ABSTRACT-

The objective of this experiment is to find the main contributors to heat transfer in the system. Water is

heated and the energy is transferred in two ways throughout the system. The system is run for a period of 30

minutes, in both free and forced convection. The heat produced by the boiler will remain constant throughout the

experiment and the actual energy gathered will be a result of the condensed water captured in the three different

vessels. The theoretical and experimental data was determined through measurements taken in the experiment

by thermocouple, scale and water drainage for the forced and free convection trials. The steam condensed on the

outer surface of the inner tube as well as the inner surface of the outer tube. When theoretical values for forced

convection were calculated (284KJ) was compared to the 220 KJ for the experimental values, roughly 25% error

was experienced.

1
Contents
ABSTRACT- ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION- ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Methodology & Experimental System-.......................................................................................................................... 4
Theory ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Results............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Conculsion- .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
References- .................................................................................................................................................................. 15
APPENDIX- ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Formulas- ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Nomenclature-......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Sample Calculations-................................................................................................................................................ 28
Procedure- ............................................................................................................................................................... 33

2
INTRODUCTION-
The experimental system uses a boiler which supplies heat to the water to create steam. Heat is lost in the

system and calculations are shown later in the report to analyze this for the two trials in the experiment, forced

and free convection.

Convection refers to the transfer of thermal energy in the means of diffusion. As a fluid moves around the

boundaries of an object, with a given velocity, an amount of heat energy will be transferred. It is used in many

processes, such as cooling a circuit board or keeping a room cool during a hot summer. The fluid, which comes in

at a certain temperature, will experience the change in temperature. The object is being cooled while the fluid

keeps flowing. This process repeats over and over again, keeping the object at a desired temperature.

A reservoir in the system was adjusted between forced and free convection levels. This means that the

pressure head is being changed. The forced convection setup creates a pressure head capable of moving water

through the system with a velocity. The free convection setup does not circulate as much new water into the

system. The forced convection setup results in an increase in dissipated heat in the exiting of the fluid into the

drainage tank. This results in a larger total heat transfer for the forced convection than the free convection.

In the next section of the report the procedure used to complete the actual experiment is shown. After

that a general understanding of the equations and methodology used will be explained. Finally, a series of sample

calculations are shown that show how achieving the hc = convection heat transfer coefficient was possible and

what conclusions can be made through these results.

3
Methodology & Experimental System-

The equipment used for this experiment is basically one piece equipment which includes different

components. An electric boiler is the driving force of the experiment. The boiler is set to a constant output (1100

watts) and as a result it heats the water and turns it into steam. This steam is fed into a condensing tower. This

tower is comprised of a closed jacket and a central single aluminum tube. Cooling water passes upward though the

inside of this condenser tube, causing the steam to condense on the outside surface. Steam also condenses on the

inside surface of the jacket as heat escapes out into the room. A boiler supply tank is used to provide and maintain

a constant level in the boiler this insures that the mass within the system remains constant during the experiment

(glass tube). Cooling water is provided by reservoir that allows the experiment to be performed with either free or

forced convection. All the copper-constantan (type T) thermocouples are monitored using a high impedance

millivoltmeter. Tube wall and shell wall condensates are collected separately from drain tubes provided, and

cooling water flow through the condenser tube is collected in the weigh tank mounted on the scale.

When performing the experiment many water levels needed to remain constant in the system. The group

members were given different responsibilities such as, maintaining the glass tube water height, maintaining

reservoir height (forced/free setting), as well as keeping track of the start and finish water levels.

4
Theory-

When analyzing convection heat transfer coefficients, three dimension-less values must be acquired. To

determine what numerous constants are the initial conditions must be known so tables can be utilized.

Nusselt Number:

Prandtl Number:

Grashoff Number:

( )

Reynolds number, for internal flow, is obtained by the following equation:

These equations are crucial to calculate to determine what type of flow exists in the system. In order to use the

correct heat transfer equation the type of flow must be known to be laminar or turbulent.

Types of Convection observed-

Forced convection occurs when the fluid flows across the boundary of an object, with the movement

caused by external forces. Heat transfer coefficient for the forced convection depends on the relationship between

Nusselt number, Prandtl number and the Grashoff number acquired for free convection. The relationship is

expressed in the following equation:

5
 ( )

Free convection occurs when the fluid is allowed to flow by means of buoyancy forces. This convection

method occurs when the temperature differences exist between the two ends of the air. When the end part

touching the hot object contacts the object, the fluid becomes warmer and less dense. The air moves up and the

colder air moves in to replace the warmer air. The combination of the variables in order to obtain the heat transfer

coefficient for the free convection process is:

( )

Heat transfer in condensation, because a phase change is involved, requires complex analysis.

Condensation takes place when vapor is cooled down. Once this occurs, heat is transferred in a

fundamentally different manner than when heat is added or taken away from a fluid without such phase

change. When vapor is condensed, it lets go of considerable amounts of energy. The condensed fluid

becomes a barrier, in the form of a liquid film which either completely or partially covers the cooler

surface. If the drainage of the fluid is done from vertical or inclined surface, the drainage will be naturally

faster than a horizontal surface. The film will be thinner. If the vertical height is great, the accumulation of

condensate fluid at the lower portion of the surface will thicken the film and make the lower portion less

effective than the upper transmitting heat.

In order to acquire an even more accurate result, the heat transfer that occurs when heat is released

during the condensation of the vapor must also be taken into account. This value can be easily calculated by

obtaining the latent heat of vaporization value. Nevertheless, as the condensate is cooled below Tsat, the equation

must be modified to:

6
 h*fg  hfg  0.68Cpl (Tsat  Ts )

Setting up all equations together, the combination of the rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer coefficient

formulas, the following equation is obtained.

.
Q conden  hAs (Tsat  Ts )  mh*fg

Once every value has been obtained, the heat transfer coefficient for the free and forced convection heat

transfer processes can be obtained.

The theoretical value for the free convection is expressed as:

.25
 k 3  2 h fg 
h  C 
 Do   T 

The theoretical value for the forced convection is expressed as:

.8
k   VDi 
hC   Pr .4
Di   

In order to determine the heat transferred amount, two equations are needed. The equations will take

into account the gains and losses in the system. The first equation needed is the heat transferred from the steam,

which is expressed as follows:

QSteam  VSteam h fg 

The second equation needed is the heat transfer that occurs in the water. The equation is expressed in the

following manner:

QWater  WWater Cp  TWater 

7
 Therefore, in order to acquire the total amount of heat transferred, the two equations must be combined.

The total amount of heat transferred is expressed in the following manner:

QLosses  QSteam  QWater

In order to find the heat transfer coefficient, the transfer heat amount must be obtained. Further, the

resistance must be taken into account. The resistance value will give us the rate at which the heat is being

transferred, which will symbolize the overall heat transfer coefficient.

Heat Flow Through a pipe

Forced convection

( ) ( )

Natural Convection

( )( )

Condensing Steam

8
 Time Intervals
Time Intervals

10-15 minutes
Results

T1
Steam In

T1
Steam In

T2
Cooling Water Out

T2
Cooling Water Out

Free Convenction
Forced Convection

T3
Cup Condensate Out

T3
Cup Condensate Out

T4
Tube Wall Condensate Out

T4
Tube Wall Condensate Out

T5
Condenser Surface - Outside

T5
Condenser Surface - Outside

T6
Boiler Surface - Outside

T6
Boiler Surface - Outside

T7
Cooling Water Bottom

T7
Cooling Water Bottom

T8
Cooling Tube Surface - Upper

T8
Cooling Tube Surface - Upper

T9
Cooling Tube Surface - Lower

T9
Cooling Tube Surface - Lower

Condenser Steam Inside

T10
Condenser Steam Inside

T10
T0

Cooling Water Supply Tank

T0
Cooling Water Supply Tank

Room
T11
114.184 46.9844 98.2058 94.901 89.421 110.14 23.01 59.1347 75.0141 92.3296 26.6312 20.812

Room

Outside Wall Condensate Out -mL

25
W4

10-15 min 114.4 87.786 105.25 103.2 99.494 110.51 23.335 92.589 80.441 103.55 26.67285 20.29 25
Outside Wall Condensate Out -mL

T11 W4
Tube Wall Condensate Out - mL
W3
110

Tube Wall Condensate Out - mL

All calculations are based on data collected from the tenth to fifteenth minutes of the experiment. The

Boiler Feed Water ( w3 + w4) mL

data was averaged over the five minute time difference and used to compute empirical and experimental values.

W1
135

Boiler Feed Water ( w3 + w4) mL

The excel copies below show the average temperatures and volume/weight of water/steam-condensate collected.

9
Cooling Water Out - kg (W(final)-W(initial))
W2

Cooling Water Out - kg (W(final)-W(initial))

6.25

W3 W1 W2
98 123 2.4375
 Heat Transfer Coefficient, Forced Convection, Inner

0.8
K   V  Di   Cp   
0.4
h1 ( Forced )  C    
Di     K 

hi_forced = heat transfer Co efficient of FORCED convection

C is a constant = 0.0023

V = mean average velocity of fluid in m/s

Do = outer diameter of inner tube =( ( ))

Do = inner diameter of inner tube =( )

g = acceleration due to gravity in m/sec/sec = 9.8 m/s2

k = Thermal Conductivity, in W/m* K

Cp= specific heat in kJ/kg

k = Thermal Conductivity, in W/m°K

µ = Viscosity in kg/m*s

ρ= Density of Water in kg/m3

*Properties in red were found in water property tables at atmospheric pressure and Tavg = T2 + T7/2

Tavg = 34.99555769 ⁰C , ρ = 994.0317414 kg/m3, μ = 0.000724071 kg/m*s, Cp= 4.178 kJ/kg

k = 0.622917743 W/m*K

10
W2 = 6.25 lbm; mass of water that passed through the inner pipe in a five minute interval

6.25lbs *0.454kg / lb
̇   0.009449792kg / s ; mass flow rate
5min*60sec/ min

 Di2   (0.01905)2
Ai    0.000285 m2 ; Cross sectional area of inner tube
4 4

( ) *( ) ( ) +

= 341.08

Heat Transfer Coefficient; Condensing Steam; Outer Surface; Inner Tube

* +

* Properties used in this calculation were taken at Tfilm = Tsurface + Tsteam

EXCEPT hfg taken at Tsteam

Tsurface is the average inner pipe outer surface temperature; T8 + T9

Tsteam is the average temperature of condensing steam ; T10

ΔT = Tsteam – Tsurface = 8.521 ⁰C

k = 0.677012277 , ρ = 961.4779015 , μ = 0.000290945 , hfg = 2,247,415.8

11
C = 1.666 for vertical pipe with height L= 0.635m

* +

Heat Transferred; Forced Convection (empirical calculations)

 0.02064m  
1  ln 0.01905m 1  1 0.01905m   K
R        0.09308
0.000285  W W  6303.14 W 0.02064m   W

238 458.06 2  
mK m K  m2 K 

( )

Total heat added to water in a five minute interval;

q= ̇

Experimental : Heat Transferred; Losses due to condensing steam on inner Surface of

OUTER Tube; Forced Convection
( ) ( )

Experimental: Heat Transferred; Forced Convection

̇ ( )

( )

When all the data was collected the heat transfer coefficient was able to be solved for. Based on our data

between the time period of 10 and 15 minutes the heat transferred for the free convection was 186.5 KJ while for

forced it was 220 KJ. Through the theory that was previously talked about it would be a logical hypothesis to

assume that the forced convection would have a greater heat transferred. This is because a fluid is being forced
12
through having a flow rate that is constantly implementing new cooler fluid to the system. Therefore, the new

fluid has a greater difference in temperature and creates a greater heat transfer.

13
Conculsion-
The steam condensed on the outer surface of the inner tube as well as the inner surface of the outer tube.

This was the primary mode of heat transfer in the experiment. The empirically calculated results varied by roughly

25% when compared to the experimentally calculated results. This can be attributed to the experimental

methods. The experiment had its downfalls that could have poorly affected our results and therefore, our

calculations. The measurement system of filling up beakers seemed fairly unreliable. Since the trials were 30

minutes long often times the beakers would become full and require emptying, in which water was not being

caught and mass was lost. In addition, there was pressure accumulating inside of the cylinder itself that was not

accounted for. This pressure was assumed to be atmospheric when in reality it was probably higher.

14
References-
1. Mills, A.F., Heat Transfer, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (1999).

2. Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N., Transport Phenomena, Wiley, New York

2007).

3. Gebhart, B., Jaluria, Y., Mahajan, R.L., and Sammakia, B., Buoyancy-Induced Flows and

Transport, Hemisphere, Cambridge (1988).

15
APPENDIX-
Formulas-

Nusselt Number:

Prandtl Number:

Grashoff Number:

( )

Reynolds number, for internal flow, is obtained by the following equation:

Experimental calculation for heat transfer

.
Q conden  hAs (Tsat  Ts )  mh*fg

The theoretical value for the free convection is expressed as:

.25
 k 3  2 h fg 
h  C 
 Do   T 

The theoretical value for the forced convection is expressed as:

16
 .8
k   VDi 
hC   Pr .4
Di   

The first equation needed is the heat transferred from the steam

QSteam  VSteam h fg 

The second equation needed is the heat transfer that occurs in the water.

QWater  WWater Cp  TWater 

The total amount of heat transferred is expressed in the following manner:

QLosses  QSteam  QWater

17
Nomenclature-

hc = convection heat transfer coefficient

D = characteristic linear dimension

K = thermal conductivity of material

Cp = Specific heat

Q = heat

C = constant (addressed in each individual equation)

= viscosity of fluid

= density

g = acceleration due to gravity

U = mean velocity of fluid

G = Mass flux

= latent heat of vaporization

= specific heat of fluid at average temperature

= Saturation temperature

= surrounding temperature

18
 Forced Convection Experimental Observations/Data

T emperatures (Raw Data) - ⁰C H20 Quantity Measurements

Outside Wall Condensate Out -mL

Tube Wall Condensate Out - mL

Cooling Tube Surface - Lower
Cooling Tube Surface - Upper
Experimental Data - Forced

Boiler Feed Water ( w3 + w4)

Condenser Surface - Outside

Cooling Water Supply Tank

Tube Wall Condensate Out

Boiler Surface - Outside

Condenser Steam Inside

Cooling Water Out - lbs

Cooling Water Bottom
Cup Condensate Out
Cooling Water Out
Convection

Steam In

Room
Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T 10 T0 T 11 W4 W3 W1 W2
15:16:15 114.4 44.11 97.05 94.4 87.12 110.67 23.2 55.21 74.99 89.96 26.76 21.13 0 0 0 22.563
15:16:26 114.3 45.1 98.31 96.06 88.26 110.46 22.97 55.817 75.24 90.55 26.57 20.85
15:16:38 114.3 46.15 99.35 97.68 89.03 110.48 22.79 57.263 75.26 91.73 26.51 20.83
15:16:49 114.3 46.41 99.73 96.76 89.8 110.34 22.86 58.174 72.6 90.54 26.55 20.84
15:17:01 114.3 46.38 98.66 94.93 89.36 110.37 22.75 58.968 74.1 91.86 26.56 20.87
15:17:12 114.2 43.98 97.99 94.78 89 110.05 22.84 56.326 70.05 90.85 26.57 20.82
15:17:23 114.3 44.46 96.35 92.26 88.49 109.83 22.75 56.474 72.87 90.19 26.57 20.83
15:17:35 114.3 41.04 96 92.63 87.79 109.91 22.55 54.916 74.51 90.03 26.56 20.81
15:17:46 114.3 42.99 96.74 94.25 87.69 109.83 22.47 54.55 75.1 90.77 26.55 20.82
15:17:58 114.3 45.74 98.07 96.34 88.34 110.11 22.54 56.357 75.21 91.51 26.56 20.85
15:18:09 114.3 46.87 98.45 96.45 88.67 109.98 22.61 59.12 71.59 91.34 26.6 20.83
15:18:21 114.2 46.5 97.05 92.63 88.76 109.72 22.65 59.571 69.37 90.12 26.57 20.86
15:18:32 114.3 41.67 95.33 90 88.1 109.87 22.69 55.261 72.53 89.58 26.58 20.82
15:18:44 114.3 39.82 94.31 90.07 87.11 109.9 22.66 53.641 73.31 89.42 26.56 20.76
15:18:55 114.3 41.95 95.36 92.58 87.16 110.04 22.59 55.389 74.37 90.31 26.57 20.78
15:19:07 114.3 43.77 96.59 94.82 87.39 110.2 22.58 55.765 75.9 91.25 26.56 20.82
15:19:18 114.3 45.61 97.95 97.16 87.97 110.41 22.57 58.068 75.72 92.28 26.56 20.88
15:19:30 114.3 47.09 99.32 98.64 89.4 110.69 22.54 58.641 75.54 93.08 26.57 20.79
15:19:41 114.3 47.8 100.2 99.16 89.74 110.35 22.62 59.531 76.63 93.8 26.54 20.84
15:19:53 114.3 47.93 100.5 99.03 90.03 110.22 22.67 58.735 75.81 94.13 26.52 20.85
15:20:04 114.3 47.94 100.5 98.84 90.25 110.04 22.72 60.59 75.34 94.24 26.54 20.86
15:20:16 114.2 48.2 100.8 98.61 90.45 110.53 22.7 59.017 76.9 94.66 26.53 20.84
15:20:27 114.3 48.17 100.9 98.56 90.98 110.41 23.12 60.99 77.27 93.96 26.57 20.87
15:20:39 114.2 48.17 99.84 95.32 91.01 110.13 23.08 61.164 72.48 92.45 26.58 20.87
15:20:50 114.2 45.81 97.89 91.77 90.05 109.95 23.07 58.496 76.05 91.74 26.53 20.83
15:21:02 114.3 41.71 97.26 91.75 89.12 110.15 22.91 58.411 77.38 91.63 26.55 20.83
15:21:13 114.3 44.51 97.41 92.98 89.12 110.37 22.88 57.796 77.78 92.16 26.54 20.85
0- 5 Minutes
114.3 45.18 98.07 95.13 88.89 110.19 22.76 57.564 74.59 91.63 26.56 20.84 50 120 170 29.5
15:21:25 114.2 45.78 98.27 94.81 89.01 110.49 22.96 57.711 78.36 92.43 26.54 20.9
15:21:36 114.2 47.15 99.09 96.19 90.12 110.29 23.05 59.187 78.2 92.12 26.59 20.86
15:21:48 114.2 47.69 99.46 96.98 90.4 110.2 22.85 59.779 77.97 93.36 26.56 20.88
15:21:59 114.2 47.68 99.47 96.77 90.86 110.4 22.79 59.148 77.6 93.84 26.55 20.87
15:22:11 114.3 47.91 100 97.13 91.38 110.48 22.79 58.914 77.41 93.64 26.59 20.89
15:22:22 114.2 47.8 100 96.85 90.93 110.41 22.87 60.605 78.26 93.71 26.55 20.85
15:22:33 114.2 47.84 100.2 96.56 91.48 109.78 23.1 61.131 77.78 93.88 26.53 20.88
15:22:45 114.2 47.48 99.42 94.2 91.26 109.83 23.11 61.398 73.23 92.75 26.61 20.89
15:22:56 114.2 45.84 97.33 89.95 89.96 109.7 23.13 59.073 73.41 90.93 26.61 20.87
15:23:08 114.2 41.11 95.43 88.22 88.62 109.97 23.01 54.911 76.55 90.25 26.6 20.87
15:23:19 114.2 40.39 94.99 89.31 87.73 110.37 22.96 55.009 78.2 90.27 26.55 20.83
15:23:31 114.2 43.69 96.04 91.56 87.63 110.06 22.68 57.008 78.37 91.05 26.57 20.85
15:23:42 114.2 45.92 96.92 93.4 88.3 110.02 22.76 58.757 78.38 91.82 26.58 20.85
15:23:54 114.2 46.29 97.69 94.51 88.86 110.47 22.78 59.425 78.08 92.19 26.58 20.87
15:24:05 114.3 47.09 98.93 96.12 89.12 110.29 22.8 59.242 78.15 93.41 26.64 20.9
15:24:17 114.2 47.89 99.52 96.56 89.14 110.1 23.12 60.705 78.25 93.06 26.62 20.86
15:24:28 114.2 48.18 100.1 96.9 89.78 110.19 23.15 60.726 77.82 92.94 26.6 20.84
15:24:40 114.2 47.86 99.86 96.58 90.93 109.89 23.14 62.13 77.82 93.19 26.62 20.85
15:24:51 114.2 47.96 99.6 95.91 91.23 110.14 23.09 60.883 77.42 94.02 26.63 20.86
15:25:03 114.2 47.51 99.31 95.09 91.45 110.25 23.07 60.189 77.75 93.76 26.58 20.83
15:25:14 114.2 46.62 99.19 94.71 90.91 110.25 23.1 59.994 77.6 94.09 26.57 20.82
15:25:26 114.2 47.31 99.09 94.06 90.94 110.23 23.1 61.638 73.34 92.6 26.6 20.83
15:25:37 114.2 47.05 96.88 89.75 90.38 109.65 23.09 59.522 67.94 90.93 26.61 20.84
15:25:49 114.2 41.52 94.67 86.58 88.41 109.15 23.1 56.64 68.18 89.18 26.64 20.86
15:26:00 114.2 38.27 92.34 84.8 86.41 109.61 23.04 53.211 72.86 88.67 26.62 20.84
15:26:12 114.2 38.01 91.52 85.08 85.31 109.63 23 52.452 75.94 87.58 26.56 20.8
5-10min 114.2 45.69 97.9 93.41 89.64 110.07 22.98 58.823 76.34 92.14 26.59 20.86 75 215 290 36.75

19
 Forced Convection Experimental Observations/Data

5-10min 114.2 45.69 97.9 93.41 89.64 110.07 22.98 58.823 76.34 92.14 26.59 20.86 75 215 290 36.75
15:26:23 114.2 40.66 92.54 87.52 85.45 109.94 23.01 53.636 76.25 88.61 26.64 20.86
15:26:35 114.2 43.53 94.56 90.86 86.04 110.04 23.05 56.631 77.4 89.92 26.65 20.85
15:26:46 114.2 45.45 96.64 93.75 87.21 110.02 23.04 58.519 77.49 91.25 26.62 20.85
15:26:58 114.2 46.65 98.03 95.65 88.31 110.4 23.08 58.479 77.07 91.61 26.65 20.81
15:27:09 114.2 47.59 99.04 96.94 89.79 110.5 23.13 58.755 75.52 91.35 26.66 20.82
15:27:21 114.2 47.7 98.56 94.32 90.39 110.22 23.13 59.615 75.23 91.52 26.62 20.84
15:27:32 114.2 44.48 98.04 93.78 90.18 110.09 23.09 58.848 76.14 91.5 26.65 20.8
15:27:43 114.2 45.2 98.28 94.79 89.81 110.23 22.84 58.385 76.83 91.76 26.65 20.79
15:27:55 114.2 46.66 98.58 96.12 90.31 110.33 23.03 58.517 77.14 93.22 26.66 20.78
15:28:06 114.2 47 98.99 97.15 90.6 109.96 23.02 58.814 76.6 93.53 26.64 20.74
15:28:18 114.2 47.71 99.39 97.52 90.52 110.16 22.96 60.82 76.78 93.72 26.65 20.71
15:28:29 114.2 47.73 99.76 97.53 90.52 110.49 22.97 60.424 76.37 93.4 26.65 20.78
15:28:41 114.2 47.85 100.2 97.72 91.42 110.21 22.99 61.271 76.58 94.04 26.61 20.8
15:28:52 114.2 48.72 100.6 97.75 91.92 110.49 23.05 60.939 76.74 94 26.65 20.82
15:29:04 114.2 49.76 100.6 97.92 92.08 110.32 23.08 60.931 77.37 94.44 26.63 20.83
15:29:15 114.1 50.29 100.5 96.94 91.34 110.21 23.05 62.346 72.36 93.31 26.64 20.82
15:29:27 114.1 50.24 98.42 91.69 90.63 109.5 23.15 61.913 69.65 92.46 26.64 20.84
15:29:38 114.1 45.59 95.9 88.23 88.91 109.53 23.14 57.932 72.22 90.42 26.6 20.81
15:29:50 114.2 41.35 94.5 87.97 87.26 110.14 23.13 54.901 75.34 89.96 26.62 20.79
15:30:01 114.2 42.13 95.21 90.19 86.55 110.12 23.2 55.299 72.16 90.83 26.64 20.86
15:30:13 114.2 47.05 96.31 92.62 87.4 110.07 22.89 57.292 72.72 91.32 26.61 20.84
15:30:24 114.2 47.71 97.37 95.1 88.37 110.2 22.94 59.611 72.57 92.17 26.63 20.83
15:30:36 114.2 49.15 99.08 97.26 88.9 110.2 22.87 59.32 73.8 93.33 26.64 20.83
15:30:47 114.2 49.65 100.3 98.53 89.73 110.2 22.73 60.524 73.13 94.15 26.6 20.77
15:30:59 114.1 51.02 100.9 99.72 90.13 110.05 22.81 61.684 73.09 94.2 26.59 20.8
15:31:10 114.2 50.74 101.1 99.85 91.2 110.04 22.81 62.095 73.84 94.55 26.59 20.82
10-15 minutes
114.2 46.98 98.21 94.9 89.42 110.14 23.01 59.135 75.01 92.33 26.63 20.81 100 325 425 43
15:31:22 114.2 51.41 101.5 99.85 91.76 110.15 22.91 62.586 73.82 94.96 26.61 20.85
15:31:33 114.1 51.66 101.2 98.94 91.74 110.38 22.79 62.141 73.82 94.93 26.61 20.79
15:31:45 114.1 51.51 101.2 98.8 92.1 110.37 22.81 63.111 73.88 95.67 26.62 20.78
15:31:56 114.1 50.78 101 98.27 92.04 110.31 22.92 62.448 73.57 95.1 26.61 20.81
15:32:08 114.1 51.18 100.7 97.58 92.28 110.08 23 62.192 73.71 94.99 26.64 20.83
15:32:19 114.2 50.77 100.4 97.07 91.69 110.11 23.07 62.378 73.97 95.26 26.64 20.85
15:32:31 114.1 50.27 100 96.27 91.17 110.36 23.12 62.449 74.38 94.97 26.64 20.81
15:32:42 114.2 50.02 99.95 96.23 90.68 110.26 23.28 62.248 74.01 94.24 26.63 20.82
15:32:54 114.2 50.17 100.1 96.13 91.28 110.13 23.28 61.961 73.95 94.16 26.63 20.87
15:33:05 114.1 50.05 99.87 95.68 91.14 110.08 23.33 61.386 73.16 93.97 26.62 20.82
15:33:16 114.1 50.18 98.71 92.96 91.07 109.12 23.29 62.007 65.67 92.26 26.62 20.83
15:33:28 114.1 47.18 96.95 88.04 90.09 108.36 23.23 59.474 63.29 90.45 26.65 20.84
15:33:39 114.2 40.61 94.57 84.25 88 108.19 23.16 56.404 64.99 89.1 26.61 20.81
15:33:51 114.2 36.81 92.09 82.17 86.33 108.83 23.13 53.986 69.35 87.45 26.62 20.81
15:34:02 114.2 36.41 90.18 81.55 85.09 109.32 23.03 51.841 72.11 87.39 26.63 20.76
15:34:14 114.2 37.42 90.31 83.1 84.49 109.89 23.12 52.951 68.85 87.64 26.66 20.78
15:34:25 114.1 41.12 92.26 87.11 85.1 109.83 23.05 52.75 69.78 89.53 26.62 20.7
15:34:37 114.1 42.61 94.78 91.4 86.43 109.93 23.03 55.596 69.96 90.85 26.58 20.66
15:34:48 114.1 44.44 97.06 94.61 87.56 110.27 23.09 56.54 70.27 91.94 26.69 20.74
15:35:00 114.1 45.79 99.18 97.08 88.94 110.43 23.16 56.275 70.49 91.95 26.72 20.72
15:35:11 114.2 46.92 100.5 98.38 89.79 110.45 23.19 58.815 70.92 92.61 26.72 20.72
15:35:23 114.1 47.05 101.2 98.97 89.9 110.5 23.23 59.365 71.96 93.31 26.67 20.72
15:35:34 114.1 47.74 101.6 99.1 90.47 110.57 23.22 59.108 70.4 93.76 26.68 20.73
15:35:46 114.1 47.37 100.7 96.49 90.9 110.19 23.18 59.77 71.85 92.61 26.69 20.7
15:35:57 114.1 45.72 100.1 96.03 90.8 110.35 23.21 60.486 72.21 93.13 26.67 20.74
15:36:09 114.1 45.7 100.1 96.66 90.57 110.5 23.24 59.451 72.18 92.8 26.71 20.72
15-20 minutes
114.1 46.57 98.31 93.95 89.67 109.96 23.12 59.143 71.25 92.5 26.65 20.78 125 425 550 49.25
15:36:20 114.2 45.52 100.2 97 90.69 110.36 23.16 59.437 69.94 94.37 26.72 20.76
15:36:32 114.1 46.76 100.5 97.43 90.63 110.11 23.18 60.624 70.75 93.51 26.73 20.76
15:36:43 114.1 47.25 100.8 97.85 90.88 110.21 23.04 59.822 71.23 94.11 26.72 20.75
15:36:55 114.1 47.61 101 97.86 91.33 110.3 23.16 62.182 71.48 94.1 26.7 20.73
15:37:06 114.1 47.38 100.9 97.9 91.45 110.3 23.14 59.991 69.82 94.24 26.73 20.73
15:37:18 114.1 47.01 100.8 97.17 91.13 110.03 23.19 59.096 70.46 94.28 26.69 20.75
15:37:29 114.1 46.57 100.4 96.6 90.45 110.1 23.15 59.232 70.7 94.14 26.71 20.69
15:37:41 114.1 46.88 100.1 95.9 90.2 110.29 22.83 59.997 71.72 93.79 26.71 20.67
15:37:52 114.1 46.81 99.89 95.68 90.23 110.2 22.84 59.965 71.21 93.35 26.69 20.69
15:38:04 114.1 46.69 99.78 95.67 90.2 110.29 22.8 59.63 70.66 93.71 26.73 20.66
15:38:15 114.1 45.95 99.58 95.15 90.07 110.19 22.89 59.555 72.69 93.4 26.71 20.7

20
 Forced Convection Experimental Observations/Data

15:38:26 114.2 46.48 99.43 95.05 89.98 110.18 22.89 58.651 72.29 93.4 26.72 20.69
15:38:38 114.2 45.93 99.02 94.58 89.24 110.45 22.89 59.048 72.48 93.29 26.71 20.67
15:38:49 114.2 46.43 98.91 94.14 89.36 110.14 22.9 58.651 72.64 92.94 26.74 20.74
15:39:01 114.4 45.81 98.83 94.29 89 110.18 22.8 58.414 72.13 93.19 26.72 20.73
15:39:12 116.1 45.83 98.55 94.4 89.31 110.61 23.25 58.245 70.56 93.24 26.74 20.76
15:39:24 118.3 46.4 98.66 94.25 89.74 110.38 23.18 59.196 71.17 93.22 26.74 20.71
15:39:35 120.1 45.51 98.64 94.04 89.68 110.35 23.17 58.519 71.38 93.34 26.77 20.72
15:39:47 121 45.79 98.74 94.16 89.56 110.38 23.13 58.795 71.22 93.38 26.79 20.72
15:39:58 122 45.45 98.63 94.21 89.6 110.28 23.1 58.661 70.72 93.16 26.78 20.73
15:40:10 123.4 44.87 98.25 93.74 90.47 110.3 23.11 59.894 71.42 92.28 26.78 20.7
15:40:21 125.2 44.99 98.01 93.15 89.94 110.32 23.09 59.362 67.86 91.81 26.75 20.72
15:40:33 127.6 45.09 97.18 89.95 89.11 109.28 23.08 58.163 67.26 91.39 26.78 20.69
15:40:44 127.4 41.57 95.05 86.5 88.08 108.2 23.09 54.962 63.62 89.62 26.84 20.75
15:40:56 125.1 38.42 92.67 83.54 86.24 108.23 23.04 52.69 64.34 88.07 26.75 20.72
15:41:07 122.8 36.75 90.32 81.25 84.53 108.69 23.06 51.286 63.78 86.46 26.78 20.75
15:41:19 121 35.61 88.23 79.91 83.35 108.77 22.97 50.466 66.88 85.7 26.75 20.69
20-25 minutes
117.9 45.01 98.26 93.38 89.42 109.97 23.04 58.316 70.01 92.5 26.74 20.72 150 550 700 56.25
15:41:30 119.9 36.37 87.64 80.57 83.02 109.56 23.02 50.445 71.07 85.59 26.72 20.69
15:41:42 118.5 37.94 90.42 84.12 83.64 110.06 22.94 50.834 72.54 86.63 26.76 20.71
15:41:53 114.3 40.92 93.43 87.76 84.12 110.28 22.96 52.677 73.77 88.49 26.79 20.67
15:42:05 114.1 43.17 95.82 91.96 85.16 110.2 23.1 54.535 74.86 89.9 26.75 20.63
15:42:16 114.1 44.8 97.62 94.94 86.79 110.45 22.66 55.241 74.6 91.44 26.78 20.62
15:42:28 114.1 46.28 99.54 97.4 87.98 110.27 22.61 56.877 74.37 91.72 26.77 20.67
15:42:39 114.1 47.09 100.1 97.77 88.95 110.27 22.56 58.634 74.32 92.88 26.78 20.7
15:42:51 114.1 46.9 100.2 97.35 89.54 110.14 22.6 58.86 73.03 92.03 26.78 20.63
15:43:02 114 46.95 98.77 94.38 90.17 110.09 22.69 59.382 69.39 91.66 26.76 20.67
15:43:14 114 44.1 96.56 90.38 89.24 109.5 22.74 57.362 70.74 89.74 26.76 20.7
15:43:25 114.1 40.75 95.41 89.56 88.06 109.8 22.71 55.11 74.16 90.14 26.74 20.7
15:43:36 114.1 41.52 96.14 91.58 87.14 110.14 22.7 54.058 74.73 90.72 26.78 20.71
15:43:48 114 44.73 97.53 94.31 87.22 110.27 22.67 57.052 74.67 91.07 26.72 20.68
15:43:59 114.1 46.11 99.33 96.79 88.28 110.16 22.7 57.72 75.08 92.52 26.75 20.67
15:44:11 114 47.72 100.1 98.12 88.2 110.3 22.68 58.319 75.27 93.2 26.79 20.69
15:44:22 114.1 48.08 100.7 99.03 89.37 110.53 22.57 60.086 74.47 93.65 26.74 20.65
15:44:34 114 48.31 100.9 98.92 90.1 110.45 22.63 58.845 75.3 93.84 26.77 20.69
15:44:45 114.1 48.58 101.4 99.22 90.93 110.29 22.66 60.026 74.46 93.98 26.82 20.72
15:44:57 114 48.54 101.5 99.28 91.11 110.47 22.7 61.206 75.81 94.6 26.76 20.66
15:45:08 114 48.86 101.2 97.75 90.98 110.34 22.75 61.872 71.51 93.39 26.74 20.65
15:45:20 114 47.56 99.63 92.84 90.78 109.91 22.83 59.503 69.81 91.93 26.75 20.62
15:45:31 114 43.27 97.4 89.7 89.23 109.91 22.74 58.142 72.59 91.23 26.76 20.65
15:45:43 114 40.87 96.16 89.69 88.29 110.24 22.74 56.406 74.73 90.49 26.78 20.63
15:45:54 114 43.15 96.88 91.95 87.95 110.42 22.68 56.546 75.25 90.78 26.8 20.65
15:46:06 114 45.61 98.09 94.42 88.04 110.21 22.63 57.441 75.72 92.74 26.79 20.66
25-30 minutes
114.5 44.73 97.7 93.59 88.17 110.17 22.73 57.087 73.69 91.37 26.76 20.67 170 650 820 63.25

21
Forced Convection Experimental Observations/Data

22
23
 Natural Convection Experimental Observations/Data

Tempera tures (Ra w Da ta ) - ⁰C H20 Qua nti ty Mea s urements

Outside Wall Condensate Out -mL

Tube Wall Condensate Out - mL

Experimental Data - Natural

Boiler Feed Water ( w3 + w4)

Cooling Tube Surface - Upper

Cooling Tube Surface - Lower

Condenser Surface - Outside

Cooling Water Supply Tank

Tube Wall Condensate Out

Boiler Surface - Outside

Condenser Steam Inside

Cooling Water Out - lbs

Cooling Water Bottom
Cup Condensate Out
Cooling Water Out
Convection

Steam In

Room
Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T0 T11 W4 W3 W1 W2
16:47:28 114.39 35.42 65.99 56.64 81.02 109.55 24.19 44.27 78.23 83.2 26.87 20.78 0 0 0 14.875
16:47:40 114.39 38.74 69.37 61.54 80.49 110.11 25.17 47.75 84.16 83.72 26.65 20.63
16:47:51 114.42 41.19 77.65 70.23 81.26 110.3 26.52 51.74 87.86 85.39 26.62 20.73
16:48:03 114.42 42.81 83.25 76.03 83.87 110.35 27.73 54.12 90.85 87.1 26.6 20.77
16:48:14 114.53 43.66 91.46 86.22 85.59 110.32 28.36 55.06 95.22 90.26 26.7 20.86
16:48:26 114.52 42.95 98.32 95.7 88.05 110.27 25.62 57.12 86.68 93.26 26.7 21.02
16:48:37 114.5 48.5 100.9 98.06 91.07 110.18 24.76 63.91 82.01 95.87 26.67 21.1
16:48:49 114.49 62.61 103.2 101.6 93.35 110.28 23.89 71.26 83.03 98.6 26.66 21.01
16:49:00 114.48 79.2 105 104.3 94.46 110.82 23.57 81.41 80.86 100 26.66 20.82
16:49:12 114.49 88.31 105.7 105.4 95.69 110.82 23.53 86.15 83.62 100.2 26.64 20.7
16:49:23 114.37 88.22 105.3 102.8 97.18 110.12 23.53 88.58 81.98 99.57 26.65 20.63
16:49:35 114.48 84.46 104 99.91 96.43 110.18 23.72 86.94 83.25 99.93 26.69 20.56
16:49:46 114.45 82.65 104.1 102 96.22 110.89 23.44 85.95 84.22 100.7 26.63 20.52
16:49:58 114.48 81.06 104.2 102.9 96.67 110.89 23.55 85.08 83.84 101 26.69 20.53
16:50:09 114.46 79.99 104.8 104 97.42 110.68 23.85 84.51 82.65 101.4 26.64 20.48
16:50:21 114.45 82.5 105.2 104.6 97.35 110.7 23.75 86.59 83.76 102.1 26.64 20.48
16:50:32 114.49 84.83 106.2 105.9 97.79 110.48 23.58 88.44 83.4 102.1 26.65 20.44
16:50:44 114.43 86.24 104.5 101.9 98.2 110.31 23.56 90.71 82.01 101.3 26.62 20.4
16:50:55 114.47 87.66 104.2 102.3 97.54 110.2 23.64 91.01 83.73 101.8 26.62 20.42
16:51:07 114.48 86.17 104.8 103.9 97.5 110.44 23.76 89.5 83.63 102.3 26.66 20.43
16:51:18 114.41 82.97 104.7 103.4 98.57 110.37 23.74 88.61 83.54 100.9 26.62 20.4
16:51:30 114.46 83.08 104.3 102.1 98.08 110.34 23.76 89.17 84.53 102.1 26.63 20.37
16:51:41 114.5 85.28 105 103.6 97.95 110.68 23.74 90.71 83.31 102.2 26.66 20.4
16:51:53 114.41 86.4 104.7 102.9 98.23 110.7 23.63 90.73 84.23 102.9 26.58 20.29
16:52:04 114.49 86.97 106.1 105.1 98.79 110.73 23.7 90.79 84.24 103.5 26.67 20.39
16:52:16 114.37 87.66 106 104.3 99.57 110.41 23.75 91.91 83.12 102.4 26.67 20.37
16:52:27 114.5 88.47 105 102.3 99.83 110.13 23.81 92.13 83.85 103.5 26.62 20.39
0- 5 Mi nutes
114.46 72.89 99.4 96.65 94.01 110.42 24.29 78.67 84.14 98.05 26.66 20.59 50 120 170 16.875
16:52:39 114.5 89.43 105.8 104.3 99.27 110.29 23.76 93.03 83.51 103 26.64 20.39
16:52:50 114.47 89.92 105.4 103.9 100 110.32 23.8 93.69 83.47 103.5 26.64 20.34
16:53:01 114.5 89.24 106 105.5 99.96 110.55 23.81 93.89 81.56 104 26.67 20.36
16:53:13 114.46 89.53 106 105 100.2 110.53 23.9 93.23 82.87 104.3 26.62 20.31
16:53:24 114.46 90.81 106.1 103.7 100.5 110.55 23.81 94.07 82.09 104.2 26.64 20.35
16:53:36 114.45 90.75 105.5 103.7 99.9 110.37 23.36 93.73 81.95 104.2 26.65 20.29
16:53:47 114.44 90.81 106.2 105.2 99.57 110.94 22.95 93.5 82.17 105.2 26.64 20.21
16:53:59 114.45 89.22 106.5 106.1 99.69 110.75 22.81 93.77 81.76 105.5 26.65 20.18
16:54:10 114.43 87.45 105.6 102.4 100.6 110.61 22.77 93.09 81.37 103.9 26.68 20.21
16:54:22 114.45 87.69 105 102.5 99.7 110.83 22.92 93.56 81.53 104.1 26.68 20.19
16:54:33 114.36 86.31 105.2 101.9 99.67 110.84 22.74 91.91 80.08 103.4 26.61 20.15
16:54:45 114.41 84.85 104.2 100 99.48 110.66 23.29 91.73 81.71 103.1 26.61 20.15
16:54:56 114.38 85.48 104.2 100.1 99.22 110.72 23.43 91.88 81.15 102.9 26.65 20.19
16:55:08 114.42 85.47 104 100.3 98.79 110.37 23.4 91.04 82.93 102.8 26.65 20.2
16:55:19 114.44 84.42 104.9 103 98.54 110.44 23.32 90.88 78.07 103.4 26.63 20.21
16:55:31 114.44 84.6 105 103 98.29 110.89 23.46 91.34 78.91 103.7 26.66 20.18
16:55:42 114.43 85.55 105.9 105 99.54 110.71 23.39 92.13 79.03 103.9 26.62 20.14
16:55:54 114.45 87.12 105.7 104 99.13 110.57 23.43 92.12 78.57 104.5 26.65 20.25
16:56:05 114.47 87.66 105.9 104.8 99.21 110.52 23.47 93.39 79.08 104.3 26.64 20.21
16:56:17 114.45 88.86 106.5 106.1 100.2 110.39 23.54 93.3 77.61 104.6 26.66 20.26
16:56:28 114.36 88.53 105.4 101.5 100.6 110.17 23.47 93.99 78.54 102.3 26.64 20.21
16:56:40 114.44 89.18 104.8 101.1 99.62 110.44 23.53 93.09 79.04 103 26.66 20.26 24
16:56:51 114.41 89.2 104.6 101.8 98.98 110.31 23.38 92.67 78.12 103.7 26.63 20.24
 Natural Convection Experimental Observations/Data
16:58:34 114.43 87.09 105.6 105.1 99.25 110.58 23.41 92.19 80.05 104.2 26.66 20.27
16:58:46 114.35 86.04 105.3 102.6 99.71 110.39 23.39 91.58 79.03 102.9 26.65 20.26
16:58:57 114.43 87.56 104.3 101.6 99.35 110.61 23.41 91.8 80 102.9 26.68 20.27
16:59:09 114.41 88.78 105.2 104.1 99.16 110.66 23.35 92.26 79.99 103.7 26.65 20.23
16:59:20 114.4 87.38 105.8 105.8 99.74 110.77 23.28 92.33 80.89 104.5 26.66 20.25
16:59:32 114.41 86.2 106.4 106.7 100.2 110.68 22.9 92.7 77.8 104.7 26.67 20.27
16:59:43 114.32 87.6 104.7 101.3 100 110.27 23.3 92.18 76.74 102.8 26.65 20.22
16:59:55 114.39 88.89 104 100.2 99.23 110.57 23.38 93.18 78.12 103.3 26.67 20.27
17:00:06 114.38 88.99 104.3 101.2 98.94 110.56 23.31 93.39 78.52 103 26.66 20.24
17:00:18 114.42 87.5 104.5 102.7 98.69 110.53 23.35 92.08 78.46 102.3 26.67 20.28
17:00:29 114.4 85.12 105.1 103 98.87 110.71 23.31 91.77 78.69 103.5 26.69 20.27
17:00:41 114.42 85.86 105.8 105 99.31 110.99 23.36 91.47 79.92 103.9 26.7 20.28
17:00:52 114.34 87.35 105.5 103.4 99.46 110.35 22.87 91.52 80.75 104 26.66 20.31
17:01:04 114.4 88 105.6 103.9 99.65 110.63 23.45 92.36 81.36 103.9 26.74 20.34
17:01:15 114.38 88.58 106.1 105.4 99.68 110.59 23.3 93.56 81.23 104 26.67 20.33
17:01:27 114.36 88.26 105.5 102.8 99.71 110.42 23.33 92.75 81.19 103.3 26.7 20.35
17:01:38 114.37 88.26 105.1 102.9 99.45 110.29 23.32 92.57 84.97 103.3 26.65 20.33
17:01:50 114.41 88.67 106 104.7 99.56 110.63 23.38 92.8 85.95 104.3 26.69 20.38
17:02:01 114.35 88 106.7 106.2 99.79 110.27 23.41 93.36 83.78 104.3 26.68 20.42
17:02:13 114.38 87.59 105.2 101.1 99.69 110.07 23.44 92.67 84.21 102.5 26.74 20.45
17:02:24 114.38 88.9 104.9 101.8 99.25 110.29 23.45 93.13 85.18 102.8 26.71 20.43
10-15 mi n 114.39 87.79 105.3 103.2 99.49 110.51 23.34 92.59 80.44 103.5 26.67 20.29 100 310 410 21.75
17:02:36 114.38 89.17 105.4 104.1 99.16 110.58 23.45 93.37 85.78 103.3 26.7 20.42
17:02:47 114.34 86.67 106.2 105 99.54 110.52 23.46 92 85.05 103.5 26.72 20.45
17:02:59 114.36 85.91 105.5 103.2 99.86 110.5 23.42 92.63 86.21 103.6 26.68 20.4
17:03:10 114.39 87.59 106.2 104.9 99.54 110.51 23.41 93.05 87.05 104.3 26.69 20.45
17:03:21 114.4 88.56 106.6 106.1 99.98 110.81 23.36 93.63 87.64 105 26.75 20.48
17:03:33 114.34 88.17 105.5 103.5 100.7 110.52 23.36 92.91 85.38 104.2 26.73 20.52
17:03:44 114.37 88.66 104.3 101.6 99.73 110.52 23.38 93.61 86.48 103.7 26.69 20.45
17:03:56 114.38 89.3 105.1 103.5 99.52 110.74 23.34 93.3 84.36 104.3 26.73 20.49
17:04:07 114.37 88.18 106.1 105.3 99.84 110.93 23.49 92.87 83.99 104.9 26.71 20.52
17:04:19 114.33 86.75 106.9 106.7 100.2 111 23.39 93 84.18 105 26.69 20.48
17:04:30 114.31 88.58 106.5 103.3 100.4 110.7 23.48 93.23 83.84 103 26.75 20.51
17:04:42 114.35 89.95 105.5 101.3 99.9 110.62 23.48 94.04 85.17 103.2 26.73 20.48
17:04:53 114.35 90.04 105.9 103.6 99.48 110.84 23.47 93.63 85.18 103.3 26.76 20.54
17:05:05 114.37 88.25 104.9 101 99.67 110.66 23.52 91.99 85.6 102.6 26.73 20.54
17:05:16 114.37 86.54 105.4 102.9 99.31 110.47 23.49 92.45 86.79 103.1 26.71 20.58
17:05:28 114.37 87.28 106.4 105.1 99.12 110.7 23.54 92.53 86.37 103.3 26.72 20.59
17:05:39 114.29 87.05 106 102 99.47 110.53 23.57 92.85 85.43 102.3 26.73 20.62
17:05:51 114.37 87.62 105.4 102.3 99.21 110.76 23.56 92.11 86.53 103.3 26.72 20.61
17:06:02 114.36 87.96 106.3 104.6 99.13 110.81 23.62 92.79 86.5 103.7 26.72 20.58
17:06:14 114.36 87.2 107.1 106.5 99.44 110.91 23.57 91.85 86.73 103.9 26.73 20.56
17:06:25 114.34 86.79 107.1 106.2 100.2 110.71 23.6 91.85 86.62 104.4 26.74 20.6
17:06:37 114.37 88.29 107.4 106.7 100.2 110.85 23.63 93.28 86.82 105 26.73 20.63
17:06:48 114.31 89.81 107.4 106.3 100.4 110.67 23.65 94.95 85.17 103.9 26.75 20.65
17:07:00 114.34 90.6 105.3 100.7 100.1 110.32 23.75 94.71 85.7 103.5 26.74 20.72
15-20 mi n 114.35 88.12 106 104 99.76 110.67 23.5 93.03 85.77 103.8 26.72 20.54 125 425 550 24.25

25
Natural Convection Experimental Observations/Data

26
Natural Convection Experimental Observations/Data

27
Sample Calculations-

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Forced Convection, Inner

0.8
K   V  Di   Cp   
0.4
h1 ( Forced )  C    
Di     K 

hi_forced = heat transfer Co efficient of FORCED convection

C is a constant = 0.0023

V = mean average velocity of fluid in m/s

Do = outer diameter of inner tube =( ( ))

Do = inner diameter of inner tube =( )

g = acceleration due to gravity in m/sec/sec = 9.8 m/s2

k = Thermal Conductivity, in W/m* K

Cp= specific heat in kJ/kg

k = Thermal Conductivity, in W/m°K

µ = Viscosity in kg/m*s

ρ= Density of Water in kg/m3

*Properties in red were found in water property tables at atmospheric pressure and Tavg = T2 + T7/2

Tavg = 34.99555769 ⁰C , ρ = 994.0317414 kg/m3, μ = 0.000724071 kg/m*s, Cp= 4.178 kJ/kg

k = 0.622917743 W/m*K

28
W2 = 6.25 lbm; mass of water that passed through the inner pipe in a five minute interval

6.25lbs *0.454kg / lb
̇   0.009449792kg / s ; mass flow rate
5min*60sec/ min

 Di2   (0.01905)2
Ai    0.000285 m2 ; Cross sectional area of inner tube
4 4

( ) *( ) ( ) +

= 341.08

Heat Transfer Coefficient, Free Convection, Inner

0.29 0.29
K  L3   2    TWater  g   Cp     K  L3   2    TWater  g  
h1 ( Free)  C    C    Pr  
L  2   K   L   2
 

*Properties for hi_free were taken at Tavg = T2 + T7/ 2 =55.58782692 ⁰C,

ρ = 985.1354918 , μ = 0.000483318 , Cp= 4183.411618 , k = 0.651040899

β = 0.000492467 C-1

ΔTavg = 87.7854615384615 - 23.335 = 64.45057692 ⁰C

L = 25 inches ; Length of pipe

( ) *( )( )+

29
 Heat Transfer Coefficient; Condensing Steam; Outer Surface; Inner Tube

* +

* Properties used in this calculation were taken at Tfilm = Tsurface + Tsteam

EXCEPT hfg taken at Tsteam

Tsurface is the average inner pipe outer surface temperature; T8 + T9

Tsteam is the average temperature of condensing steam ; T10

ΔT = Tsteam – Tsurface = 8.521 ⁰C

k = 0.677012277 , ρ = 961.4779015 , μ = 0.000290945 , hfg = 2,247,415.8

C = 1.666 for vertical pipe with height L= 0.635m

* +

Overall Heat Transferred; Free Convection (empirical calculations)

̇ = UAΔT ; rate of heat transfer measured in Watts

Where

̇
∑

30
∑

k = thermal resistance of aluminum

 0.02064m  
1  ln 0.01905m 1  1 0.01905m   K
R        0.07015
0.000285  W W  5433.156 W 0.02064m   W

238 341.08 2  
mK m K  m2 K 

( )

Total heat added to water in a five minute interval;

q= ̇

Heat Transferred; Forced Convection (empirical calculations)

 0.02064m  
1  ln
1  1 0.01905m   K
R  0.01905m       0.09308
0.000285  W W  6303.14 W 0.02064 m  W
238 458.06 2  
 mK m K  m2 K 

( )

Total heat added to water in a five minute interval;

q= ̇

31
Experimental : Heat Transferred; Losses due to condensing steam on inner
Surface of OUTER Tube; Forced Convection
( ) ( )

Experimental : Heat Transferred; Losses due to condensing steam on inner

Surface of OUTER Tube; Free Convection
( ) ( )

Experimental: Heat Transferred; Forced Convection

̇ ( )

( )

Experimental: Heat Transferred; Free Convection

( )

32
Procedure-

33