O.W.

Andersen

USER’S MANUAL
SYNOP - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION
SYNAN - SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ANALYSIS

PROGRAM INSTALLATION

SYNOP and SYNAN are submitted as two zip-files. In principle, they can be extracted and installed in any
two empty directories (folders). However, it is recommended that they are installed in two base directories,
such as C:\SYNOP and C:\SYNAN. They can also be installed on and run from a memory stick with a unit
such as F, G or H. The last part of the SYNOP output is identical to the output from SYNAN.

RUNNING THE DEMO INPUT

Here all the Command Prompt commands, directories (folders) and file names will be in capital letters.
However, they are case insensitive, and small letters can also be used. The same commands are used for both
SYNOP and SYNAN.

Start out in directory SYNOP. An input file DEMO.INP is in this directory. To run the program with this
input, enter:

RUN DEMO.INP

After a few seconds, a picture of a pole appears on the screen. It has been drawn on a Visual Basic Form. If
the picture appears to be cropped or too small, adjust the file SIZESCR.FIL. At the same time a bitmap
picture file PLOTFILE.BMP has been produced. Close the form and enter command:

PLOT

The picture then reappears in a standard Windows program. If it is now desired to print it, crop the picture
file first to remove empty space and save it. Microsoft Office Picture Manager or Microsoft Paint can be
used for that. Rather than printing it directly, it is recommended to transfer the picture file to Microsoft Word.
Here it can easily be resized and comments added before printing.

Output is stored in file OUTPUT. To display it on the screen, enter:

FILE OUTPUT

Batch command FILE starts the standard Windows program NOTEPAD. It will be used here for viewing,
editing and printing text files. The first time it is invoked, it should be set to Courier New size 9, word wrap,
and to no top and bottom extra text when printing. The window should always be maximized.
 -2-

From the SYNOP output, an input file for SYNAN is created automatically. It will appear in file
SYNAN.INP in directory \SYNAN. If desired, small changes can then be made in this file, such as
adjustments of wire sizes, slot sizes, etc. How this is done will be explained later. Then the final design is
analyzed with SYNAN.

If program SYNAN is not in base directory \SYNAN, change the batch file RUN.BAT.

INPUT

The demo input file can be viewed with the command:

FILE DEMO.INP

What the numbers mean can be found on the input sheets. For an explanation of what else can be done with
the input file, copy it first to a new file with the command:

COPY DEMO.INP NEW.INP

Introduce headings with the command:

HEADINGS NEW.INP

To see how the file now has been modified, enter:

FILE NEW.INP

The abbreviated headings on the input file also explain the numbers. With a little experience, that explanation
suffices to enter new numbers and to make up new input files.

Old input as similar as possible is first copied to a new input file. Then headings are introduced and the file
changed. Numbers always start in columns 1, 11, 21 and so on. They can be entered with or without decimal
point.

Before the new file can be run, the headings must be removed. Do this first with:

CLEANUP NEW.INP

A file without headings can have headings introduced and be viewed at the same time with:

HEADFILE NEW.INP

Headings can also be removed and the file run at the same time with:

CLEANRUN NEW.INP
 -3-

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The method of optimization is described in the author's doctoral dissertation

"Optimum Design of Electrical Machines", Chalmers Institute of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden,

November 1969,

in the user’s manual for program TRA2 and in the paper:

"Optimized Design of Electric Power Equipment", IEEE Computer Applications in Power, January 1991.

The dissertation also describes an early version of SYNOP.

The complete programs SYNOP and SYNAN are supplied in source code. Numerous comment statements
are included, and a list of symbols with explanations of what they mean. The source code serves as a
documentation of formulas and methods.

Formulas for leakage flux between poles, field leakage reactance and amortisseur leakage reactance and
resistance are based on extensive studies using finite element magnetic field calculations.

Temperature rise of the stator winding is not calculated for axial ventilation, because it depends very much
on the design. At present, it must be estimated from the surface loading.
 -4-

SATURATION CURVES

Data for saturation curves are in file ATPCM.FIL in both the directories for SYNOP and SYNAN. The user
can modify them and add new curves, without changing the programs. The file can contain up to 10 curves
each for teeth, yoke and poles. The ones that are supplied with the program are listed below.

Interpolation is performed with At/cm plotted on a logarithmic scale between B=1 and 2.1 tesla. Below 1
tesla, At/cm is taken proportional to B. Above 2.1 tesla, At/cm is assumed to be a linear function of B, with
the same slope as in air.

SATURATION CURVES
AMPERETURNS PER CM FOR B=1.0,1.1--2.1
TEETH CODE=1.0 0.35 MM H-10
1 1.3 1.8 2.9 5.7 14.3 35 66 107 167 295 875
TEETH CODE=2.0 0.5 MM 1.3W
1.8 2.3 2.9 4.1 6.5 11.1 20 39 65 111 200 510
YOKE CODE=1.0 0.35 MM H-10
1 1.3 1.8 2.9 5.7 14.3 35 66 107 167 295 875
YOKE CODE=2.0 0.5 MM 1.3W
2.5 3.1 4 5.7 9.1 16.7 30 53 88 139 235 510
POLE CODE=1.0 YIELD STRENGTH LESS THAN 400 N/SQ.MM
4 4.5 5.5 7 11 16.5 26 42 71 126 240 500
POLE CODE=2.0 YIELD STRENGTH GREATER THAN 400 N/SQ.MM
6 8.5 11 14 19 25.5 35 50 90 166 340 580
POLE CODE=3.0 USS 16 GAGE
5.9 6.9 8.5 10.7 14.3 21 33 58 100 163 270 500
POLE CODE=4.0 USS MAN-TEN
11.5 13.4 15.9 19.9 24 31 44 65 103 167 280 605

FINITE ELEMENT FIELD CALCULATIONS

An input file FLD17.INP for Synchronous Machine Field Program FLD17 is created automatically after
SYNOP or SYNAN has been run. FLD17 is used to calculate pole shape factors and reactance more
accurately. With small modifications of the input file FLD17 can also calculate starting performance of
motors.
 -5-

THE COMMAND PROMPT ENVIRONMENT

The Command Prompt window should be maximized and the size adjusted to fill the screen after right
clicking the top title bar. Cursor size small and letter size 12x16 pixels are recommended. If Command
Prompt goes into full screen mode by an application, it can be brought back with Alt-Enter.

Since many PC users are not familiar with Command Prompt, here are some hints and frequently used
commands. The commands are examples and may be modified in obvious manners. Large and small letters
are interchangeable.

Commands given once on startup, perhaps in a STARTUP.BAT file:

SET COPYCMD=/Y Deactivates warning on overwriting existing files.
PATH=C:\SYSTEM;C:\QBASIC Specifies search paths for executable files.
SUBST P: C:\DRIVEP Substitutes drive P for directory (or folder) C:\DRIVEP making P a virtual drive (or
unit).

Other commands:
C: Moves to unit C or another unit.
CD\ Changes to base directory.
MD GRAPHICS Makes directory GRAPHICS.
CD\GRAPHICS Changes directory to GRAPHICS, just below the base directory.
COPY OLD.INP NEW.INP Copies old file OLD.INP to a new file NEW.INP.
COPY /? Explains options available for command COPY.
REN OLD.INP NEW.INP Renames OLD.INP as NEW.INP.
DEL OLD.INP Deletes OLD.INP.
DIR *.INP Lists all files in the directory with extension INP.
DIR *.I?? Lists all files in the directory with three letter extension starting with I.
START NOTEPAD OUTPUT Invokes Windows program NOTEPAD with file OUTPUT.
START PLOTFILE.BMP Starts a standard Windows program to process the bitmap file.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM SYNOP INPUT SHEET 1

Numerical data are entered with the first digit in columns 1,11,21 etc.,
as indicated. Decimal point is optional. All dimensions are in mm.

IDENTIFICATION (line 1): Max. 80 characters, including blanks

Description Col. Data Line

KVA 1
POWERFACTOR 11 Can be zero (synchronous condenser)
FREQUENCY 21
NUMBER OF POLES 31
RPM AT OVERSPEED 41 2 0.35 mm H-10: 1 0.5 mm 1.3 W: 2
STATOR, PUNCH. MATERIAL 51 Total OC core loss = (W/kg) kg B2 for teeth and yoke,
W/KG TEETH, B=1.0 61 ) where B = peak flux density.
W/KG YOKE, B=1.0 71 ) W/kg  2.0 at 50 Hz,  2.8 at 60 Hz for 0.35 mm material.
LOAD LOSS FACTOR 1.0 1 Stray load loss outside of windings =
W&F LOSS FACTOR 0.0375 11 factor (ID/1000) (pole pitch/1000) (A/cm/100)2
FACTOR, AT POLE-RIM 200 21
PU CIRC. CURRENT LOSS 0 31 3 Loss = factor (ID/1000)3.64 (L/1000)0.45 (RPM/100)2.75
POLE TIP
PU POLE ARC 0.7 41 AT = factor (AT/mm) at pole base,
DEPTH, OUTER EDGE, MIN. 51 where factor = 0 for integrated pole-rim.
POLE SHAPE FACTORS
K-B 0.96 ) 1
K-PHI 1.0 ) see 11 4
K-D 0.83 ) below 21
XAQ/XAD 0.55 ) 31
AMORTISSEUR WINDING Standard steel YS<400 N/mm2: 1 YS>400: 2
BAR DIAMETER 1 USS 16 gage: 3 MANTEN: 4
POLE BODY
PUNCHING MATERIAL 11
WIDTH OUTER-INNER 21 5
WIDTH OF CENTER SLOT 31 Both are usually zero
DEPTH POLE BODY-COIL 41
LENGTH STATOR-POLE BODY 51
THK. ONE ENDPLATE 61 Thickness of upper plus lower veneer.
ROTOR RIM If only zeros follow, no rim is designed:
LENGTH RIM-STATOR 1 Can be negative
POLES PER SEGMENT 11 Zero for solid rim
DEPTH DOVETAIL SLOT 21 At the junction pole-rim
DEPTH WEDGE SLOT 31 6 At the junction rim-spider
NO. OF STUDS RADIAllY 41 Only those which are of importance in the stress calculations
DIAMETER OF HOLE 51
SEPARATE SPIDER
yes=1 no=0 61
G*D2, SPIDER ETC. (tm2) 71 Also brake plates and fans

K-B: Max. flux density, actual/fundamental

K-PHI: Total air gap flux, actual/fundamental
K-D: Fundamental flux due to (armature reaction/field excitation)
for max. armature reaction ampereturns equal to field ampereturns.

KB, K-PHI, K-D and XAQ/XAD can be calculated with program FLD13.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM SYNOP INPUT SHEET 2

Description Col. Data Line

FIELD WINDING
WINDING TYPE 1 Wire wound = 1 Strip wound = 2 Welded strip = 3
CU-FILL FACTOR 11  0 only if wire wound
VOLTAGE, RATED LOAD 21 At 100 deg. C Gross area
EXTENDED TURNS/NORMAL 31 7 ) between veneers
EXTENSION, SIDE 41 )  0 only if strip
EXTENSION, END 51 )
COIL BRACKETS, ONE SIDE 61 Subtracted from the total losses in calculation of
WIDTH OF BRACKET 71 temperature rise of cooling air. The value is not
BEARING LOSSES 1 critical, and can often be given as zero.
PU EXCITER LOSS 11 Exciter loss / field loss
COSTS
$/CUB.DM MAIN INSULATION, Costs are given on the basis of net weights. It is
SLOT + COIL END 21 8 recommended to use pure material costs multiplied
$/KG CU, STATOR 31 by a factor of about 3 to make the total generator cost
CU, ROTOR 41 approximately "as seen by the customer". This is
STATOR PUNCHINGS 51 necessary to make the generator cost comparable to
POLE PUNCHINGS 61 the cost of losses. The program minimizes
ROTOR RIM 1 "cost of generator + cost of losses".
$/KW W&F + OC CORE LOSS 11
STATOR DC + LOAD LOSS 21
FIELD + EXCITER LOSS 31 9
$/PERCENT XD 41 ) Only  0 if there is a premium on low reactance
XD-TRANSIENT 51 )
LIMITS Stator insulation is expensive, takes up valuable space,
RATED VOLTAGE, MIN. ) can be 1 and is a barrier to heat transfer. Therefore the voltage
(volts) MAX. ) equal 11 will often come out close to its minimum value.
STATOR TURNS/COIL, MIN. 21 )
MAX. 31 ) MIN = MAX = 1 for roebel bars
XD-TRANSIENT, MIN. 41 10 Can be zero. There must be a reasonable permissible
(per unit) MAX. 51 range between MIN and MAX.
TEMPERATURE RISE, MAX. Not calculated for random windings and/or axial
STATOR WINDING BY RTD 61 ventilation.
FIELD WINDING BY RESISTANCE 71
W&F + OC CORE LOSS, MAX. 1 ) If there are no limits, high values such as 9000 kW
TOTAL LOSSES, MAX. 11 ) should be given.
CLEAR. BETW. FIELD COILS, MIN. 21
G*D-SQUARED, TOTAL, MIN. 31 11 tm2
RIM STRESS, MAX. (see below) 41 N/mm2. If given as zero, the rim will not be designed.
CU-DEPTH, STATOR, MAX. 51 Max. pu eddy current loss in a slot.
PU EDDY CURRENT LOSS, MAX. 61  0.6 is reasonable.
NO. OF ALTERNATIVES, MAX. 71 3000 is usually satisfactory.

Rim stress is calculated as average stress for a segmental rim, maximum

stress at the inside diameter for a solid rim.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM SYNOP INPUT SHEET 3

Description Col. Data Line

VARIABLES
1 SYNCHR. REACTANCE XD, MIN. 1 If there is no premium on low x , MIN and MAX
(per unit) MAX. 11 should both be the same, keeping xd constant.
STATOR
2 INSIDE DIAMETER, MIN. 21 MAX should not be more than about 1.25*MIN
MAX. 31 12
3 SLOT WIDTH, MIN. 41 For random windings, it is the width at the
MAX. 51 top of the slot, below the tapered part.
4 SLOT/TOOTH WIDTH, MIN. 61 At air gap diameter, or for random windings,
MAX. 71 below the tapered part at the top of the slot.
5 A/CM STATOR LOADING, MIN. 1 MAX should not be more than about 1.5*MIN,
MAX. 11 preferably less.
6 W/SQ.CM, DC LOSS, MIN. 21 The area is taken as the slot perimeter below
MAX. 31 the wedge times unit length.
ACTUAL DENSITIES AT OC 13
7 TEETH, MIN. 41 ) Almost invariably, the optimum is at the max. limits.
MAX. 1.7-1.85 51 ) Advantage can be taken of this, giving MIN=MAX,
8 YOKE, MIN. 61 ) thereby reducing the no. of independent variables.
MAX. 1.35 71 )
ROTOR In most cases, the optimum pole density is
9 POLE DENSITY, RATED LOAD, MIN. 1 below the maximum limit. This is primarily
MAX. 11 because of the reduced excitation requirement.
10 PU TH'K OF FIELD COIL, MIN. 21 Pu th'k = 1 when the field winding is flush with the
MAX. 31 14 pole tip. The optimum is often at the max. limit.
11 W/SQ.CM SURFACE LOADING, MIN. 41 The area is taken as the max. length of turn times the
MAX. 51 coil depth between veneers, plus extra area due to
NUMBER OF LINES FOLLOWS 61 extended turns, if any.

The following lines can be omitted. "Number of

lines follows" on line 14 is then given as zero.

The following quantities can be kept con-

stant by being given different from zero.
STATOR
OUTSIDE DIAMETER 1
STACK LENGTH 11 Gross length, including ventilating ducts.
NUMBER OF SLOTS 21
SLOT DEPTH 31 15 Total depth, from air gap to bottom of slot
PARALLEL CIRCUITS, Y 41
POLE BODY
WIDTH, INNER 51 d
DEPTH 61 w

Variable number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Starting point 1 MAX AVG AVG AVG AVG MAX MAX MAX MAX AVG MAX
2 MAX AVG AVG AVG AVG MAX MAX MAX MAX MIN MAX
3 MAX AVG AVG AVG AVG MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX
4 MAX MIN AVG AVG MIN MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX
5 MAX MAX AVG AVG MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX

For a variable where all the starting points are at the max. limit, the
min. limit can be given as zero in the input. Otherwise, all limits must
give realistic designs.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM SYNOP INPUT SHEET 4

If standard built-in values are to be used, the lines must be omitted or

the values given as -1. If a line is included, preceding lines must also
be included.

Description Col. Data Line

STATOR
STACKING FACTOR 0.95 1 Data for space blocks are
DUCT WIDTH 11 ) Zeros if axial used to calculate air veloci-
SPACE BLOCKS PER TOOTH 21 ) ventilation ties for radial ventilation.
CROSS SECTION, SPACE BLOCK 31 16 )
LENGTH OF PACKAGE, APPROX. 41 ) Between ventilating ducts
WEDGE DEPTH 51
NECK DEPTH (above wedge) 61 Often zero, except for random windings.
HORIZONTAL SPACER 71 Must be thick enough for a temperature detector.
CU-WIDTH, MAX. 1 Specify large value for roebel bar winding, since
CLEARANCES IN THE SLOT there will be two wires in the width anyway.
IN THE WIDTH 11
IN THE DEPTH 21
INS. ALLOWANCES, TWO SIDES
ARMOR TAPE 31 17 Does not include turn and strand insulation,
MAIN INSULATION, COIL END 41 ) clearance and armor tape.
SLOT 51 ) For random winding, 2*th'k of slot liner.
TURN INSULATION 61 Does not include strand insulation.
STRAND INSULATION 71
VERTICAL SPACER 1
PU COIL PITCH, APPROX. 0.8 11
DISTANCE CORE - FIRST BEND 21
CLEARANCE BETWEEN COIL ENDS 31
ROTOR 18
MAX./MIN. AIR GAP 41 1.5 with one pole face radius can be used
AMORTISSEUR WINDING w
SLOT PITCH ROTOR/STATOR 51 0.88 d
WIDTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 1 d/w is used in the calculation of
DEPTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 11 amortisseur leakage reactance.
CONNECTED=1 OPEN=0 21
POLE BODY If open, Cu - end punchings are assumed.
NET/GROSS AREA 0.95 31 19 Gross area = width*length, incl. end plates
FIELD WINDING Zero for welded strip WNECK
INNER CORNER RADIUS 41 Neck depth
TH'K OUTER VENEER 51 HTAPS Wedge
GROUND INS. + CLEARANCE 61 Strand ins., two depth
TURN INSULATION 71 sides, if wire wound. Slot
RANDOM WINDINGS width
SLOT WIDTH, MAX-MIN *1 1 WSMXN
NECK WIDTH 11 WNECK
TAPER DEPTH 21 20 HTAPS
RADIUS AT BOTTOM 31 RBOTT RBOTT WSMXN/2
APPROX. CU-DIAMETER 41 ) Zeros, if
CU-FILL FACTOR *2 51 ) open slots.

Give large value if semicircle at bottom

*1 A value -1 means parallel teeth.

*2 The Cu-fill factor is Cu-area divided by slot area below the wedge,
inside of the slot liner.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ANALYSIS PROGRAM SYNAN INPUT SHEET 1

Numerical data are entered with the first digit in columns 1,11,21 etc.,
as indicated. Decimal point is optional. All dimensions are in mm.

IDENTIFICATION (line 1): Max. 80 characters, including blanks

Description Col. Data Line

KVA 1
POWERFACTOR 11 Can be zero (synchronous condenser)
VOLTAGE (volts) 21 2
FREQUENCY 31
NUMBER OF POLES 41 0.35 mm H-10: 1 0.5 mm 1.3 W: 2
RPM AT OVERSPEED 51 Total OC core loss = (W/kg)*kg*B2 for teeth and
STATOR, PUNCH. MATERIAL 1 yoke, where B = peak fundamental flux density.
W/KG TEETH, B=1.0 11 ) W/kg2.0 at 50 Hz, 2.8 at 60 Hz for 0.35 mm steel.
W/KG YOKE, B=1.0 21 )
LOAD LOSS FACTOR 1.0 31 3 Load loss outside windings =
STACKING FACTOR 0.95 41 factor (ID/1000) (pole pitch/1000) (A/cm/100)2
OUTSIDE DIAMETER 51
INSIDE DIAMETER 61
STACK LENGTH 71
NO. OF VENTILATING DUCTS 1 )
WIDTH OF VENTILATING DUCT 11 ) Zeros if Data for space blocks are
SPACE BLOCKS PER TOOTH 21 ) axial used to calculate air veloci-
CROSS SECTION, SPACE BLOCK 31 4 ) ventilation ties for radial ventilation.
NUMBER OF SLOTS 41
SLOT WIDTH, MIN. 51 ) Same if open slots
MAX. 61 )
NECK WIDTH (above wedge) 1
NECK DEPTH 11
SLOT DEPTH 21 Total depth, from air gap to bottom of slot.
TAPER DEPTH 31 5 Zero if open slots
WEDGE DEPTH 41
RADIUS AT BOTTOM 51 Zero if open slots
HORIZONTAL SPACER 61
TURNS PER COIL 1 Neck width
STRANDS PER TURN, UPPER 11 Often the same Neck depth
LOWER 21 Taper depth Wedge depth
CU-WIDTH 31 6 )
CU-DEPTH, UPPER 41 ) Cu-diameter for Slot width,
LOWER 51 ) random windings. min.
DEPTH OF TRANSPOSITION, UPPER 61 0 only for
LOWER 71 roebel bars.
INSUL. ALLOWANCES, TWO SIDES Does not include
ARMOR TAPE 1 turn and strand
MAIN INSULATION, COIL END 11 ) insulation,
SLOT 21 7 ) clearance and armor tape. Slot width, max.
TURN INSULATION 31 For random winding, 2 * th'k of slot liner.
STRAND INSULATION 41 Does not include strand insulation.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ANALYSIS PROGRAM SYNAN INPUT SHEET 2

Description Col. Data Line

VERTICAL SPACER 1
PARALLEL CIRCUITS, Y 11
COIL PITCH 21 Equal to 7 for slot 1 to 8
MEAN LENGTH OF TURN 31 8 ) Can be entered as zero and determined by the program
PU ADDITION, RESISTANCE 41 )
PU CIRCULATING CURRENT LOSS 51 0
MIN. AIR GAP 61 ) Can be entered as zero and determined by the program.
MAX. AIR GAP 71 ) See line 17.
POLE SHAPE FACTORS
K-B 0.96 1 Max. flux density, actual/fundamental.
K-PHI 1.0 11 Total air gap flux, actual/fundamental.
K-D 0.83 21 Fundamental flux due to
XAQ/XAD 0.55 31 9 (armature reaction/field excitation) for max. armature
AMORTISSEUR BARS PER POLE 41 reaction ampereturns equal to field ampereturns.
BAR DIAMETER 51
SLOT PITCH AT AIR GAP 61 K-B, K-PHI, K-D and XAQ/XAD
WIDTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 71 w can be calculated with program FLD13.
DEPTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 1 d
LENGTH BETWEEN END RINGS 11
CROSS SECTION, END RING 21
CONNECTED=1 OPEN=0 31
POLE TIP 10
WIDTH 41
DEPTH AT CENTERLINE 51
POLE BODY Standard steel YS<400 N/mm : 1
PUNCHING MATERIAL 61 YS>400: 2 USS 16 GAGE: 3 MANTEN: 4
NET/GROSS AREA 71
WIDTH, OUTER 1 Width, outer WIDTH, OUTER is usually
WIDTH, INNER 11 equal to WIDTH, INNER.
WIDTH OF CENTER SLOT 21 Usually zero
DEPTH OF POLE BODY 31 inner
LENGTH WITHOUT ENDPLATES 41 11
TH'K ONE ENDPLATE 51
FACTOR, AT POLE-RIM 61 200 AT = factor*(AT/mm) at pole base,
ROTOR RIM where factor=0 for integrated pole-rim.
NET LENGTH 71 Can be entered as zero and determined by the program.
DEPTH OF RIM 1 See line 19.
POLES PER SEGMENT 11 Zero for solid rim.
DEPTH DOVETAIL SLOT 21 At the junction pole-rim.
DEPTH WEDGE SLOT 31 12 At the junction rim-spider.
NO. OF STUDS, RADIALLY 41 ) Only those which are of importance in the stress
DIAMETER OF HOLE 51 ) calculations.
G*D , SPIDER ETC. (tm2) 61
W&F LOSS FACTOR 0.0375 71 Loss = factor (ID/1000)3.64 (L/1000)0.45 (RPM/100)2.75
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR ANALYSIS PROGRAM SYNAN INPUT SHEET 3

Description Col. Data Line

FIELD WINDING
WINDING TYPE 1 Wire wound=1 Strip wound=2 Welded strip=3
MEAN LENGTH OF TURN 11 )
CU-DEPTH 21 )
NORMAL TURNS PER POLE 31 13 ) If field winding synthesis is desired, all these
CU-WIDTH 41 ) data are given as zero. The data on line 18 must
EXTENDED TURNS PER COIL 51 ) then be given different from zero.
CU-WIDTH 61 )
EXTENSION, SIDE 1
EXTENSION, END 11
COIL THICKNESS, MAX. 21 14 ) If field winding synthesis is desired, these data
MIN. 31 ) are also given as zero.
TAPER DEPTH 41
COIL DEPTH 51
INNER CORNER RADIUS 1
THICKNESS, OUTER VENEER 11
GROUND INS. + CLEARANCE 21
TURN INSULATION 31 15 Strand insulation, two sides, if wire wound.
COIL BRACKETS, ONE SIDE 41
WIDTH OF BRACKET 51
NUMBER OF LINES FOLLOWS 61
OPEN CIRCUIT CORE LOSS 1
SHORT CIRCUIT LOAD LOSS 11 If one or more of the data on line 16 are given different
WIND. AND FRICTION LOSS 21 from zero, they are used wherever possible in the
DUE TO BEARING LOSS 31 16 calculations of losses, efficiencies, ventilation,
PU EXCITER LOSS 41 temperature rise and field voltage (ampereturns
AMP.TURNS, RATED LOAD 51 only at rated load).
AIR FLOW, CUB.M/SEC. 61
SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE XD 1 17 ) If the program is to determine the air gap, these data
MAX/MIN AIR GAP 11 ) must be given different from zero.
FIELD WINDING
W/SQ.CM SURFACE LOADING 1
CU-FILL FACTOR 11 18 If field winding synthesis is desired, the data on line 18
VOLTAGE, RATED LOAD, 100C 21 must be given different from zero.
EXTENDED TURNS/NORMAL 31
CLEAR. BETWEEN COILS, MIN. 41
G*D , TOTAL (tm2) 1 19 ) If the program is to determine the rim depth, these data
MAX. RIM STRESS (N/mm2) 11 ) must be given different from zero.
ADDITIONAL EXCITATION POINTS
POWERFACTOR 1 20 Excitation is always calculated for rated powerfactor,
PU CURRENT 11 powerfactor equal to one, and also zero leading and
PU VOLTAGE 21 lagging. Additional points can be specified here.
POWERFACTOR 1 Leading powerfactor is entered as negative. The number
PU CURRENT 11 21 of additional points is unlimited.
PU VOLTAGE 21
POWERFACTOR 1
PU CURRENT 11 22
PU VOLTAGE 21
POWERFACTOR 1
PU CURRENT 11 23
PU VOLTAGE 21
POWERFACTOR 1
PU CURRENT 11 24
PU VOLTAGE 21
PROGRAM SYNOP SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR OPTIMIZATION
60 POLE, 65000 KVA GENERATOR
KVA 65000.0
POWERFACTOR 0.900
FREQUENCY 50.0
NUMBER OF POLES 60.0
RPM AT OVERSPEED 273.0
STATOR, PUNCHING MATERIAL 1.0
W/KG TEETH, B=1.0 2.000
W/KG YOKE, B=1.0 2.000
LOAD LOSS FACTOR 1.000
W&F LOSS FACTOR 0.0375
FACTOR, AT POLE-RIM 200.0
PU CIRC. CURRENT LOSS 0.0000
POLE TIP
PU POLE ARC 0.700
DEPTH OUTER EDGE, MIN. 30.0
POLE SHAPE FACTORS
K-B 0.941
K-PHI 0.998
K-D 0.850
XAQ/XAD 0.525
AMORTISSEUR WINDING
BAR DIAMETER 12.0
POLE BODY
PUNCHING MATERIAL 3.0
WIDTH OUTER-INNER 0.0
WIDTH OF CENTER SLOT 0.0
DEPTH POLE BODY-COIL 16.0
LENGTH STATOR-POLE BODY 40.0
THK. ONE ENDPLATE 20.0
ROTOR RIM
LENGTH RIM-STATOR 50.0
POLES PER SEGMENT 3.5
DEPTH DOVETAIL SLOT 50.0
DEPTH WEDGE SLOT 15.0
NO. OF STUDS RADIALLY 2.0
DIAMETER OF HOLE 40.00
SEPARATE SPIDER
G*D-SQUARED, SPIDER ETC. 600.0
FIELD WINDING
STRIP WOUND
CU-FILL FACTOR 0.000
VOLTAGE, RATED LOAD 225.00
EXTENDED TURNS/NORMAL 0.500
EXTENSION, SIDE 12.0
EXTENSION, END 12.0
COIL BRACKETS, ONE SIDE 0.0
WIDTH OF BRACKET 0.0
BEARING LOSSES 0.0
PU EXCITER LOSS 0.050
COSTS
$/CUB.DM MAIN INSULATION 125.00
$/KG CU, STATOR 13.00
CU, ROTOR 16.00
STATOR PUNCHINGS 5.50
POLE PUNCHINGS 4.50
ROTOR RIM 4.50
$/KW WIND.+FRICT.+OC CORE LOSS 1250.0
STATOR DC+LOAD LOSS 750.0
FIELD+EXCITER LOSS 1200.0
$/PERCENT XD 0.0
XD-TRANS. 0.0
LIMITS
RATED VOLTAGE, MIN. 10000.0
MAX. 12000.0
STATOR TURNS PER COIL, MIN. 1.0
MAX. 1.0
XD-TRANSIENT, MIN. 0.000
MAX. 0.350
TEMPERATURE RISE, MAX.
STATOR WDG. BY RTD 60.0
FIELD WDG. BY RESISTANCE 60.0
WIND.+FRICT.+OC CORE LOSS, MAX. 9000.0
TOTAL LOSSES, MAX. 9000.0
CLEAR. BETW. FIELD COILS, MIN. 40.0
G*D-SQUARED, TOTAL, MIN. 10000.0
RIM STRESS, MAX. 250.0
CU-DEPTH, STATOR, MAX. 2.80
PU EDDY CURRENT LOSS, MAX. 0.600
NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES, MAX. 3000.0
VARIABLES
SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE XD, MIN. 1.100
MAX. 1.100
STATOR
INSIDE DIAMETER, MIN. 8000.0
MAX. 9000.0
SLOT WIDTH, MIN. 18.0
MAX. 22.0
SLOT/TOOTH WIDTH, MIN. 0.400
MAX. 0.600
A/CM STATOR LOADING, MIN. 550.0
MAX. 650.0
W/SQ.CM, DC LOSS, MIN. 0.1100
MAX. 0.1100
ACTUAL DENSITIES AT OPEN CIRCUIT
TEETH, MIN. 1.800
MAX. 1.800
YOKE, MIN. 1.350
MAX. 1.350
ROTOR
POLE DENSITY, RATED LOAD, MIN. 1.600
MAX. 1.800
PU THK. OF FIELD COIL, MIN. 1.500
MAX. 1.500
W/SQ.CM SURFACE LOADING, MIN. 0.250
MAX. 0.350
OPTIONAL INPUT (0.0 LEAVES CHOICE UP TO PROGRAM)
STATOR
OUTSIDE DIAMETER 0.0
STACK LENGTH 0.0
NUMBER OF SLOTS 0.0
SLOT DEPTH 0.0
PARALLEL CIRCUITS, Y 0.0
POLE BODY
WIDTH, INNER 0.0
DEPTH 0.0

STANDARD VALUES (-1.0 MEANS BUILT-IN VALUE IS USED)

STATOR
STACKING FACTOR -1.000
DUCT WIDTH -1.0
SPACE BLOCKS PER TOOTH -1.0
CROSS SECTION, SPACE BLOCK -1.0 NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES
LENGTH OF PACKAGE, APPROX. -1.0 INITIAL STAGE 798
WEDGE DEPTH -1.0 FINAL STAGE 84
NECK DEPTH (ABOVE WEDGE) -1.0 TOTAL 882
HORIZONTAL SPACER -1.0
CU-WIDTH, MAX. -1.0
CLEARANCES IN THE SLOT BEFORE ROUNDING AND ADJUSTMENTS
IN THE WIDTH -1.00 SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE XD 1.100
IN THE DEPTH -1.00 STATOR
INSULATION ALLOWANCES, TWO SIDES INSIDE DIAMETER 8404.5
ARMOR TAPE -1.00 SLOT WIDTH 22.00
MAIN INSULATION, COIL END -1.00 SLOT/TOOTH WIDTH 0.418
SLOT -1.00 A/CM STATOR LOADING 600.5
TURN INSULATION -1.00 W/SQ.CM, DC LOSS 0.1100
STRAND INSULATION -1.00 TOOTH DENSITY AT OC 1.800
VERTICAL SPACER -1.00 YOKE DENSITY AT OC 1.350
PU COIL PITCH, APPROX. -1.000 ROTOR
DISTANCE CORE - FIRST BEND -1.0 POLE DENSITY AT RATED LOAD 1.737
CLEARANCE BETWEEN COIL ENDS -1.0 PU THICKNESS OF FIELD COIL 1.500
ROTOR W/SQ.CM SURFACE LOADING 0.299
MAX./MIN. AIR GAP -1.00
AMORTISSEUR WINDING
SLOT PITCH ROTOR/STATOR -1.000 COSTS IN DOLLARS
WIDTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR -1.0 MAIN INSULATION 81171.3
DEPTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR -1.0 CU, STATOR 110919.0
CONNECTED/OPEN -1.0 CU, ROTOR 253457.9
POLE BODY STATOR PUNCHINGS 272063.8
NET/GROSS AREA -1.000 POLE PUNCHINGS 167072.8
FIELD WINDING ROTOR RIM 490487.8
INNER CORNER RADIUS -1.0 SUM ACTIVE PARTS 1375172.6
THK. OUTER VENEER -1.0 WIND.+FRICT.+OC CORE LOSS 432096.9
GROUND INSULATION+CLEARANCE -1.0 STATOR DC + LOAD LOSS 323655.2
TURN INSULATION -1.00 LOSS FIELD WDG. + EXCITER 282998.8
SUM LOSSES 1038751.0
RANDOM WINDINGS (ZEROS IF OPEN SLOTS) SUM ACTIVE PARTS + LOSSES 2413923.5
SLOT WIDTH, MAX-MIN 0.0 PREMIUM FOR XD 0.0
NECK WIDTH 0.0 PREMIUM FOR XD-TRANS. 0.0
TAPER DEPTH 0.0 SUM PREMIUM 0.0
RADIUS AT BOTTOM 0.0 COST-PREMIUM 2413923.5
APPROX. CU-DIAMETER 0.00 PENALTY 0.0
CU-FILL FACTOR 0.000 COST-PREMIUM+PENALTY 2413923.5
60 POLE, 65000 KVA GENERATOR
KVA 65000.0
POWERFACTOR 0.900
VOLTAGE 10000.0
FREQUENCY 50.0
NUMBER OF POLES 60.0
RPM AT OVERSPEED 273.0
STATOR, PUNCHING MATERIAL 1.0
W/KG TEETH, B=1.0 2.000
W/KG YOKE, B=1.0 2.000
LOAD LOSS FACTOR 1.0000
STACKING FACTOR 0.950
OUTSIDE DIAMETER 8890.0
INSIDE DIAMETER 8400.0
STACK LENGTH 1390.0
NO. OF VENTILATING DUCTS 29.0
WIDTH OF VENTILATING DUCT 6.0
SPACE BLOCKS PER TOOTH 2.0
CROSS SECTION, SPACE BLOCK 18.0
NUMBER OF SLOTS 414.0
SLOT WIDTH, MIN. 22.0
MAX. 22.0
NECK WIDTH (ABOVE WEDGE) 0.0
NECK DEPTH 0.0
SLOT DEPTH 116.0
TAPER DEPTH 0.0
WEDGE DEPTH 8.0
RADIUS AT BOTTOM 0.00
HORIZONTAL SPACER 5.0
TURNS PER COIL 1.0
STRANDS PER TURN, UPPER 28.0
LOWER 28.0
CU-WIDTH 7.20
CU-DEPTH, UPPER 2.67
LOWER 2.67
DEPTH OF TRANSPOSITION, UPPER 2.97
LOWER 2.97
INSULATION ALLOWANCES, TWO SIDES
ARMOR TAPE 0.40
MAIN INSULATION, COIL END 5.50
SLOT 5.50
TURN INSULATION 0.00
STRAND INSULATION 0.30
VERTICAL SPACER 0.50
PARALLEL CIRCUITS, Y 2.0
COIL PITCH 6.0
MEAN LENGTH OF TURN 4383.5
PU ADDITION, RESISTANCE 0.092
PU CIRCULATING CURRENT LOSS 0.0000
MIN. AIR GAP 11.00
MAX. AIR GAP 16.50
POLE SHAPE FACTORS
K-B 0.941
K-PHI 0.998
K-D 0.850
XAQ/XAD 0.525
AMORTISSEUR BARS PER POLE 5.0
BAR DIAMETER 12.0
SLOT PITCH AT AIR GAP 56.1
WIDTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 3.0
DEPTH OF SLOT ABOVE BAR 3.0
LENGTH BETWEEN END RINGS 1487.0
CROSS SECTION, END RING 240.0
CONNECTED BETWEEN POLES
POLE TIP
WIDTH 307.0
DEPTH AT CENTERLINE 39.0
POLE BODY
PUNCHING MATERIAL 3.0
NET/GROSS AREA 0.950
WIDTH, OUTER 234.0
WIDTH, INNER 234.0
WIDTH OF CENTER SLOT 0.0
DEPTH OF POLE BODY 202.0
LENGTH WITHOUT ENDPLATES 1350.0
THK. ONE ENDPLATE 20.0
FACTOR, AT POLE-RIM 200.0
ROTOR RIM
NET LENGTH 1440.0
DEPTH OF RIM 410.0
POLES PER SEGMENT 3.5
DEPTH DOVETAIL SLOT 50.0
DEPTH WEDGE SLOT 15.0
NO. OF STUDS, RADIALLY 2.0
DIAMETER OF HOLE 40.00
G*D-SQUARED, SPIDER ETC. 600.0
W&F LOSS FACTOR 0.0375
STRIP WOUND FIELD WINDING
MEAN LENGTH OF TURN 3462.5
CU-DEPTH 9.00
NORMAL TURNS PER POLE 13.5
CU-WIDTH 48.70
EXTENDED TURNS PER POLE (STRIP ONLY) 6.0
CU-WIDTH 48.70
EXTENSION, SIDE 12.0
EXTENSION, END 12.0
COIL THICKNESS, MAX. 48.8
MIN. 48.8
TAPER DEPTH 0.0
COIL DEPTH 186.0
INNER CORNER RADIUS 0.0
THICKNESS, OUTER VENEER 8.0
GROUND INSULATION + CLEARANCE 4.0
TURN INSULATION 0.30
COIL BRACKETS, ONE SIDE 0.0
WIDTH OF BRACKET 0.0
VALUES GIVEN DIFFERENT FROM ZERO OVERRIDE
CALCULATED VALUES
GIVEN CALCULATED
OPEN CIRCUIT CORE LOSS 0.00 245.04
SHORT CIRCUIT LOAD LOSS 0.00 153.16
WINDAGE AND FRICTION LOSS 0.00 100.64
DUE TO BEARING LOSS 0.00
PU EXCITER LOSS 0.050
AMPERE TURNS, RATED LOAD 0.0 20966.2
AIR FLOW, CUB.M/SEC 0.000 36.525
AT RATED LOAD VOLUME OF MAIN INSULATION, CUB.DM 649.37
RPM 100.0 WEIGHTS
STATOR CURRENT 3752.8 CU, STATOR 8532.2
KILOWATT 58500.0 ROTOR 15841.1
PERIPHERAL SPEED, M/SEC STATOR PUNCHINGS, TEETH 18089.1
AT RATED RPM 43.9 YOKE 31377.0
AT OVERSPEED 119.8 TOTAL 49466.1
FLUX AT OPEN CIRCUIT 0.40203 POLE PCH., WITHOUT DOVETAILS 37127.3
CURRENT DENSITY, STATOR 3.564 ROTOR RIM, WITH DOVETAILS 108997.3
ROTOR 2.455 G*D-SQUARED, TONNES*SQ.M
SURFACE LOADING, W/SQ.CM FIELD WINDING 1038.8
STATOR, BELOW WEDGE POLE PCH., WITHOUT DOVETAILS 2462.7
DUE TO DC LOSS 0.1080 END PLATES, APPROX. 73.0
DUE TO TOTAL CU-LOSS 0.1261 ROTOR RIM, WITH DOVETAILS 6126.6
STATOR, TOWARDS AIR GAP SPIDER, BRAKE PLATES ETC. 600.0
DUE TO OC CORE LOSS 0.668 TOTAL 10301.1
DUE TO TOTAL CU-LOSS 0.514 AT OVERSPEED
ROTOR, INCL. EXT. TURNS 0.310 MEGANEWTON CENTR. FORCE, ONE POLE 2.994059
TEMPERATURE RISE N/SQ.MM TENSILE STRESS, ROTOR RIM 249.82
STATOR, RTD 55.6
CU, UPPER 66.8
CU, LOWER 60.5 REACTANCES, PER UNIT
TEETH 38.3 XD 1.097
FIELD WINDING 59.7 XD-TRANS. 0.286
COOLING AIR 24.0 XD-SUBTRANS. 0.208
FACTORS XQ 0.637
OUTPUT FACTOR 6.627 XQ-SUBTRANS. 0.224
PITCH FACTOR 0.979 XO 0.097
WINDING FACTOR 0.935 X2 0.216
CARTER'S COEFFICIENT 1.121 XL 0.128
PU EDDY CURRENT LOSS, MAX. 0.503 XAD 0.969
AVG. 0.098 XAQ 0.509
RATIOS XF 0.189
SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO 1.079 XKD 0.161
A/CM STATOR LOADING 588.7 XKQ 0.119
PU COIL PITCH 0.870 ROTOR REMOVED 0.222
PU POLE ARC 0.701 RESISTANCES, OHM, 20 DEGREES
SLOT WIDTH/MIN. AIR GAP 2.000 PER PHASE 0.005418
SLOT/TOOTH WIDTH 0.527 LINE-LINE 0.010836
VOLTS PER TURN 87.62 FIELD WINDING 0.1598
KW/EL. RADIAN 141116.8 PER UNIT, 20 DEGREES
SLOTS/POLE 6.900 RA 0.003522
CU-FILL FACTORS RF 0.000555
RANDOM WOUND STATOR WINDING 0.000 RKD 0.020993
WIRE WOUND FIELD WINDING 0.000 RKQ 0.020035
PU POLE LEAKAGE, OC, UNSAT. 0.140 TIME CONSTANTS, 20 DEGREES
DIMENSIONS TDO-TRANS. 6.6438
LENGTH OF STATOR PACKAGE 40.5 TDO-SUBTR. 0.0484
NET STACK LENGTH 1155.2 TD-TRANS. 1.7337
SLOT PITCH 63.74 TD-SUBTR. 0.0351
POLE PITCH 439.8 TA 0.1259
DEPTH OF POLE TIP, MIN. 30.7
DISTANCES POLE-POLE
POLE TIP, OUTER 131.0
POLE BODY, OUTER 200.7
INNER 179.6
BETWEEN COILS, INNER 74.9
CLEARANCES IN STATOR SLOT
IN THE WIDTH 0.60
IN THE DEPTH 2.10
MEASURABLE LOSSES VENTILATION
WINDAGE AND FRICTION LOSS 100.64 CUB.M/SEC 36.525
OPEN CIRCUIT CORE LOSS 245.04 KW/CUB.M/SEC 27.429
STATOR DC LOSS 278.38 M/SEC TEETH, MAX. 14.19
SHORT CIRCUIT LOAD LOSS 153.16 TEETH, AVER. 13.84
FIELD LOSS 224.60 YOKE, AVER. 8.38
EXCITER LOSS 11.23 FLUX DENSITIES AT OPEN CIRCUIT
NON MEASURABLE LOSS COMPONENTS FUNDAMENTAL FLUX WAVE
OPEN CIRCUIT AIR GAP 1.035
TEETH 130.85 TEETH 1.902
YOKE 114.19 ACTUAL FLUX WAVE
SHORT CIRCUIT AIR GAP 0.974
EDDY+CIRC. CURRENT LOSS 25.10 TEETH 1.790
LOAD LOSS OUTSIDE WDG. 128.06 YOKE 1.349
EFFICIENCIES POLE 1.501
POWERFACTOR 0.900 AT RATED LOAD
100 PC LOAD 98.298 POLE 1.735
75 PC LOAD 98.298 FIELD VOLTAGE
50 PC LOAD 98.063 RATED LOAD, 100 DEG. 225.77
25 PC LOAD 96.928 OPEN CIRC., 20 DEG. 92.74
POWERFACTOR 1.0
100 PC LOAD 98.602
75 PC LOAD 98.585
50 PC LOAD 98.362 PU OF AIR GAP FIELD AMPERE
25 PC LOAD 97.328 AMPERE TURNS AMPS TURNS

AIR GAP, OC, RATED VOLTAGE 1.000 490.31 9561.0

SHORT CIRC., RATED CURRENT 1.097 537.94 10489.8
DUE TO SATURATION, RATED LOAD
TEETH 0.161 78.79 1536.4
YOKE 0.005 2.27 44.2
POLE BODY 0.103 50.60 986.8
JUNCTION POLE-RIM 0.147 71.92 1402.4
TOTAL DUE TO SATURATION 0.415 203.57 3969.6

POWERFACTOR PU CURRENT PU VOLTAGE

OPEN CIRCUIT 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.842 412.60 8045.8

0.000 0.000 0.900 0.983 482.11 9401.1
0.000 0.000 1.000 1.184 580.51 11320.0
0.000 0.000 1.100 1.506 738.22 14395.2
0.000 0.000 1.200 2.636 1292.48 25203.4

LOAD, RATED PF 0.900 1.000 1.000 2.193 1075.19 20966.2

0.900 0.750 1.000 1.869 916.28 17867.6
0.900 0.500 1.000 1.591 779.98 15209.7
0.900 0.250 1.000 1.361 667.21 13010.5

LOAD, UNITY PF 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.717 841.92 16417.4

1.000 0.750 1.000 1.506 738.18 14394.5
1.000 0.500 1.000 1.336 655.12 12774.8
1.000 0.250 1.000 1.224 600.04 11700.8

ZERO PF LAGGING 0.000 1.000 1.000 2.958 1450.29 28280.6

0.000 0.750 1.000 2.383 1168.63 22788.2
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.922 942.23 18373.4
0.000 0.250 1.000 1.530 750.09 14626.7

ZERO PF LEADING 0.000 1.000 1.000 -0.044 -21.49 -419.1

0.000 0.750 1.000 0.251 122.98 2398.2
0.000 0.500 1.000 0.551 270.32 5271.3
0.000 0.250 1.000 0.861 422.35 8235.9
60 POLE – 65000 KVA GENERATOR
4 POLE – 500 KVA GENERATOR
2 POLE – 20 KVA GENERATOR