigeria, there have been adverse
effects on both the economy and the society. The consequences of
unemployment in Nigeria includes:
The Statistician-General of the Federation, Dr. Temi Kale had recently revealed
that about 20.3 million Nigerians are currently jobless and not employed in any
form of job. “Nigeria’s unemployment rate is spiraling upwards, growing at 16%
per year. The youth of the nation are the most impacted, with a youth
unemployment rate over 50%”.
There is no denying the fact that rising youth unemployment in Nigeria has been a
significant contributor to the dramatic rise in social unrest and crime like Boko
Haram and communal crises in many parts of the country. It is generally believed
that if young people are provided with employment opportunities, they can
become productive assets and take their part in mainstream society offering the
best of their skills and talents.
It is against this background that the federal government in collaboration with the
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, UNIDO recently inaugurated
Inter-Ministerial Committee on Job Fair to address all the identified barriers to job
creation and sustainable livelihood in the country.
The terms of reference for the committee include producing an action plan for the
job fair with cost and timelines and arranging venues, date, time, programme,
invitees, training session, targets industries, companies, schools and youths.
The committee is also expected to build and launch a web platform for
entrepreneurship and job fair where employers can put online job openings and
job seekers can directly register online. It is equally mandated to build a database
for the teeming unemployed youths and showcase successful entrepreneurs.
Minister of State for Trade and Investment, Dr. Samuel Ortom, who inaugurated
the committee through the Director of Industrial Development, Mr. Olakunle
Sogbola in Abuja, the nation’s capital, said the maiden fair was meant “to target
widely unemployed youth as other programmes have divergent approach to
solving unemployment in the country”. “It will support industry by creating
sustainable working and knowledge sharing platforms and networks which would
link the job seekers for local businesses, companies, as well as the needs and
options for job seekers. It will also highlight inherent benefits for young individuals
who have decided to be entrepreneurs and equally showcase the successful ones
with goods and services designed locally and competitive globally and not less
than 1, 000 jobs will be created at the first instance from this exercise”, he
explained.
That the latest figure on the rate of unemployment in the country is disturbing is an
understatement. But the most interesting thing is that the government realized this
on time and now taking step towards tackling the danger it could portend for the
country if not urgently addressed. According to figures from the National Bureau of
Statistics, NBS, the unemployment rate has increased to all-time high of 23.9 per
cent for the year 2011 while the figure for 2012 rose above 25 per cent.
Unemployment is a curse. Its evil spell breaks down relationships, humiliates and
chips away at your humanity.
This isn't because they're idle, this isn't because they don't want to alleviate
themselves from their morbid situation; it's because the majority of job applications
have to be submitted online.
The end result – more and more unemployed people are stuck staring and hoping
at a screen all day long.
An attempt to enter the labour market has become a mechanical, soulless pursuit.
Even the most head-strong and capable candidates can be broken down by the
rectangle plate of "opportunities" on the screen.
With more than 860,000 16 to 24 year olds out of work and a youth unemployment
rate of 19.1%, scrolling through databases, clicking on hyperlinks and handing
over your personal details is now part and parcel of being young in the UK today.
Work is central to most of our lives, that enables us to get by in the world, but also
the key to how we define ourselves and to our sense of self-worth. In the UK the
unemployment rate stands at 6.9% now and from the figures 19.1% are between
ages 16-24. Almost one in five young people unable to find a job. Youth
employment has become a long-term problem in the UK, with over a quarter of
million young people have been looking for work for a year or more (Mirza-Davies
2014). And increase of youth unemployment slow down the speed of UK
economic recovery, although the financial crisis of 2008 affected national
economic around the world, which has already 5 years ago. So we have to think
about is it government not do well in the unemployment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Muhammad is the prophet and founder of Islam. Born in Mecca in 570, most of his early life was
spent as a merchant. At age 40, he began to have revelations from Allah that became the basis for
the Koran and the foundation of Islam. By 630 he had unified most of Arabia under a single
religion. As of 2015, there are over 1.8 billion Muslims in the world who profess, “There is no
God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”
Muhammad was born around 570, AD in Mecca (now in Saudi Arabia). His father died before he
was born and he was raised first by his grandfather and then his uncle. He belonged to a poor but
respectable family of the Quraysh tribe. The family was active in Meccan politics and trade.
Many of the tribes living in the Arabian Peninsula at the time were nomadic, trading goods as they
crisscrossed the dessert. Most tribes were polytheistic, worshipping their own set of gods. The
town of Mecca was an important trading and religious center, home to many temples and worship
sites where the devoted prayed to the idols of these gods. The most famous site was the Kaaba
(meaning cube in Arabic). It is believed to have been built by Abraham (Ibrahim to Muslims) and
his son Ismail. Gradually the people of Mecca turned to polytheism and idolatry. Of all the gods
worshipped, it is believed that Allah was considered the greatest and the only one without an idol.
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In his early teens, Muhammad worked in a camel caravan, following in the footsteps of many
people his age, born of meager wealth. Working for his uncle, he gained experience in commercial
trade traveling to Syria and eventually from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. In time,
Muhammad earned a reputation as honest and sincere, acquiring the nickname “al-Amin”
meaning faithful or trustworthy.
In his early 20s, Muhammad began working for a wealthy merchant woman named Khadihah, 15
years his senior. She soon became attracted to this young, accomplished man and proposed
marriage. He accepted and over the years the happy union brought several children. Not all lived
to childhood, but one, Fatima, would marry Muhammad’s cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib, whom Shi’ite
Muslims regard as Muhammed’s successor.
Muhammad was also very religious, occasionally taking journeys of devotion to sacred sites near
Mecca. On one of his pilgrimages in 610, he was meditating in a cave on Mount Jabal aI-Nour.
The Angel Gabriel appeared and relayed the word of God: “Recite in the name of your Lord who
creates, creates man from a clot! Recite for your lord is most generous….” These words became
the opening verses of sūrah (chapter) 96 of the Qur'an. Most Islamic historians believe
Muhammad was initially disturbed by the revelations and that he didn’t reveal them publicly for
several years. However, Shi’a tradition states he welcomed the message from the Angel Gabriel
and was deeply inspired to share his experience with other potential believers.
Islamic tradition holds that the first persons to believe were his wife, Khadija and his close friend
Abu Bakr (regarded as the successor to Muhammad by Sunni Muslims). Soon, Muhammad began
to gather a small following, initially encountering no opposition. Most people in Mecca either
ignored him or mocked him as just another prophet. However, when his message condemned idol
worship and polytheism, many of Mecca’s tribal leaders began to see Muhammad and his
message as a threat. Besides going against long standing beliefs, the condemnation of idol
worship had economic consequences for merchants who catered to the thousands of pilgrims who
came to Mecca every year. This was especially true for members of Muhammad’s own tribe, the
Quraysh, who were the guardians of the Kaaba. Sensing a threat, Mecca’s merchants and leaders
offered Muhammad incentives to abandon his preaching, but he refused.
Increasingly, the resistance to Muhammed and his followers grew and they were eventually forced
to emigrate from Mecca to Medina, a city 260 miles to the north in 622. This event marks the
beginning of the Muslim calendar. There Muhammad was instrumental in bringing an end to a
civil war raging amongst several of the city’s tribes. Muhammad settled in Medina, building his
Muslim community and gradually gathering acceptance and more followers.
Between 624 and 628, the Muslims were involved in a series of battles for their survival. In the
final major confrontation, The Battle of the Trench and Siege of Medina, Muhammad and his
followers prevailed and a treaty was signed. The treaty was broken by the Meccan allies a year
later. By now, Muhammad had plenty of forces and the balance of power had shifted away from
the Meccan leaders to him. In 630, the Muslim army marched into Mecca, taking the city with
minimum casualties. Muhammad gave amnesty to many of the Meccan leaders who had opposed
him and pardoned many others. Most of the Meccan population converted to Islam. Muhammad
and his followers then proceeded to destroy all of the statues of pagan gods in and around the
Kaaba.
HISTORY OF HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD
BIRTH
Muhammad was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish,
around 570 A.D. The power of the Quraish derived from their role as
successful merchants. Several trade routes intersected at Mecca, allowing
the Quraish to control trade along the west coast of Arabia, north to Syria,
and south to Yemen.
Mecca was home to two widely venerated polytheistic cults whose gods
were thought to protect its lucrative trade. After working for several years as
a merchant, Muhammad was hired by Khadija, a wealthy widow, to ensure
the safe passage of her caravans to Syria. They eventually married.
(SAW) meaning (may the peace of Allah be upon him), was born in the year
570 in the town of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. His name derives from the Arabic
verb hamada, meaning "to praise, to glorify." He was the first and only son
of Abd Allah bin Al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. Abd Allah died before
Muhammad's (SAW) birth and Muhammad (SAW) was raised by his mother
Amina, who in keeping with Meccan tradition entrusted her son at an early
age to a wet nurse named
When the prophet (SAW) was six his mother took him to Yathrib (Madina).
On the return journey, Amina became ill and died. The orphaned boy was
now placed in the protection of his paternal grandfather, Abdul Al-Muttalib.
Mecca was Arabia's most important pilgrimage center and Abdul Al-Muttalib
its most respected leader.
Upon his grandfather's death in 578, Muhammad (SAW), aged about eight,
was passed into the care of a paternal uncle, Abu Talib. Muhammad(S)
grew up and was most beloved by him.
580-594 Muhammad's (SAW)Teenage Years
Older merchants recognized his character and nicknamed him El–Amin, the
one you can trust.
Meccan merchant, a widow named Khadija bint Khawalayd. She sent the
Prophet and her worker Maysarah to Syria. On this journey a monk called
From his marriage with her, the Prophet (SAW) had a son named Al-
Qaasim, who passed away at a young age. From him, he took his name,
kunya (father of ) Abu’l-Qaasim. In addition, he had four girls,
Zainab: who the prophet (SAW) said about her when she migrated to
Medina and was attacked and harmed by the disbelievers: “She is the best
of my daughters for she was harmed following my path”. She migrated to
Medina after the battle of Badr. In the year 8 A.H. her husband embraced
Islam and migrated to Medina to join her, and the prophet (SAW) reunited
them.
Rukaya: who the prophet (SAW) said after she migrated to Abyssinia with
Othman: “May Allah be with them both, Othman is the first to migrate with
his family after prophet Lot (AS).
Umm Kalthoum: whose first husband was Otaiba Bin Abulahab, who died
as a disbeliever. Her second husband was Othman Bin Affan who married
her after Rukaya’s death, that is why Othman was called ” dhin-nooraiyn”
which means the one with the two lights”, because he married two of
Muhammad’s (SAW) daughters ..
Fatimah: the prophet (SAW) said, “Fatimah is a piece of me, whatever hurts
her, hurts me, and whatever frightens her, frightens me”. “Fatimah is the
lady of all ladies in Paradise except Mariam (Mary) Bint Imran (the
daughter of Imran).
PROPHETHOOD
First year of prophethood
In the year 610 C.E., at the age of 40 in the cave Hira, the Prophet(SAW)
was visited by the angel Jibra’il. Jibra’il revealed the first few verses of
Surah Iqra. From this point the era of divine revelation (Wahi) began.
The first people to accept Islam are Khadijah (R.A), Abu Bakr (R.A), Ali
(R.A) and Zaid (R.A).
The Muslims began gathering in the house of Arqam to learn about Islam
and worship Allah(SWT) discreetly.
Enraged that the Muslims were safe in Abyssinia, the Quraish sent Amr bin
al-As and Abdullah bin Ubayy to Najasi to try to convince him to evict the
Muslims. Najashi refused.
Š
Notable and powerful figures such as Hamza (R.A), the Prophet(S)’s uncle
and Umar (R.A)accepted Islam.
Š
The Quraish contacted the Jews of Madinah and asked them for advice.
They told the Quraish to put three questions to the Prophet(S) advising that,
if he answered the first two of the three questions he was a Prophet(S). The
Prophet(S) answered the questions.
Upon their request, the Prophet(S) sent ten learned Muslims to the tribe of
Adhal and Qarah to educate them about Islam. They betrayed the Muslims
and killed all ten learned Muslims.
Š
Upon the request of Amir bin Malik the Prophet(S) sent seventy companions
(R.A) to Najd to teach them about Islam. Again the Muslims were betrayed
and martyred.
Š
Hussain (R.A); the grandson of the Prophet(S) was born to Fatimah (R.A).
Š
The second expedition of Badr took place.
Š
The rules of Hijab (modestly covering oneself ) were ordained.
Even though the Quraish had tortured and persecuted the Muslims,when
the Prophet(S) entered Makkah, he prohibited any form of revenge and thus
there was no bloodshed.
Š
This act of kindness and peace results in many ardent enemies of the
Prophet accepting Islam. The year was 630 C.E.
Š
Entire tribes embraced Islam in succession. Even after the
Prophet(s) gave the Quraish leaders sanctuary and forgave them, many of
the leaders still embraced Islam. Some of them were: Safwan bin Umayyah,
Suhayl bin Amr, Utbah and Mu’awiyyah (RA)
(May Allah be pleased with them).
Š
The Prophet(S) appointed governors in many Muslim areas and thus a
system of peace and justice was established in those areas
Perhaps when you return you shall see only my mosque and my grave."
Muadh wept. Those with him wept too. A feeling of sadness and desolation
overtook him as he parted from his beloved Prophet, (SAW). The
Prophet(S)'s premonition was correct. The eyes of Muadh never beheld the
Prophet(S) after that moment. The Prophet(S) died before Muadh returned
from the Yemen. When Muadh returned to Madinah the Khalifa(head of
state) was Abu Bakr (RA).
O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as Sacred, so
regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the
goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one
may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and that He
will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah has forbidden you to take usury
(Interest), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived.
Beware of Satan, for your safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he
will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him
in small things.
O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women,
but they also have right over you. If they abide by your right then to them
belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women
well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers.
And it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you
do not approve, as well as never to commit adultery.
O People, listen to me in earnest, worship Allah, say your five daily prayers
(Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in Zakat.
Perform Hajj if you can afford to. You know that every Muslim is the brother
of another Muslim. All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no
superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an
Arab; also a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any
superiority over white except by piety (taqwa) and good action. Learn that
every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute
one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a
fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly. Do not, therefore, do
injustice to yourselves.
Remember, one day you will appear before Allah and answer for your
deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am
gone.
O People, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be
born. Reason well, therefore,
All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to
others again; and may the last onesunderstand my words better than those
who listen to me directly. Be my witness oh Allah that I have conveyed your
message to your people.
Parents are to be treated well at all times, and The Almighty's blessings in
having enabled you to do this virtuous act, be considered as a great asset in
this world as well as in the Hereafter. The respect we ought to pay our
parents has been time and again emphasized in the Holy Qur'an. In one of
the verses it is stated:
"Thy Lord hath decreed that ye worship none but Him, and ye be kind to
your parents." (Qur'an 17:23)
"And we have enjoined on man (To be good) to his parents: In travail upon
travail did his mother bear him. And in years twain was his weaning: (hear
the command), 'Show gratitude to Me and to thy parents: to Me is (thy final)
Goal.'" (Qur'an 31:14)
On the authority of Hazrat Abu Ayub Khalid Ibun Zaid Al-Ansari(R.A.), who
said: A man requested; "Prophet (S.A.W)! Tell me the action which will get
me admitted to Paradise and keep me away from the Hell." He answered:
"Worship Almighty and do not associate anybody with Him: establish Prayer;
pay Zakat and join the ties of kinship." -(Bukhari and Muslim)
On the authority of Abu Sufian Sakhr Harb (R.A.), who said: During his
meeting with Hercules, the Roman Ruler, the latter asked him; 'What does
your Prophet (S.A.W.) ask you to do?' I said: 'He asked us to worship only
One God, and not to associate anybody with him; not to follow the habits
and practices of our ancestors; he further asks us to perform prayers
(Salat), tell the truth, keep chaste, and to treat our blood relations well.' -
(Bukhari and Muslim)
Note: "Not to follow the habits and practices of our ancestors" means that in
previous times, people used to follow what their parents did; such as,
worshiping idols, stealing, killing, and committing other sins Because their
ancestors sinned, people assumed it was justified. The Prophet (S.A.W.)
commanded them to change their behavior and become more righteous.
On the authority of Ibn 'Umar (R.A.), who said: The Prophet (S.A.W.) said:
"He who just returns the visits of his relatives does not completely fulfill the
obligation of relationship. But he who ignores the mistakes of his relatives,
forgives them, and visits them in order to bind the ties of relationship when
they are broken does fulfill the obligations of relationship.' -(Bukhari)
On the authority of Jubair bin Mut'im (R.A.), who said: The Prophet (S.A.W.)
said: "He who breaks off the ties of blood will not enter Paradise." -(Bukhari
and Muslim)
Note: This Hadith preaches the person who breaks off relations with his
family by not visiting them or helping them will not go to Paradise.
On the authority of Abu Usaid Malik Ibn Rubia Al-Saedi (R.A), who said:
While we were sitting with the Prophet (S.A.W.) a man of the Bani Salamah
tribe came and said: "O Prophet (S.A.W.)! Is there anything, I can now do in
benevolence towards my parents after their death? The Prophet (S.A.W.)
answered: "Yes, by praying for them and soliciting mercy and forgiveness
towards them, fulfilling their promises and undertakings, doing kindness to
those who may be related to you through them, and respecting their
friends." -(Abu Daoud)
You should always try to please your parents and avoid deeds that may hurt
their feelings, especially when they get old and short-tempered.
In old age people do tend to make unusual demands and claims but it
should be tolerated cheerfully without any retort in anger or frustration. It is
mentioned in the Holy Qur'an:
"Thy Lord hath decreed that ye worship none but Him, and that ye be kind to
parents. Whether one or both of them attain old age in thy life, say not to
them a word of contempt, nor repel them but address them, in terms of
honor." (Qur'an 17:23)
Service of Parents
Love your parents and this love should be regarded as an honor and means
of recompense and redemption in the Hereafter. Hadrat Ibn Abbas narrates
the following Hadith of the Holy Prophet (PBUH):
"Dutiful and good natured children who cast one loving and affectionate look
at their parents, receive from The Almighty blessing equivalent to one
approved Hajj (pilgrimage)." -(Muslim)
Even if the parents are non-Muslims, they are to be treated well and all
courtesy be shown to them. But obedience in matters of religion should be
refused and they are not to be followed if they ask you to commit a sin or an
act of associating somebody with The Almighty. It is stated in the Holy
Qur'an:
"We have enjoined on man kindness to parents: but if they (either of them)
strive (to force) thee to join with Me (in worship) anything of which thou hast
no knowledge, obey them not, ye have (all) to return to Me, and I will tell you
(the truth) of all that ye did." (Qur'an 29:8)
Always pray for your parents, recalling their kindness and beg for their weal
from The Almighty and His Mercies for them. It is mentioned in the Holy
Qur'an:
"And, out of kindness, lower to them the wing of humility, and say: "My Lord!
Bestow on them Thy mercy even as they cherished me in childhood."
(Qur'an 17:24)
Special Treatment of the Mother
One should have special regard for his/her mother. It is the mother that
carries the fetus in her womb for nine months and then nourishes the child
with her milk. It is stated in the Holy Qur'an:
"We have enjoined on man kindness to his parents: In pain did his mother
bear him, and in pain did she give him birth." (Qur'an 46:15)
On the authority of Asma'a bint Abu Bakr Al- Siddiq (R.A.), who said; "My
mother came to Medina from Mecca to see me, while she was still an
unbeliever. She had come to demand something from me. I inquired with
the Prophet (S.A.W.): 'My mother has come to see me and she is expecting
something from me. May I oblige her?' He said: 'Yes, be kind to your
mother.'" -(Bukhari and Muslim)
On the authority of Al-Mughirah (R.A.), who said: The Prophet (S.A.W.) said:
"God forbids all of you to disobey your mothers." -(Bukhari and Muslim)
Note: It is very important to obey and respect one's mother in the Islamic
religion for the following reasons:
WINDOW
ROOF
PUBLIC CORPORATION
"Public corporation" means an entity that is created by the state to carry out
public missions and services. In order to carry out these public missions and
services, a public corporation participates in activities or provides services
that are also provided by private enterprise. A public corporation is granted
increased operating flexibility in order to best ensure its success, while
retaining principles of public accountability and fundamental public policy.
The board of directors of a public corporation is appointed by the Governor
and confirmed by the Senate but is otherwise delegated the authority to set
policy and manage the operations of the public corporation.
It can also be described as any city, county or district organized for public
purposes.
Examples are the Power Holding Company Nigeria (PHCN), Nigerian Ports
Plc, Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC), state water corporations, state
transport corporations and state-owned banks.
TYPES OF PUBLIC CORPORATIONS
There are two main types of public corporations in Nigeria and they are:
2. Those of commercial nature like state owned banks, hotels, textile mills,
insurance companies and transport services.
Public corporations are legal entities which exist on their own, can sue
and be sued, hold property and enter into contracts.
The employees of public corporations are not civil servants but are
directly employed and work according to the rules and conditions of service
determined by the corporations.
Even though they are not established for the purpose of profit making,
public corporations are expected to generate funds for the maintenance of
their services.
The board of directors can recruit their own staff, determine the
conditions of service and relieve unproductive employees of their jobs,
subject to the approval of the government.
The chief executive and the staff translate the broad policy objectives
of the board of directors into quick actions to enable them to attain the goals
of the government.
1. Public corporations can sue and also be sued in the courts of law and
thus have their own name and legal personality.
5. These corporations are suitable only for organising very big state
enterprises and not suitable for small enterprises.