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 Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the

complex functions that cities perform.

 Cities serve as centers of government.


1. For example, the emergence of the great nation-states of Europe between
1400 and 1800 led to the creation of new capital cities .
2. One of the examples being Washington, D.C., which displays the
monumental buildings, radial street pattern, and large public spaces typical
of capital cities. AGGLOMERATION POPULATION
TYPE
 The urban life style is quite complex.
 Cities created when large number of Temporary 3-100
people live together, in a specific settlement
geographic location.
Villages 100-5,000
Leading to the Creation of urban areas.
Towns or Polis 5,000-2,00,000
 With the growth of cities,
infrastructure starts to malfunction. Metropolis 2,00,000-10million

Megalopolis 10million-500million
 The settlements grew into villages, villages transformed into cities.

 The cities are dynamic in nature.

 The growth of the city was irregular, responsive to the changes.

 Form depended on:-


1. Structure of the land.
2. Pattern in which land was distributed.

 The cities that are the result of transformation of villages, show


superimposition of geometrical layout over existing irregular ones.

 Motives of city builder.


The form of the city is influenced by:-

1. Geography

2. Depend on the impact of natural environment.

3. Social, political, economic forces.

4. Period of development.

5. Trade practiced.
 Cities are physical artifacts inserted into a preexisting natural world,
and natural constraints must be respected if a settlement is to survive
and prosper.

 Cities must conform to the landscape in which they are located.

 Climate influences city form. For example, streets have been aligned to
take advantage of cooling breezes, and arcades designed to shield
pedestrians from sun and rain.

 The architecture of individual buildings often reflects adaptations to


climatic characteristics.

 Cities must have a healthy water supply, and locations along rivers and
streams, or near underground watercourses, have always been favored.

 City location and internal structure have been profoundly influenced by


natural transportation routes.
1. Cities have been sited near natural harbors, on navigable rivers, or
along land routes determined by regional topography.
 The physical elements of the city can be divided into three categories:
1. Networks
2. Buildings
3. Open spaces

NETWORKS
1. Every modern city contains an array of pathways to carry flows of people,
goods, water, energy, and information. Transportation networks are the
largest and most visible of these.

2. Ancient cities relied on streets, most of them quite narrow by modern


standards, to carry foot traffic and carts.

3. The modern city contains a complex hierarchy of transportation channels,


ranging from ten-lane freeways to sidewalks.

4. American cities display the low-density sprawl characteristic of auto-centered


urban development.
NETWORKS

5. Modern cities rely on complex networks of utilities.

a. When cities were small, obtaining pure water and disposing of wastes
was not a major problem.

b. But cities with large populations and high densities require expensive
public infrastructure. American and European cities began to install
adequate sewer and water systems.
BUILDINGS

1. Buildings are the most visible elements of the city, the features that give each
city its unique character.

a. Residential structures occupy almost half of all urban land, with the
building types ranging from scattered single-family homes to dense high-
rise apartments.

b. Commercial buildings are clustered downtown and at various sub


centers, with skyscrapers packed into the central business district.

c. Industrial buildings come in many forms ranging from large factory


complexes in industrial districts to small workshops.

2. City planners engage in a constant search for the proper arrangement of these
different types of land use, paying particular attention to the compatibility of
different activities, population densities, traffic generation, economic
efficiency, social relationships, and the height and bulk of buildings.
OPEN SPACES

1. Open space is sometimes treated as a leftover, but it contributes greatly to the


quality of urban life.

2. Hard spaces such as plazas, malls, and courtyards provide settings for public
activities of all kinds.

3. Soft spaces such as parks, gardens, lawns, and nature preserves provide
essential relief from harsh urban conditions and serve as space for recreational
activities.

4. These amenities increasingly influence which cities will be perceived as


desirable places to live.
EVOLUTION OF TOWN PLANNING
PATTERNS
 Apart from orthogonal layout of the city, there was another essence of city
planning prevalent in the ancient cities, i.e.
A. Coordination among urban buildings and spaces.
B. Standardization of built forms.

 This gives variation in the extent of city planning, some being planned more
intensely than others.

 Apart from these principles, the connotations of mode of governance, the


kingship, goals and concepts, aspirations of the ancient world also influenced
the city form.

 The urbanism experienced in ancient European continent was quite different


form the rest of the world.
 Town planning and planned forms of the ancient world can be divided into
following categories:

1. ORGANIC: cities whose growth occurred without any discernible


direction or coordination. direction or

2. GRID:
a. refers to orthogonal layouts.
b. Cities in which there is a formal and organized arrangement of
building and spaces.

3. DIAGRAM CITIES:
a. refers to inflexible cities.
b. Planned for the present as a precise diagram of some pre conceived
ideas.
c. Based on the single minded vision of some pre determined
individual or institution of how the world should function ideally.

4. GRAND MANNER: planning in which buildings and spaces are


arranged in a manner to display grandeur and coherence.
 Earliest cities had two basic components of planning which governed most of
the urban planning parameters:-

1. COORDINATION AMONG BUILDINGS AND SPACES IN THE


CITY: this can be understood under the following categories:
a. Arrangement of buildings.
b. Monumentality and formality of layout.
c. Orthogonality.
d. Other forms of geometric order.
e. Accessibility and visibility.

2. STANDARDIZATION AMONG CITIES:


a. Standardization in terms of urban architectural forms, and their
orientation.
b. Standardization of spatial layout.
 SCALE OF PLANNING:

a. Scale of planning is complex and multi faceted.

b. There are degrees of planning or presence of ordinal scale.

c. Some cities are more planned than others.

d. More planned refers to degree of coordination or standardization. For


e.g. orthogonal planned cities are more than simple arrangement and
coordination of buildings.

e. More planned refers to the extent of planning, involving rigorous efforts.


EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT CITY
PLANNING
 Is the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient
Mediterranean world.

 City’s regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile. It was
based on the Hippodamian or grid plan.

 City plan was not creative but very practical.

 The plan consisted of orthogonal streets, with sea being the main landscaping
element.

1. The main street known as CANOPIC connected the gate of the moon to
the west with the gate of the sun in the east.
2. It then extended eastward, along a road, up to canopus.
3. Orthogonal to the CANOPIC was the “StreetStreet of the SOMA”
SOMA
4. At the termination of these streets were dockyards or major waterways.
 The major urban area was the city forum with city services, surrounded by
compact, rectilinear grid of streets, wrapped in a wall for defense.

 To reduce travel time, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid passing
through the central square.

 Sewage disposal, transportation, water supply was aided by the river flowing
through the city.
TOWN PLANNING OF THE MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
 Early medieval town was dominated by church or monastery & castle of lords.

 For protective measures, towns were sited in irregular terrain, occupying hill tops or
islands.

 Towns assumed informal & irregular character.

 Church plaza became a market place.

 Roads generally radiated from church plaza& market plaza to gates with secondary
lateral roadways connecting them.

 Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a protective elements. Irregular pattern in
planning was devised to confuse enemies; as enemies unfamiliar with town.

 Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an integral part of site.Streets were used for
pedestrian while wheels were restricted to main roads.
CITIES IN 12TH AND 13TH CENTURY

 The city of middle ages grew within the confines of the walls.
 While the population was small, there was space in the town, but when it increased
the buildings were packed more closely and the open spaces filled.
 Result was intolerable congestion, lack of hygiene and pestilence

CITIES IN THE 14TH AND 15TH CENTURY

 During the Renaissance, systematic study of the shaping of urban space.


 City itself were a piece of architecture that could be given an aesthetically pleasing
and functional order.
 Parts of old cities were rebuilt to create elegant squares, long street vistas, and
symmetrical building arrangements.
 Responding to advances in firearms during the fifteenth century, new city walls were
designed with large earthworks to deflect .
 Cities were built according to rules, specifying an orderly grid of streets with a
central plaza, defensive wall, and uniform building style.
 Baroque city result of the emergence of great nation-states between 1600 and 1750.

 Ambitious monarchs constructed new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices.

 The grand scale was created in urban public spaces:


a. long avenues,
b. radial street networks,
c. monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens.
 Examples of this era include :Washington, D.C and Versailles.

 Baroque principles of urban design were used by Baron Haussmann in his


restructuring of Paris between 1853 and 1870.
a. Haussmann carved broad new thoroughfares through the tangled web of old
Parisian streets,.
b. Linking major subcenters of the city with one another .
 Initially proposed by Soria Y Mata
 Expand the city along the spine of transport.
transport.
 The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban
Development with Housing And Industry Growing Along The
Highway Between existing cities and contained by the
continuous open space of the rural countryside.
 A key building block to the construction of large cities was the
development of fast mass transit systems capable of transporting
passengers across vast distances that not only separated
neighborhoods within a city but, between cities themselves.

 When this type of development was proposed, the fast moving trolleys
of the late 19th Century maintaining speeds of about 30 kms per hour,
resulted in Linear Cities of less than 30 kms in length.

 The essence of city planning is not distance but time of travel.

 Reduce congestion within city.

 Bring country to the city and city to the country.

 The growth of the city was possible from any direction.


 Length of the city based on
needs.

 Linearity defined by straight


road.

 Width of city based on


pedestrian movement.

 Road network grid like and


simple.

 City connected through railroads


acting as the spine of the city.
 Only 1/4th of the total area of the city could be built; leaving the rest for
open spaces and parks. The maximum allowable coverage was 20%
 The sectors of a linear city would be:
1. Purely segregated zone for railway lines
2. Zone for communal and production enterprises, with related
scientific, technical and educational institutions.
3. A green belt or buffer zone, including a band of social institutions.
4. A band of residential buildings and a children's band and a park
zone.
5. An agricultural zone with gardens and farms.

 As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of


each band, so that the city would become even longer without growing
wider.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES

Central roadway,railroad with gridded slabs for houses and working areas on
both sides.
While designing one thing should be kept in mind that from every point of
the linear city, a new community could arise
 The expansion of such a city is possible from any direction along the
communication channel.
 New town could be added at an angle to the main line, where topography
permits.
 Soria Y Mata neglected the influence of automobile on city planning.
 The major drawback of this planning principle was that the city was not
zoned.
 Also there was no centre or functional node thus the interaction between
the residents were less.
 The city became monotonous.
 Geographical possibility of
spreading in all directions.

 Site leveled.

 Inner outer ring roads linked by


radiating roads.

 Core has the business area.

 Industrial area interspersed


within the residential.

 Periphery has green belts.


 Solution to the problem of radial planning.
 Green wedges of agriculture field radiating
from the centre.
 Alternating with residential localities served by
railway lines.
 Finger shaped plan
 Great hand resting over the city.
 Power lines, telecom lines and mass rapid
transit lines follow the bones, arteries, veins
and the nerves of the fingers.
 Between those fingers, was found the green
land of Demark.

PLANNING OF COPENHAGEN,
\DENMARK
 gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a
grid.
 built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west
 block was subdivided by small lanes.
 Infrastructure cost for regular grid patterns is generally higher than for patterns
with discontinuous streets.

 Street width (ROW) influences the amount of land that is devoted to streets, which
becomes unavailable for development and therefore represents an opportunity
cost.

 Street length influences proportionately the amount of street components that have
to be constructed such as pavement, curbs and sidewalks, storm sewers.

 Pavement width influences the cost by affecting the amount of materials and labour
required to provide a finished road surface
 Modern city planning can be divided into two distinct but related types of
planning.

1. Visionary City Planning proposes radical changes in the form of the


city, often in conjunction with sweeping changes in the social and
economic order.

2. Institutionalized City Planning is lodged within the existing


structures of government, and modifies urban growth processes in
moderate, pragmatic ways.
3. It is constrained by the prevailing alignment of political and
economic forces within the city.
 In the twentieth century, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Paolo Soleri,
and dozens of other architects have designed cities.

 Although few have been realized in pure form, they have influenced the
layout of many new towns and urban redevelopment projects.

 In his "Contemporary
Contemporary City for Three Million People" of 1922 and
1935 Le Corbusier advocated
"Radiant City" of 1935,
1. A high-density urban alternative,
2. With skyscraper office buildings and mid-rise apartments placed
within park-like open spaces.
3. Different land uses were located in separate districts, forming a rigid
geometric pattern with a sophisticated system of superhighways and
rail transit.
 Frank Lloyd Wright envisioned a decentralized low-density city.

1. The Broadacre City plan of 1935 is a large grid of arterials spread


across the countryside.
2. With most of the internal space devoted to single-family homes on
large lots.
3. Areas are also provided for small farms, light industry, orchards,
recreation areas, and other urban facilities.
4. A network of superhighways knits the region together, so spatially
dispersed facilities are actually very close in terms of travel time.

 In utopian plans planners and architects have generated a complex array


of urban patterns which lead to formulation of ideas and inspiration.
 The form of the city is determined primarily by thousands of private
decisions to construct buildings, within a framework of public
infrastructure and regulations administered by the city governmental
institutions.

 City planning actions can have enormous impacts on land values.

 The goal of city planning is to intervene in order to protect widely shared


public values such as health, safety, environmental quality, social
equality, and aesthetics.

 The roots of city planning lie in an array of reform efforts of the late
nineteenth century: the Parks movement, the City Beautiful movement.

 The zoning of land became, and still is, the most potent instrument
available to city planners for controlling urban development.
 The other important elements of existing city planning are subdivision
regulations and environmental regulations.

 Subdivision regulations require that land being subdivided for


development be provided with adequate street, sewers, water, schools,
utilities, and various design features.

 Since the late 1960s, environmental regulations have exerted a stronger


influence on patterns of urban growth by restricting development in
floodplains, on unstable slopes, on earthquake faults, or near sensitive
natural areas.

 Businesses have been forced to reduce smoke emissions and the disposal
of wastes has been more closely monitored.

 Overall, the pace of environmental degradation has been slowed, but


certainly not.

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