Chapter 1

Introduction to Machinery
Principles
Edit by Shaheen

Electric Machinery
Instructor

• Dr. Ateeq-Ur-Rehman Shaheen,

• E-mail: ateeq.shaheen@namal.edu.pk

Electric Machinery
 Text book and supplementary
materials of this course
• Stephen J. Chapman , 6th edition

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 Text book and supplementary
materials of this course
• A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric Machinery,
McGraw-Hill , 6th edition (July 25, 2002)

Electric Machinery
 Text book and supplementary
materials of this course
• J.R. Hendershot Jr and TJE Miller,
OXFORD 1994

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 Reference book

• I. HUBERT, 2nd Edition (2001)

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 Electric Machinery
• Device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical energy
or vice versa.

• TRANSFORMER: Device that changes ac electric energy at one voltage

level to ac electric energy at another voltage level through the action of
magnetic field.

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What to learn in this course ?

• Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas introduced in this course
• Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
• Electric energy to electric energy
– Transformer
• Electric energy to mechanical energy
– Motor
• Mechanical energy to electric energy
– Generator
• Magnetic energy is essential !

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Course Outlines

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History of Electric Machinery

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History of Electric Machinery

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History of Electric Machinery

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History of Electric Machinery

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Today’s development

• DC Machine
– Motor
– Generator
• Transformer
– Single phase
– Three phases
• AC Machine
– Synchronous machine – motor, generator
– Asynchronous machine (induction machine) – motor, generator

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Today’s development and future trends

• Micro-step stepping motor

• Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
– Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
• Linear motor
• Reluctance motor
– Synchronous reluctance
– Switched reluctance
• Ultrasonic motor
• Bionic robotics
• MEMS motor

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Course relation

• It is the fundamental course of the electrical engineering

• Future courses
– Power electronics
– Motor control
– Electric motor drive
– Power systems
– Renewable energy
– Electrical vehicle

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Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles
1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
 All electric machines rotates about an axis, called the Shaft.
 Rotation restricted to one angular dimension.
 Direction of Rotation
 Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)
 CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as the negative direction.

 Linear motion and Rotation motion

 Linear Position (meter) and Angular position (degree or radian)
 Angular position  of is an angle at which the object is oriented. (w.r.t ref pt.)

 Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity

 Rate of change of linear displacement and Rate of change of angular displacement

meter/sec rad/sec
Electric Machinery
Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

 Relationships

 Linear Acceleration and Angular acceleration

 Rate of change in linear velocity and Rate of change in angular velocity

meter/sec2 rad/sec2

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
 Torque can loosely be called
the “twisting force” on
object/cylinder.
 It depends on;
 Magnitude of the applied force
 The distance between the axis
of rotation and the line of
action of the force.

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
 Relationships
1. Force
 Force applied on an object and its resulting acceleration

2. Torque
 Torque applied on an object and its angular acceleration called Newton’s law of rotation

J is moment of Inertia.
Its measured in Kilogram-meters squared

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

Eq. (1-15) is very important, because it describes the mechanical

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power on the shaft of Motor or Generator.
P=ω => 2 nm /60 watts
Conversion between watts and
horsepower
 Power in watts

 Power in horsepower

 Conversion between two units (watts and horsepower)

 5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
 1hp = 746W
 1hp = 0.746kW

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The magnetic field
 A current-carrying wire produces a
magnetic field in the area around it.

 A time-changing magnetic field

induces a voltage in a coil of wire if
it passes through that coil. (This is the
basis of Transformer action.)

Electric Machinery
 The magnetic field
 A current-carrying wire in the
presence of a magnetic field
has a force induced on it. (This is
the basis of Motor action.)

 A moving wire in the presence

of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it. (This is the
basis of Generator action.)

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Ampere’s Circuital Law
 Ampere’s Circuital Law states that the line integral of H (magnetic
field intensity) about any closed path is exactly equal to the direct
current enclosed by that path.

 In the figure at right, the integral of H about closed paths ‘a’ and ‘b’
gives the total current I, while the integral over path ‘c’ gives only
that portion of the current that lies within ‘c’.
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Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s
circuital law
 The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law
 The core is a ferromagnetic material

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Magnetic field intensity H and
magnetomotive force

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 From the magnetic field to magnetic
flux density
 When the magnetic field is applied on a ferromagnetic material,
the magnetic flux density B will be produced;

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Magnetic Circuit – Right-Hand Rule

Coil on ferromagnetic material

Straight Conductor
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Magnetic flux density and magnetic
flux
 Magnetic flux density

 Magnetic flux

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Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive
force

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Magnetic Circuit – Magnetomotive
force
 Magnetic circuit

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Units

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Magnetic Circuit – Right-Hand Rule

Coil on ferromagnetic material

Straight Conductor
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Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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Magnetic analog of Kirchoff’s current
law

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Reluctance in magnetic circuit

 Series connection

 Parallel connection

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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
4. Air gap “fringing effect”

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Example 1-1

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Example 1-2

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Example 1-2

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Example 1-3

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