Abrugar, Victorino. "Hiring an Employee vs. Hiring an Independent Contractor in the Philippines.

"
Business Tips Philippines Business Owners and Entrepreneurs Guide. March 06, 2014.
https://businesstips.ph/hiring-an-employee-vs-hiring-an-independent-contractor-in-the-
philippines/.

Aslam v Uber (Employment Tribunal October 28, 2016).

Azucena, Cesario, Jr. The Labor Code With Comments and Cases. 9th ed. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Rex Book
Store, 2016.

"Better 365." Grab SG. https://www.grab.com/ph/better365/.

Bland, Ben. "Southeast Asia's Answer to Uber." Financial Times. June 24, 2014.
https://www.ft.com/content/dbe630f2-f61b-11e3-a038-00144feabdc0.

Calvin. "GrabTaxi Officially Launched in the Philippines, Lets You Book a Taxi Online - Pinoy
Tech Blog - Tech News and Reviews Philippines." Pinoy Tech Blog. July 30, 2013.
https://www.pinoytechblog.com/archives/grabtaxi-officially-launched-in-the-philippines-lets-
you-book-a-taxi-online.

"Further Amending Department Order No. 97-1097 to Promote Mobility." Department of

Transportation and Communications. May 8, 2015.
http://dotr.gov.ph/images/issuances/DO/2015/DO2015-11.pdf.

"Get Read to Drive with Us." Uber US. https://www.uber.com/us/en/drive/how-it-works/.

"GrabCar – Private Hire Car Service." Grab PH. https://www.grab.com/ph/car/.

"GrabPay – Mobile Wallet Payment Solution." Grab PH. https://www.grab.com/ph/grabpay/.

Guide to Philippine Employment Laws for the Private Sector. PDF. Taguig: Quisumbing Torres,
2016.
https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2016/01/guide-to-philippine-

employment/qrg_philippines_employmentlaw_jan16.pdf?la=en

Huet, Ellen. "Uber Tests Taking Even More From Its Drivers With 30% Commission." Forbes. May
18, 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/05/18/uber-new-uberx-tiered-
commission-30-percent/#48f1a7a843f6.

Ipac, Jay-r C. "Uber, Grab, and the Law." BusinessWorld. August 4, 2017.
http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=uber-grab-and-the-
law&id=149262.
Jio, Kim. "When Does Grab Pay Its Drivers." Firstlane Singapore. February 7, 2018.
https://www.firstlane.com.sg/grab-pay-drivers/.

Lawler, Ryan. "Uber Opens Up UberPool To All San Francisco Users." TechCrunch. September 02,
2014. https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/02/uberpool-launch-for-real/.

McAlone, Nathan. "This Is How Uber Used to Look When It First Started out - and How It's
Changed over Time." Business Insider. February 10, 2016.
https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-design-history-2010-2016-2016-2/#everyones-private-
driver-started-to-look-a-bit-more-sleek-5.

McCormick, Rich. "California Judges Ask Juries to Decide the Future of Uber and Lyft." The
Verge. March 12, 2015. https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/11/8196709/uber-lyft-employees-
contractors-status-juries-decide.

"Memorandum Circular Number 2015-016-A." Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory

Board. October 23, 2017. http://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Memorandum
Circular/2015/2015-016-A.pdf.

"Overview Of Grab's Supplement Terms of Use." Grab PH. April 26, 2016.
https://www.grab.com/ph/safety2/codeofconduct/.

Paz, Chrisee Dela. "As Uber Gives up Philippine Operations to Grab, What Now for Commuters?"
Rappler. March 26, 2018. https://www.rappler.com/business/199009-uber-grab-philippines-
commuters-impact.

Rey, Aika. "LTFRB Accredits Ride-hailing Company Micab." Rappler. April 30, 2018.
https://www.rappler.com/business/201452-ltfrb-accreditation-micab-taxi-ride-hailing.

Rey, Aika. "Grab: Only 35,000 Drivers Serve 600,000 Bookings per Day." Rappler. May 2, 2018.
https://www.rappler.com/business/201597-grab-philippines-drivers-not-enough-passenger-
bookings.

"Rules Implementing Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code, As Amended." Department of Labor
and Employment. March 23, 2017. https://www.dole.gov.ph/files/DO 174-17 Rules
Implementing Articles 106 to 109 of the Labor Code, As Amended(1).pdf.

Tambor, Jennidy S., Atty. "Uber/GrabCar Drivers: Independent Contractors or Employees?"

Knowing Tax Evasion Under Revenue Regulation 4-2014 | ACCRALAW. September 8, 2016.
http://www.accralaw.com/publications/ubergrabcar-drivers-independent-contractors-or-
employees.

"Terms of Service Driver." Grab PH. September 17, 2018. https://www.grab.com/ph/terms/driver/.

Tsotsis, Alexia. "Uber Opens Up Platform To Non-Limo Vehicles With "Uber X," Service Will Be
35% Less Expensive." TechCrunch. July 02, 2012. https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/01/uber-
opens-up-platform-to-non-limo-vehicles-with-uber-x-service-will-be-35-less-expensive/.

"Uber/GrabCar Drivers: Independent Contractors or Employees?" ACCRA Law. September 8,

2016. http://www.accralaw.com/publications/ubergrabcar-drivers-independent-contractors-or-
employees.

"When Am I Paid Each Week?" Uber US. https://help.uber.com/partners/article/when-am-i-paid-

each-week---?nodeId=42973e65-45a8-4aaf-90d5-d3e97ab61267.

Cases:

US v Tan Piaco, G.R. No. 15122, March 10, 1920.

SSS v CA, G.R. No. L-46058, December 14, 1987.

Television and Production Exponents Inc. v Servaa, G.R. No. 167648, January 28, 2008.

Sonza v ABS-CBN, G.R. No. 138051, June 10, 2004.

ABS-CBN v Nazareno, G.R. No. 164156, September 26, 2006.

Investment Planning Corporation of the Philippines v SSS, G.R. No. L-19124, November 18,
1967.

San Miguel Jeepney Service v NLRC, G.R. No. 92772, November 28, 1996.

Fuji Television v Espiritu, G.R. No. 204944-45, December 3, 2014.

Abella v PLDT, G.R. No. 159469, June 8, 2005.

Philippine Duplicators v NLRC, G.R. No. 110068, November 11, 1993.
Bernarte v PBA, G.R. No. 192084, September 14, 2011.

California Superior Court, "Berwick v. Uber Technologies" (2015). Historical and Topical Legal
Documents. 985. https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/historical/985

District Court of Appeals of Florida. McGillis v Department of Economic Opportunity. 1 Feb.

2017. No. 3D15‐2758 , www.floridasalestax.com/documents/McGillis-v-Dept-of-Econ-
Oppotunity-210-So3d-220.pdf.

Employment Tribunal. Aslam v Uber. 28 Oct. 2016, www.judiciary.uk/wp-

content/uploads/2016/10/aslam-and-farrar-v-uber-reasons-20161028.pdf