What is Gas?

-Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid,
and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like
neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound
molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture would
contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids
and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually
makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in
the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible, as indicated
by the constant velocity vectors in the image.

The gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states,[1] the latter
of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end
of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases[2] which are gaining
increasing attention.[3] High-density atomic gases super cooled to incredibly low
temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi
gas. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter see list of states of
matter.
 What is Solid?

-Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas,
and plasma). In solids molecules are closely packed. It is characterized by structural
rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike liquid, a solid object does
not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire
volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each
other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and
ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Solids
cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little
pressure because in gases molecules are loosely packed.

The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main
branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is
primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state
chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the
science of identification and chemical composition.
 What is Liquid?

-Liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but
retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four
fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state
with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of
matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most
common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a
container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a
gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly
constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to
wetting phenomena.

The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas.
Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter. On the other hand, as
liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called fluids. Although liquid water
is abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known
universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressurerange to exist.
Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid
matter) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars.
 What is Atoms?

-Atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. Every solid,
liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100
picometers (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).

Atoms are small enough that attempting to predict their behavior using classical physics – as if they were billiard balls, for
example – gives noticeably incorrect predictions due to quantum effects. Through the development of physics, atomic
models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and predict this behavior.

Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or
more protons and typically a similar number of neutrons. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. More than 99.94% of
an atom's mass is in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge,
and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is electrically
neutral. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge,
respectively, and it is called an ion.

The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force. The protons and
neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear force, which is usually stronger than
the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged protons from one another. Under certain circumstances, the
repelling electromagnetic force becomes stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus,
leaving behind a different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.

The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for example, all copper atoms
contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. The number of electrons influences the
magnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical
compounds such as molecules. The ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical
changes observed in nature and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.
 What is Matter?

-Matter in classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and
takes up space by having volume.[1] All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately
composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday as
well as scientific usage, "matter" generally includes atoms and anything made up of them, and any
particles (or combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume.
However it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or
waves such as light or sound.[1][2] Matter exists in various states (also known as phases). These
include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas – for example water exists as ice,
liquid water, and gaseous steam – but other states are possible, including plasma, Bose–Einstein
condensates, fermionic condensates, and quark–gluon plasma.[3]

Usually atoms can be imagined as a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a surrounding "cloud"
of orbiting electrons which "take up space".[4][5] However this is only somewhat correct, because
subatomic particles and their properties are governed by their quantum nature, which means
they do not act as everyday objects appear to act – they can act like waves as well as particles and
they do not have well-defined sizes or positions. In the Standard Model of particle physics, matter
is not a fundamental concept because the elementary constituents of atoms are quantum entities
which do not have an inherent "size" or "volume" in any everyday sense of the word. Due to the
exclusion principle and other fundamental interactions, some "point particles" known as fermions
(quarks, leptons), and many composites and atoms, are effectively forced to keep a distance from
other particles under everyday conditions; this creates the property of matter which appears to us
as matter taking up space.
 What is Periodic Table?

-Periodic Table , also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements,
which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the
table shows periodic trends. The seven rows of the table, called periods, generally have metals on the left and non-
metals on the right. The columns, called groups, contain elements with similar chemical behaviours. Six groups have
accepted names as well as assigned numbers: for example, group 17 elements are the halogens; and group 18 are the
noble gases. Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic
orbitals.

The organization of the periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the various element properties, and
also to predict chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements. Russian chemist
Dmitri Mendeleev published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869, developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends
of the then-known elements. He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps
within the table. Most of his forecasts proved to be correct. Mendeleev's idea has been slowly expanded and refined
with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain
chemical behaviour. The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions, and
continues to be widely used in chemistry, nuclear physics and other sciences.The elements from atomic numbers 1
(hydrogen) through 118 (oganesson) have been discovered or synthesized, completing seven full rows of the periodic
table.[1][2] The first 94 elements all occur naturally, though some are found only in trace amounts and a few were
discovered in nature only after having first been synthesized.[n 1] Elements 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in
laboratories or nuclear reactors.[3] The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued:
these elements would begin an eighth row, and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible candidates for this
extension. Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories.
 What is the States of Matter?

-States of Matter in physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which
matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma. Many other states are known to exist, such as glass or liquid crystal, and some only
exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates, neutron-degenerate
matter, and quark-gluon plasma, which only occur, respectively, in situations of extreme cold,
extreme density, and extremely high-energy. Some other states are believed to be possible
but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of
states of matter.

Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in

the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms,
molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a
fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close
together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape,
adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place.
Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it
contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely.
 Who is Dmitri Mendeleev?

-Dmitri Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich
Mendeleev (1783–1847) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva) (1793–1850). He formulated the Periodic Law,
created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already
discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered. [4][5] His paternal
grandfather Pavel Maximovich Sokolov was a Russian Orthodox priest from the Tver region.[6] Ivan, along with his brothers and
sisters, obtained new family names while attending the theological seminary.[7] He worked as a school principal and a teacher of
fine arts, politics and philosophy at the Tambov and Saratov gymnasiums.[8]

Maria Kornilieva came from a well-known dynasty of Tobolsk merchants, founders of the first Siberian printing house who traced
their ancestry to Yakov Korniliev, a 17th-century posad man turned a wealthy merchant.[9][10] In 1889 a local librarian published an
article in the Tobolsk newspaper where he claimed that Yakov was a baptized Teleut, an ethnic minority known as "white Kalmyks"
at the time.[11] Since no sources were provided and no documented facts of Yakov's life were ever revealed, biographers generally
dismiss it as a myth.[12][13] In 1908, shortly after Mendeleev's death, one of his nieces published Family Chronicles. Memories
about D. I. Mendeleev where she voiced "a family legend" about Maria's grandfather who married "a Kyrgyz or Tatar beauty whom
he loved so much that when she died, he also died from grief".[14] This, however, contradicts the documented family chronicles,
and neither of those legends is supported by Mendeleev's autobiography, his daughter's or his wife's memoirs.[5][15][16] Yet some
Western scholars still refer to Mendeleev's supposed "Mongol", "Tatar", "Tartarian" or simply "Asian" ancestry as a
fact.[17][18][19][20]

Mendeleev was raised as an Orthodox Christian, his mother encouraging him to "patiently search divine and scientific truth".[21] His
son would later inform that he departed from the Church and embraced a form of "romanticized deism".[22]Mendeleev was the
youngest of 17 siblings, of whom "only 14 stayed alive to be baptized" according to Mendeleev's brother Pavel, meaning the others
died soon after their birth.[8] The exact number of Mendeleev's siblings differs among sources and is still a matter of some historical
dispute.[23][24] Unfortunately for the family's financial well being, his father became blind and lost his teaching position. His mother
was forced to work and she restarted her family's abandoned glass factory. At the age of 13, after the passing of his father and the
destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.In 1849, his mother took Mendeleev
across Russia from Siberia to Moscow with the aim of getting Mendeleev a higher education. The university in Moscow did not
accept him. The mother and son continued to Saint Petersburg to the father's alma mater. The now poor Mendeleev family
relocated to Saint Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduation, he contracted
tuberculosis, causing him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there, he became
a science master of the 1st Simferopol Gymnasium. In 1857, he returned to Saint Petersburg with fully restored health.
 Who is Lothar Meyer?

-Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist. He was one of
the pioneers in developing the first periodic table of chemical elements. Both Mendeleev and Meyer
worked with Robert Bunsen. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life
simply as Lothar Meyer..Lothar Meyer was born in Varel, Germany (then part of the Duchy of Oldenburg).
He was the son of Friedrich August Meyer, a physician, and Anna Biermann. After attending the Altes
Gymnasium in Oldenburg, he studied medicine at the University of Zurich in 1851. Two years later, he studied
at the University of Würzburg, where he studied pathology, as a student of Rudolf Virchow. At Zurich, he had
studied under Carl Ludwig, which had prompted him to devote his attention to physiological chemistry. After
graduating as a Doctor of Medicine from Würzburg in 1854, he went to University of Heidelberg, where Robert
Bunsen held the chair of chemistry. In 1858, he received a Doctor of Chemistry from University of Breslau with
a thesis on the effects of carbon monoxide on the blood. With this interest in the physiology of respiration, he
had recognized that oxygen combines with the hemoglobin in blood.[1][2]

Influenced by the mathematical teaching of Gustav Kirchhoff, he took up the study of mathematical physics at
Königsberg under Franz Ernst Neumann, and in 1859, after having received his habilitation, he became
Privatdozent in physics and chemistry at the University of Breslau. In 1866, Meyer accepted a post at the
Eberswalde Forestry Academy at Neustadt-Eberswalde but two years later was appointed to a professorship at
the Karlsruhe Polytechnic.[3]

In 1872, Meyer was the first to suggest that the six carbon atoms in the benzene ring (that had been proposed
a few years earlier by August Kekulé) were interconnected by single bonds only, the fourth valence of each
carbon atom being directed toward the interior of the ring.

During the Franco-German campaign, the Polytechnic was used as a hospital, and Meyer took an active role in
the care of the wounded. In 1876, Meyer became Professor of Chemistry at the University of Tübingen, where
he served until his death.[3].