FLASH EVAPORATOR

A liquid may be vaporized by first heating it and passing

it through a restriction vessel (flash vessel) at lower
pressure. When the pressure falls below the vapor
pressure corresponding to the heated liquid
temperature, evaporation occurs.

Because flash evaporation occurs after the fluid passed

out of the heating part, problems of fouling and
deposition are avoided.
DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATOR

(A) (B)
DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATOR
• The main principle of this type is injection of hot gas to a pool of liquid
• The most utilization of this type of evaporator is the Submerged Combustion
(useful for handling corrosive fluids)
• The Processes are:
Liquid enters at the left, concentrate leaves at the bottom
Hot gas produced by combustion of gas or fuel oil in combustion chamber
mounted in the center of the containing fluid
mixture of vapor and combustion product leaves from the stack
• The contamination of combustion gas and vapor can be avoided by utilizing the
(B) type where the fluid that is to be evaporated is isolated/enclosed in coiled
pipe
SELECTION OF TYPE OF EVAPORATOR
• The 3 main considerations of selecting an evaporators are:
1. Properties of product required
2. The source of heat
3. The space available

• As for the properties of product required, 4 considerations used:

1. Vapor generation from a pure liquid
2. Vapor generation from impure liquid
3. Evaporation as a means of concentrating a solution
4. Evaporation as a means of crystallizing a solution
SELECTION OF TYPE OF EVAPORATOR
Table 15.1
MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION
• Forward feed

The liquid that has been partially concentrated in the

first, highest pressure stage flows into the second stage
and continue until the final stage (in this case the third
stage) where the final product is removed

At the same time the vapor produced in the first stage

passes the second where it acts as the heating fluid
inside the tubes or coils, and the vapor generated In
the second stage then becomes the heating source for
the third stage
MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION
• Backward feed

In case where the liquid to be evaporated is cold or

where concentration leads to significant elevation of
boiling temperature, it may be advantageous to supply
initial feed in the low-temperature end of system
MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATION
• Parallel feed

The liquid feed and the product removal may be

arranged in parallel, when equal degrees of
concentration of common product are required or in
other words each effect may have its own separate feed
and concentrate removal line if different solutions are
being evaporated in each vessel.

the trade-off for this kind of arrangement is that the

reduced of steam required whilst a larger heat transfer
surface areas are required as the driving temperature in
each stage is much less than the single effect unit.