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Question.11. Name a poverty alleviation programme for rural areas with its
objectives.
Answer. Rural Employment Generation Programme.
(i) The aim of the programme is to create self-employment
opportunities in rural areas and small towns.
(ii) A target for creating 25 lakhs new jobs has been set for the programme under the
Tenth Five Year plan.
Question.12. Name any two social groups which are most vulnerable to
poverty.
Answer. Scheduled Caste(SC) and Scheduled Tribe(ST).
Question.14. Name the Act through which a poor person can get 100 days
assured employment.
Answer. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
Question.3. What are the major objectives of the Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana
?
Answer. (i) The Yojana was launched in 1993.
(ii) The aim of the programme is to create self-employment
opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
(iii) Under this unemployed are helped in setting up small business and industries.
Question.4. Which of the main factor responsible for the reduction of poverty
in the following states:
(i) Punjab
(ii) Kerala
(iii) West Bengal
(iv) Tamil Nadu
Answer. (i) Punjab : Povety has been reduced due to high agricultural growth rate.
(ii) Kerala: Poverty has been reduced through human resource development.
(iii) West Bengal : Poverty has been . reduced through land reform measures.
(iv) Tamil Nadu : Poverty has been reduced through proper public distribution
system.
Question.2. Describe the poverty trends in India since 1973. [CBSE March
2011,12]
Answer. (i) There has been a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about
55 per cent in 1973 to 30 per cent in 2009-10.
(ii) More than 56% of rural population was living below poverty in 1973 which has
come down to 34%.
(iii) Around about 50 % of urban population was living below poverty in 1973 which
has come down to 27%.
(iv) Although the percentage of people living under poverty declined in the earlier two
decades (1973-1993), the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a
fairly long period.
(a) If the trend continues, people below poverty line may come down to less than 20
per cent in the next few years.
Question.4. Explain some measures which have been taken by the government
to remove poverty. [CBSE 2015]
Or
Describe the current government strategy to remove poverty in India.
Answer. To remove poverty government has adopted two approaches:
(1) Indirect approach : This covers achieving high economic growth rate, promotion
of small scale industry, promotion of agriculture. This approach is also referred as
trickle down effect. It was assumed that the development of industry and agriculture
would create employment opportunities and income, which would lead to rapid
economic development.
(2) Direct approach : Under direct approach government has launched various
poverty alleviation programmes and food schemes to target the poor directly.
The government has launched various poverty alleviation schemes to control
poverty.
(i) National Rural Employ-ment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005: It
was passed in September 2005. The Act provides 100 days assured employment
every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be
extended to 600 districts. One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for
women. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee
Funds. Similarly, state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee
Funds for the implementation of the scheme. Under the programme, if an applicant is
not provided employment within fifteen days, he/she will be entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance.
(ii) National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) : It was
launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. The programme is
open to all rural poor, who are in need of wage employment, and desire to do
manual unskilled work. It is implemented as a 100 per cent centrally sponsored
scheme, and food grains are provided free of cost to the states. Once the NREGA is
in force, the NFWP will be subsumed within this programme.
(iii) The Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) : It was started in 1993. The aim of
the programme is to create self-employment opport¬unities for the educated
unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up
small business and industries.
(iv) Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) : It was launched in 1995.
The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas
and small towns. A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the
programme under the Tenth Five Year Plan.
(v) Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) : It was launched in 1999. The
programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families
above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a j mix of
bank credit and government subsidy.
(vi) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) : It was launched in 2000, additional
central assistance is given to states for basic services such as primary health,
primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
<img src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8546/30153327095_cac0cb48b6_o.png"
alt="important-questions-for-cbse-class-9-social-science-poverty-as-a-challenge-1"
width="803" height="325" />
Question.5. Explain any three major reasons for a widespread poverty in India.
Or
Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. [CBSE 2015]
Answer. (i) British Rule : Britishers ruled India more than 100 years. Prior to the
British rule, traditional industries, for instance, textiles, flourished in India. During the
British rule, the government adopted policies to discourage such industries. This left
millions of weavers poor. Even after fifty years of independent India, we can find a
major section of the people engaged handicraft industries as , downtrodden.
(ii) Lack of industrialisation : India is very backward from the industrial point of view.
Hardly 3 per cent of the total working population is engaged in the large- scale
industry.
(iii) Over dependence on agriculture Even after more than 60 years of independence
more than 60 per cent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its
livelihood. Due to shortage of inputs, our agriculture is backward.
(iv) Inflationary pressure : Upward trend in prices adversely affects the poor sections
of the society.
(v) Unemployment : Due to lack of job opportunities, more than 90 lakhs of our total
working force is unemployed.
Question.l. Study the given bar graph carefully, and answer the following
questions :
<img src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5278/30118310426_d467091efc_o.png"
alt="important-questions-for-cbse-class-9-social-science-poverty-as-a-
challenge-2" width="683" height="334" />
Source : Economic Survey 2001-02, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
(i) Identify the three states where the poverty ratio is the highest.
(ii) Identify the three states where poverty ratio is the lowest.
(iii) Why the states named by you in part (i) have a high poverty ratio ?
(iv) Why the states named by you in part (ii) have a low poverty ratio ? Mention
one reason.
Answer. (i) Odisha, Bihar and Chattisgarh.
(ii) Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.
(iii) Due to lack of job opportunities and high density of population.
(iv) Due to availability of work.
<img src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5521/30039122542_55975168db_o.png"
alt="important-questions-for-cbse-class-9-social-science-poverty-as-a-challenge-3"
width="587" height="362" />
Question.2. Study the given figure carefully, and answer the following
questions :
(i) Which area/country of the world had the largest concentration of poor in
1981 ?
(ii) Name the regions/countries where poverty has decreased (any two).
(iii) Whether the poverty in South Asia is increasing or decreasing. Give
reason.
Answer. (i) China.
(ii) China, East Asia and the Pacific.
(iii) Poverty in South Asia is decreasing. In 1981 more than 50 per cent of the
population
was living below the poverty line, but in 2001, it was approximately 30 per cent.
Question.3. Study the given bar graph carefully, and answer the following
questions :
(i) Name any two social groups are highly vulnerable to poverty.
(ii) What is an average Indian poverty ratio ?
(iii) Name any two economic groups which are highly vulnerable to poverty.
Answer. (i) Scheduled tribes arid Scheduled castes.
(ii) 30 per cent.
(iii) Rural agricultural labourer households and the urban casual labour households.
<img src="https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5590/30153326435_aec1e41810_o.png"
alt="important-questions-for-cbse-class-9-social-science-poverty-as-a-challenge-4"
width="665" height="304" />
Question.l. Suggest any four ways to reduce poverty in India. [CBSE 2015]
Answer. (i) There is need to invest in agriculture and industrial sector. The
investment in both these sectors will lead to higher economic growth. The higher
economic growth rate is expected to provide to more economic opportunities.
(ii) Increasing stress on universal free elementary education will help in the formation
of human capital.
(iii) There is need to check high birth rate. The high birth rate leads to a mismatch
between resources and population.
(iv) There is need for to empower women and economically weaker sections of
society.
Question.2. Name any two factors on which the food security depends upon.
Answer. (i) Buffer stock.
(ii) Public Distribution System (PDS).
(iii) Vigilancy of the government at the time of natural calamity.
(iv) Food production.
Question.5. What is chronic hunger ? Name any one factor responsible for chronic
hunger.
Answer. It is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or
quality. Very low income is one of the basic cause of chronic hunger.
Question.10. What are the functions of the FCI ? Mention any two.
Answer. (i) The Food Cooperation of India or FCI purchases wheat and rice from the
farmers in the states, where there is surplus production.
(ii) It also builds the buffer stock.
Question.13. Name any two Yojanas introduced with one objective of each for food
security.
Answer. (i) National Food for Work Programme : Under this, foodgrains are provided to
the states free of cost.
(ii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana: Under this 25 kg of food- grains were made available to
each eligible family at a subsidised price.
Question.14. Mention any two limitations of the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Answer. (i) Resorting of PDS dealers to malpractices.
(ii) Irregular opening of shops.
1. Availability of food: It means food production within the country, food imports
and the previous years stock stored in government granaries.
2. Accessibility : It means food is within reach of every person.
3. Affordability : It implies that an individual has enough money to buy sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet one’s dietary needs.
1. The PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument of government policy
over the years in stabilising prices and making food available to consumers at
affordable prices.
2. It has been instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying
food from surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones.
3. The system, including the minimum support price and procurement has
contributed to an increase in foodgrain production and provided income security
to farmers in certain regions.
4. It has minimized hoarding and black marketing.
Question. 3. What are the limitations of the public distribution system ?[CBSE
2015]
Answer.
1. Failed to remove hunger : The PDS has been working for many years but still
hunger is prevailing in the Indian society.
2. Overflowing godowns : The FCI godowns are overflowing with foodgrains. In
2012 the stock of wheat and rice was 82.3 million tonnes which was much more
than the minimum stock. There is a general consensus that high level of buffer
stock of foodgrains is very undesirable and can be wasteful.
3. Poor foodgrain quality: As most of godowns have more stock than their capacity,
this leads to deterioration in grain quality.
4. Adverse impact on the environment: Due to incentive by the government most of
the states are producing only rice and wheat. The intensive utilization of water in
the cultivation of rice has led to environmental degradation and fall in the water
level, threatening the sustain- ability of the agricultural development in many
states.
1. Food security: The main objective of the buffer stock is to distribute the
foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price
lower than the market price.
2. Disaster or Calamity : The second objective of the buffer stock is to resolve the
problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the
period of calamity.
3. To save the farmers from the ups and downs of the market: The third important
objective of the buffer stock is to save the farmers from ups and downs of the
market. Under this farmers are paid a preannounced price for their crops. This
price is declared by the government before the sowing season to provide
incentives to the farmers.
4. Uninterrupted supply of foodgrains: Buffer stocks are also created by the
government to maintain uninterrupted supply of foodgrains throughout India and
throughout the year.
Question. 6. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related
items.
Answer.
1. The cooperatives are also playing an important role in food security in India
especially in the southern and western parts of the country.
2. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people.
For example, out of all fair price shops running in Tamil Nadu, around 94 per cent
are being run by the cooperatives.
3. Many milk purchasing cooperatives like Verka, Mother Dairy, Amul, etc. have
brought about the White Revolution in the country.
4. These are a few examples of many more cooperatives running in different parts
of the country ensuring food security of different sections of society.
Question.1. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India/CBSE March 2012]
Or
Explain any three causes for the widespread poverty in India.[CBSE March
2012,13,15]
Answer.
1. Stock higher than buffer norms : The actual stock has always remained higher
than the buffer. There is a general consensus that high level of buffer stocks of
food- grains is very undesirable and can be wasteful. The storage of massive food
stocks has been responsible for high carrying costs, in addition to wastage and
deterioration in grain quality.
2. High burden on the economy :
The Minimum Support Price for food grains has risen very sharply in the recent
years leading to a very high burden on state exchequer.
3. Threat to sustainability of agriculture : The intensive utilisation of water in the
cultivation of rice has also led to environmental degrada-tion and fall in the water
level, threatening the sustainability of the agricultural development in many
states.
4. Marked ineffectiveness :
Another major area of concern is the marked ineffectiveness of PDS, which is
apparent from the fact that the average consumption of PDS grain at the all-India
level is only 1 kg per person per month. The average consumption figure is as low
as less than 300 gm per person per month in the states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar
Pradesh.
5. Corrupt dealers: PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to malpractices like
diverting the grains to open market to get better margin, selling poor quality
grains at ration shops, irregular opening of the shops, etc. It is common to find
that ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality grains left.
(i) In which recent year foodgrain stock with the government was maximum ?
(ii) What was the minimum buffer stock norm in 2012 ?
(iii) Why were the FCI granaries overflowing with foodgrains ?
(iv) What is buffer stock ?
(v) Why is there general consensus that high level of buffer stock of foodgrains is
very undesirable ?
Answer.
1. July, 2012.
2. 33 million tonnes.
3. The PDS or the Public Distribution System has failed to distribute foodgrains
through the fair price shops.
4. A stock of foodgrains procured by the government to distribute in deficit areas
and among the poor strata of society.
5. The higher level of buffer stock can be wasteful. The storage of massive food stock
has been responsible for high carrying costs in adition to wastage and
deterioration in grain quality.
Question.2. Distinguish between chronic and seasonal hunger.
Answer.
Question.3. Name the place a poor person should go to purchase essential goods
at reasonable rates.
Answer. Fair price shop
Question.4. Your family comes under poorest of the poor. Under which of the
government scheme you can get cheap ration?
Answer. Antyodaya Anna Yojana.
Question.5. Why is there a need for food security in India ? Suggest any two points.
Answer. (i) Poverty.
(ii) Hoarding and black marke- ting.
Question.6. What are the functions of the FCI ? Mention any two functions.
Answer. (i) To make the foodgrains available to the poor a reasonable price.
(ii) To maintain a price stability of foodgrains.
PALLAMPUR
a. fixed capital: Tools, machines, buildings etc.. they may range from very simple tools such as
farmers plough to sophisticated machines to generators, computers etc..
b. working capital: Raw materials and money in hand come under this category. Ex. Yarn used by
weaver and clay used by potter. Some money is always required during production to make payments
and buy other necessary items.
4. Human capital: The fourth important requirement is human capital. Without human labour
production cannot be done.
Farming in palampur
1. land is fixed
Q1. How is land fixed in the village palampur?
75 % of people depend on farming. Land area in the village under cultivation is fixed. Since 1960
there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. No further scope to increase farm
production. Land is fixed for agriculture in the village.
Q2. What are the different crops grown in the Indian villages during different seasons?
Kharif crops like jowar, Bajra are grown in rainy seasons. These plants are grown as cattle feed. It is
followed by cultivation of potato between October and December. In the winter season, rabi crops like
wheat, sugar cane are grown.
Q4. How are the villagers able to grow more than one crop in palampur?
The villagers can grow more crops because they are having the facilities of electricity, well developed
system of irrigation etc.. Initially the tube wells were installed by the government later many private
tube wells were also installed. All the farmers in the village grow more than one crop. Many grow
potato as the third crop in their field.
Q8. Which states of India were the first to use modern methods of agriculture?
Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first states to use modern methods of
agriculture and made use of HYV seeds, pesticides, chemical fertilizers etc..
Q9. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming method?
Multiple cropping: In this method more than one crop is grown on a single piece of land. For
example: Wheat – bajra – potato.
Modern farming methods: In this method modern HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, modern tools
and machineries are used. This provides high yields.
Q10. How modern methods have over used the natural resources and violated the resources?
Q11. How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur and Indian villages?
Land is unevenly distributed among the farmers of the villages. Some farmers have large lands while
some have very small and others have no land at all. Gobind a farmer in Palampur had 2.25 hectares
of land. After his death his land is further distributed among his four sons. In this way in every village
the land is getting divided hereditarily into smaller and smaller. These divisions may result in poor and
unsatisfactory production leading to poor economic status to the country.
Q1. Why do small and landless farmers need capital? Explain with examples.
Small farmers have to borrow money from large farmers of the village or money lenders or the
traders who supply various inputs for cultivation.
Savita, a small farmer gets loan from Tejpal Singh a large farmer at a rate of 24% to purchase seeds,
fertilizers and pesticides.
Farmers need capitals as they don’t have surplus of their own.
Sale of Surplus Farm Products
Q1. What is surplus? What do the farmers do with the surplus?
Surplus are the excessive amount of production produced by the farmers. Example: Farmers
produce wheat and store a part of it for their consumption and the remaining they sell in the market
and gain profit. This profit is called surplus.
The farmers use the surplus as capital for the next harvest. Farmers like Govind or Savita are
poor and have little surplus. Big farmers like Tejpal Singh purchase farm machines, lend money or
save in the bank.
a. Dairy farming : Dairy farming is a common activity in Palampur . People feed their buffalos on
various kinds of grass and the jowar and bajra that grows during rainy season.
Milk is sold in Raiganj. Traders of Shahpur have set up collectrion cum chilling centres at Raiganj
b. small scale manufacturing: Very simple production is done in the village. People produce
baskets, gur etc.. in small scale. Mishrilal of Palampur produce Jaggery and sell in Shahpur. He
makes a small profit. He owns a crushing machine as capital.
c. shopkeeping: Some villagers sell rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries,
candles etc.. People whose houses are close to the bus stand use a part of the space to open small
shops. Some sell eatables like pakoras, samosas etc.. In Palampur Kareem had opened a computer
centre. Students from shahpur town had joined it. He had appointed two women of his village to work
in his centre. In this way he is self employed and have given employment to others.
d. transport: Transport is another major activity of villages. Rickshwas, Tongas, jeeps, tractors,
trucks are some of the vehicles found here. Some people are engaged in this line too. Kishora of
Palampur village own a buffalo. The buffalo gives milk and also draws cart for him. Every he goes to
ganga river to fetch clay for the potters of the village. Kishora is engaged in multi economic activity.
PEOPLE AS RESOURCE