Power Piping

Manish Sane / Ravi Banchhor

10th Sept, 2018

Knowledge City,
Vadodara
Let us first Discuss about WHAT IS PIPE!

It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant

for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.

It is a very important component for any industrial plant.

And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.

In next few slides we shall try to familiarize about pipe

and it’s components.
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
 We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.

 First the flow scheme is planned,

1) What is the type of fluid,

2) From which point,

3) To which point

 Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall

thickness are selected.

 Types of valves are planned

 Also the types of instruments required are planned

 Stress analysis requirements and supports are planned

Pipes, Fittings & Specialties
Types Of Pipes
Based on the method of manufacture pipes could be classified as;

 Seamless

 Welded

 Electric Resistance Welded (ERW)

 Electric Fusion Welded (EFW)
 Spiral Welded
 Double Submerged Arc Welded
BUTT WELD PIPE JOINTS

Advantages

 Most practical way of joining big bore piping

 Reliable leak proof joint
 Joint can be radiographed
Disadvantages

 Weld intrusion will affect flow

 End preparation is necessary
SOCKET WELD PIPE JOINTS

Advantages

 Easier Alignment than butt welding

 No weld metal intrusion into bore

Disadvantages

 The 1/16"(1.5 mm) recess pockets liquid

 Use not permitted by code if Severe Erosion or Corrosion is
anticipated.
SCREWED PIPE JOINTS

Advantages

 Easily made at site

 Can be used where welding is not permitted due to fire hazard

Disadvantages

 Joint may leak when not properly sealed

 Use not permitted by code if severe erosion, corrosion, shock
or vibration are anticipated.
 Strength of pipe is reduced as threads reduce wall thickness
 Seal welding may be required
FLANGED PIPE JOINTS

Advantages

 Can be easily made at site

 Can be used where welding is not permitted due to material
properties or fire hazard.
 Dismantling is very easy

Disadvantages

 It is a point of potential leakage

 Cannot be used when piping is subjected to high bending moment.
SPIGOT SOCKET PIPE JOINTS

Advantages

 Can be easily made at site.

 Can accept high misalignment at pipe joints.

Disadvantages

 Suitable for low pressure application.

 Special configuration at pipe ends required.
BUTTRESS END PIPE JOINTS

 Used only for glass piping and not capable to hold high pressure.
 END CONNECTIONS
SOCKETWELD SCREWED BUTTWELD FLANGED SPIGOT/SOCKET BUTTRESS

Type

ELBOWS 180o TEES CROSS CAPS REDUCERS STUB ENDS COUPLINGS SWAGE NIPPLE UNIONS SPECIAL
RETURNS FITTINGS

EQUAL REDUCING LONG SHORT CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

SR. LR.
45o 90o CROSS CROSS STUBENDS STUBENDS
ELBOWS ELBOWS

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
EQUAL REDUCING
REDUCERS REDUCERS
TEES TEES

FULL HALF REDUCING

COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS
LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET

STANDARD PIPE FITTING

 ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• LONG RADIUS 90 DEGREE ELBOW / BEND:

RATIO OF R/D = 1.5 & R/D = 5

ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• LONG RADIUS 45 DEGREE ELBOW :

RATIO OF R/D = 1.5

ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• SHORT RADIUS 90 DEGREE ELBOW :

RATIO OF R/D = 1
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• SHORT RADIUS 45 DEGREE ELBOW :

RATIO OF R/D = 1
 ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS

 CONCENTRIC REDUCER : ECCENTRIC REDUCER :

ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• TEE :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• REDUCING TEE :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS

• THREADED TEE :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• RAISED FLANGE (SLIP ON) & WELD NECK FLANGE:
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
• BLIND FLANGE :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS

• SPECTACLE FLANGE :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS

 WELDED CAP :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS

 SCREWED CAP :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
 EXPANSION JOINTS :
ONLINE PIPE COMPONENTS
 ORIFICE PLATE :
 INSULATION
There are two primary reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.

 Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves the heat of the
fluid. It is called Hot Insulation

 Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by touching hot
surface of pipe. It is called Personnel Protection Insulation

Cold pipes are also insulated,

 Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to prevent heating of cold
fluid from outside. It is called Cold Insulation.

 Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent condensation of atmospheric

water vapor on pipe surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.

Other types of Insulation

 When gas or any fluid flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates noise. In
such cases pipes are insulated to reduce noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.

 Some times pipe and it’s content are heated from outside, by heat tracing
element. In that case pipe along with heat tracing element are insulated to
conserve the heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
 INSULATION ENVELOPE
Have a look at how pipes are insulated, and general components of insulation
 Codes v/s Standards

CODE:

A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication,

installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be
adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into law.

STANDARDS:

Documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are

believed to be good and proper engineering practice and which contain
mandatory requirements.
 Organizations for Piping Codes

 ANSI - American National Standards Institute, provides a

forum for Development of American national
standards

 DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung (Germany)

 ISO - International Organization for Standardization

 BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards

 JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards

 CEN - Committee of European Normalization

 American Standards

 API - American Petroleum Institute

 AISI - American Iron and Steel Institute

 ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers

 ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials

 AWS - American Welding Society

 AWWA - American Water Works Association

 MSS-SP - Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and

Fitting Industry Standard Practices
 ASME B31.1 - Power Piping

 This code prescribes requirement of design, material, fabrication,

erection, test, inspection, operation and maintenance of power piping.

 Piping as used in this code includes pipe, flanges, bolting, Gaskets, Valves,
pressure-relieving valves, fittings and pressure containing portion of
other piping components. It also Includes hangers, supports and other
equipment items necessary to prevent to overstressing of pressure
containing components

 Rules governing piping for miscellaneous appurtenances such as water

column, remote water level indicators, pressure gauges are included with
in scope of this code.

 The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high
temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is
generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature
water generated at temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
 Classification of Power Piping

 Power cycle piping

 Boiler Proper
 Boiler External Piping ( IBR / Non-IBR)
 Non Boiler External Piping
Piping Material
 Power Cycle Piping

Power cycle piping includes,

 Main steam Piping

 Reheat steam Piping

 Extraction steam Piping

 Feed water piping

 Condensate water piping

 Heater Vent and Drain Piping

 Aux. Steam piping

 Piping Material
• FLUID HANDLED
 For Normal Fluid – CARBON STEEL (CS)
 For Corrosive Fluid – STAINLESS STEEL (SS)
Take care of mild corrosion of normal fluid, corrosion allowance is given for CS
material.

• DESIGN TEMPERATURE
 For normal temp. (-50o C ~ 427o C)– carbon steel
 For high temp. (>427o C) – alloy steel
 For low temp. (<-50o C) – stainless steel

• DESIGN PRESSURE
High pressure and Vacuum – welded
THE LIMIT OF HIGH PRESSURE and VACUUM will be as per client’s decision.
 Pipe Materials
 ASTM A53 : Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Black and Galvanized
(eg. Fire protection system)
 ASTM A106 : Seamless CS Pipe for High Temp. Services
(eg. Feedwater, condensate, extraction, aux. Steam,
heater drain and vents)
 ASTM A335 : Seamless ferric alloy steel pipe for high temperature
service (eg. Main steam, cold reheat, hot reheat,
extraction, auxiliary steam, heater drain)
 ASTM A312 : Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes
(eg. DM water)
 IS 1239 : Steel pipes for general purposes (Sizes  6" NB)
(eg. DMCW, Instrument air, Service air)
 IS 3589 : Steel pipe for general services (eg. DMCW, Service
water)
 IS 2062 : Large diameter Steel pipe for general services (eg.
CW, ACW)
FOLLOWING MATERIAL ARE GENERALLY SELECTED
BASED ON PROCESS PARAMETERS
 Main Steam Piping : ASME SA 335 GRADE P91/ P92

 CR Steam System : ASTM A 106 GR.B/C (CS),

ASTM A 335 GRADE P11/ P22

 HR Steam System : ASTM A 335 GRADE P91/ P92

 LP Steam System : ASME SA 106 GR.B (CS),

 Extraction Steam System : ASTM A 106 GR.B (CS),

ASTM A 335 GRADE P11/ P22/ P91

 Feed Water System : ASTM A 106 GR.B/C (CS),

ASTM A 335 GRADE P22/ P36

 Condensate System : ASTM A 106 GR.B (CS),

 Steam vent and Drain system : ASTM A 106 GR.B (CS),

ASTM A 335 GRADE P11/ P22/ P91/ P92

 Aux. steam/ Gland Steam : ASTM A 106 GR.B/C (CS),

ASTM A 335 GRADE P11/ P22/ P91/ P92
Pipe Sizing
 Inputs Required to Perform Pipe Sizing and Pressure
Drop

• Contract Specification
• Design Criteria Document (DCD)
• Heat Balance Document (HBD)
• Water Balance Document (WBD)
• Flow Scheme & P&IDs
• Design Parameters for Piping Systems
• Plot Plan
• General Arrangement
• Pipe layouts and piping isometric drawings (Preliminary)
Pipe Sizing Criteria
Velocity Consideration
• Simplest in approaches
• Recommended values of linear velocities for the flowing medium are used

Pressure Drop Consideration

• More involved and most important method of pipe sizing
• A minimum pipe size which causes a pressure drop at the most equal to this
maximum acceptable pressure drop
• Would be uneconomical

Economic Considerations
• Linear velocity and available pressure drop constraints are not stringent
• Economics is governed by the capital cost of the pipe and accessories
including fittings, valves, insulations etc.
Pipe Sizing Procedure Based on Velocity Criteria

How to assume pipe diameter,

Volumetric Flow Rate = Area x Recommended velocity,

Q =A xV

A =Q/V

D = Sqrt { (4 x (Q/V)) / PI )}
Where D Indicate Minimum ID required.
Recommended Piping Velocity

System Velocity
Feed water Discharge 7.6 m/s
Feed water entering feed water heaters 3.6 m/s
Heater Drain Piping 2.1 m/s
General Service Piping 3 m/s
City Service Piping 2.1 m/s
Circulating Water Piping (Steel) 2.4 to 4.2 m/s
Circulating Water Pipe (Concrete) 2.1 to 2.4 m/s
Fuel Gas Piping (With Insulation to Reduce Noise Level) 40 to 50 m/s
Condensate Pump Suction Piping 1.2 m/s
Slurry 1.5 to 2.5 m/s
Compressed Air (Header) 6 m/s or less
Compressed Air (Branch Line <50 ft) 9 m/s
Oil with viscosities at or below 2 Centipoise 1.8 to 3 m/s
1.8 m/s or less (the higher the
Oil with viscosities above 2 Centipoise viscosity the lower the
velocity)
Methods Use for Pipe Sizing
Outside Diameter Controlled Pipe Sizing
• The pipes are categorized in schedule numbers per ASME B 36.10 and B
36.19
• Schedule numbers bear a relation to the pressure rating of the piping
• Eleven Schedules ranging from the lowest at 5 through 10, 20, 30, 40, 60,
80, 100, 120, 140 to schedule No. 160
• Stainless steel piping the schedules will be suffixed by “S”
• Outside diameter remains constant and inside diameter changes as the
wall thickness increases

Inside Diameter Controlled Pipe Sizing

• Used when required wall thickness is not available in the schedule pipes
• Inside diameter remains constant and outside diameter changes as the
wall thickness increases
Thickness Calculation as Per ASME B 31.1
(For OD controlled Pipe)
ASME B 31.1 Power Piping Code in clause 104.1.2 gives formula for
minimum thickness as

tm = PDo +A
2(SE +Py)

Where;
tm = Min. reqd. wall thickness
P = Internal design Pr.
Do = Outside Dia. of Pipe
SE = Max. Allowable Stress
From Appendix ‘A’.
Y = Coefficient From Table 104.1.2.(A)
A = Additional Thickness to compensate for
1. Mat. removed for threading
2. Corrosion and erosion
Thickness Calculation as Per ASME B 31.1
(For ID controlled Pipe)
ASME B 31.1 Power Piping Code in clause 104.1.2 gives formula for
minimum thickness as

tm = Pd + 2SEA +2YPA
2(SE +Py-P)

Where;
tm = Min. reqd. wall thickness
P = Internal design Pr.
d = Inside Dia. of Pipe
SE = Max. Allowable Stress
From Appendix ‘A’.
Y = Coefficient From Table 104.1.2.(A)
A = Additional Thickness to compensate for
1. Mat. removed for threading
2. Corrosion and erosion
Thickness Calculation as IBR
(ID and OD controlled Pipe)
The maximum working pressure allowed on steel pipes shall be
determined by the following formula:

W.P. = 2 f e (t-c) For OD Controlled Pipe,

D-t+c

W.P. = 2 f e (t-c) For ID Controlled Pipe,

d+t+c

Where,
t = Minimum thickness
W. P. = Maximum working pressure
f = Allowable stress
D = Outside diameter of pipe
d = Inside diameter of pipe
e = Efficiency factor
C = 0.75mm.
Definitions:
Calculated Minimum Wall Thickness (tm) –
The minimum pipe wall thickness required for design pressures and temperatures
for various materials plus allowances for mechanical strength and corrosion or
erosion, if any.
Actual Minimum Wall Thickness (ta) –
The actual pipe wall thickness including manufacturing tolerances and allowance for
pipe bends, etc. The actual wall thickness is always greater than the calculated
minimum wall thickness.
Nominal Wall Thickness (tn) –
The commercially available pipe wall thickness.
Schedule Pipe –
Tubular products manufactured to the dimensional Requirements of ASME B36.10
and ASME B36.19.
ASME B36.10
Piping Deliverables & Interfaces
Piping Engineering Deliverables

Piping Engineering Deliverables can be broadly classified in Major groups as Follows;

• Equipment Layouts (Plot Plan, GADs, Nozzle Orientations etc.)

• Piping Layouts (Isometrics and Piping Composite Drawings)
• Material Take Off (MTO) for Piping Items
• Stress Analysis
• Piping Support Drawings
• Drawings for Statutory Approvals (IBR etc.)
Piping Engineering Interfaces

Major Piping Engineering Interfaces are as follows;

• Civil inputs (Building Design)

• Electrical (Corridor planning for Cables)
• Piping System Design (P&IDs and Instrumentation)
• Equipment Manufacturers (Satisfy OEM requirements)
Piping Layout
 Equipment and piping plan (Piping GA) :
• Equipment and piping plan drawings (Composite piping) layout indicates over all
piping arrangement in scaled format with respect to all other facilities of plant
for all piping systems in plan view .

• It contains all vicinity facilities like structure, equipment, cable trays, skids,
dyke, platforms, walk ways, maintenance/removal space.

• As these drawings are in scale to cover entire plant piping arrangement

complete plant is divided in number of drawings which provide proper legibility
of drawings.

• These drawings are very useful for planning of piping erection work.
 DEAERATOR

HP HEATERS

HIP TURBINE
LP TURBINES

GENERATOR
GLAND STEAM
CONDENSER TURBINE
PEDESTAL

CONDENSER

CPU

VACUUM PUMPS

SEAL OIL UNITS

Piping layout of Critical systems-
Main Steam, Cold reheat steam, Hot reheat steam

 Piping must be direct to minimize cost, but must also be routed to provide

thermal flexibility.

 Larger OD pipe and heavy wall pipe is more rigid; expansion loop locations

should be considered during routing.

 Piping support loads have a large impact on pipe rack and building steel design.

 Piping must be sloped with a minimum of 1/8 inch per foot (10mm per 1m) in

the hot position, preferably in the direction of flow. Piping must be arranged

such that condensate cannot accumulate in any low point in the system during

any shutdown.
Piping layout of Feed water system

 The feed water system is a high pressure system supplying water from discharge

of feed pumps to the boiler, recirculation to the deaerator & spray water to de-

superheating valves

 The feed water pump suction piping must drop vertically from the deaerator

with long horizontal runs avoided. If short horizontal runs are unavoidable,

piping should be sloped vertically down for self-venting back to the deaerator.

 A minimum of 3 pipe diameters of straight pipe is required directly upstream of

the pump suction nozzle.

 Provide proper Supports close to pump to avoid vibration.

Piping layout of Steam turbine extraction system

 This system provides main turbine extraction steam to feed water heaters, feed

pump turbines, and auxiliary steam system

 The piping must be sloped (in hot condition also) towards the heater, without

low point pockets. When sloping is not possible or pockets are unavoidable,

drains must be provided.

 The quick closing NRV shall be located as close as possible to the turbine

nozzle. The piping upstream of the quick closing NRV or extraction block valve

must have continuously draining capabilities.

Piping layout of Condensate system
 Suction pipe must be vented back to condenser or pump casing.

 Suction piping at pump inlet must be a minimum of 4 pipe diameters of

straight pipe.

 Provisions must be made for pump suction strainers including access required

for cleaning baskets or screens.

 Air pockets are to be avoided.

 Locate check valve in horizontal line close to pump.

 Discharge header outlets shall tie together through the run of tee

 Condensate recirculation lines are subject to vibration. Routing should avoid

complex changes in direction and be close to support structures.

Piping Isometric familiarization

 Piping layout in descale format with all required dimensions

 Pipe connections with equipment nozzles

 Pipe support, Instrument, valves, strainers, specialty locations and

orientations.

 Pipe weld attachment details

 Piping BOQ
Case Study – Power Piping
 Option-I

 In this option, All the critical piping (MS, CR & HR) were dropped
at the centre line of the Boiler.

 Then it was brought together and entered in to the TG building.

 In this option, Layout is looking symmetrical and flexible, but it

consumed more alloy steel pipes & more number of bends.

 This would increased cost of the piping.

 MS MS

HR
HR

CR
CR
 HR
MS

CR
 Option-II

 In this option, Critical piping were dropped at Left side & Right
side of the boiler respectively. Then it was brought together
then entered in to the TG building.

 In TG building all the critical piping were running between

Mezzanine floor (+9.0 M) and Operating floor (+17.0 M).

 In this option HP Bypass connection are from bottom of MS pipe,

which is not a good option
 MS
HR MS HR

CR
 Main
Leads

Bypass
piping
 Option-III

• In this option, all the Bypass connection were taken from top.
But we don’t have enough space to accommodate bypass
connection between mezzanine floor (+9.0 M) and operating
floor (+17.0 M)

• In this option Main steam bypass pipe was fouling with the
operating floor beam (+17.0 M)
 Option-IV

• In this option, MS pipe was brought in below mezzanine floor

(+9.0 M) and we kept CR & HR piping above mezzanine floor.
Thus we could accommodate HP bypass connection from top of
the MS pipe.

• This layout looks good, flexible and consumes less alloy steel
pipes & bends. And this validated through stress analysis also.
HR & CR

MS& LP
Bypass
MS & HP
Bypass
CRITICAL PIPING ENTRY FROM BOILER TO TG BLDG.
Piping Stress Analysis
Objectives of Stress Analysis are:
• To verify that the loads imposed on equipment by the attached
piping are not excessive

• To determine pipe support loads for further design of supports

as well as checking structural integrity

• To verify that the pipe maintains integrity by keeping stresses

in the pipe, in both the cold and hot conditions, below the
Code allowable limits
Stress & its categories
• Primary Stress is a Principle stress, shear or bending generated
by imposed loadings which are necessary to satisfy the simple
laws of equilibrium of internal and external forces and moments.
It is not self limiting.
• Examples: Hoop stress due to internal pressure & Longitudinal
bending stress due to gravity.
• Failure mode is gross deformation progressing to rupture.

• Secondary stress is a principle stress, shear or bending caused by

structural restraints such as flexibility controls, or by self
constraints of the pipe itself. It is self limiting and associated
with cyclic conditions.
• Example: Bending of elbow that join two length of pipe subjected
to a temperature increase.
• Failure mode is crack initiation and propagation through the
pressure boundary resulting in a leak.
Pipe Internal Pressure Design

P  Do
tm  A
2 SE  P  y 
 Mechanical Loads on Pipe

• Pipe is a 3 dimensional space frame structure

• Pipe is not self-supporting

• Pipe requires an external support structure to prevent

collapse of the pipe from various loads
 Mechanical Loads on Pipe

• Deadweight (Gravity Loads)

 Pipe
 Contents (water, slurry, steam, etc.)
 Insulation

• Thermal Expansion Loads

• Occasional Loads
 Wind
 Snow (Outdoor locations)
 Seismic
 SRV discharge thrust
 Water/Steam Hammer
 B31.1 Eqn 15 Terms
tn

P * Do
P
Do S LP  P
4 * tn

MA 0.75 * i * M A
S MA 
Z
MA = Weight Bending Moment resultant
Z = Section Modulus
i= SIF
 Weight Loads

P  Do 0.75  i  M A
SL    1 .0  S h
4  tn Z

• Hangers transfer deadweight of pipe to support structure

• Even distribution of hangers is always desirable
• No excessive deflections (D <1/8”)
• No excessive stresses (ASME B31.1 Eqn. 15)
 Weight Loads

• Un-even distribution of hangers

• Excessive deflections and stresses
• Unloading (or load reversal) of hangers
• For Ex: (Hanger 3 holds pipe down)
 Weight Loads
ASME B31.1 Power Piping Guidelines
 Weight Loads
• Support the weight of the pipe, fittings, valves, operating
contents and insulation
• Snow Loads are treated as an occasional load in a deadweight
analysis
• The deadweight supports must allow the thermal expansion
movements of the pipe
 Thermal Expansion of Pipe
• The Problems with Thermal Expansion involve
 Keeping stresses below Code allowable limits and
 Keeping reactions on Equipment to a minimum
• ASME B31.1, Equation 17 for thermal expansion stress
evaluation
i  MC
SE   S A  f  S h  S L 
Z
MC = Thermal Expansion Bending Moment Resultant
i = Stress Intensification Factor (accounts for increased
fatigue stresses at discontinuities at fittings, transitions or
other components)
SA = f * (1.25*Sc + 0.25*Sh)
f = Fatigue strength reduction factor for large nos. of cycles
 Thermal Expansion of Pipe

Spring Support

Hot,
Expande
Cold shape d Shape

Spring supports transfer weight of pipe to the

structure, but allow the pipe to move
vertically up/down as it expands during
heating
Thermal Expansion of Pipe
Thermal Expansion of Pipe
Thermal Expansion of Pipe

Expansion Loops:
Add flexibility to the system (good)
Also, increases pressure drop (bad)
Thermal Expansion of Pipe
Thermal Expansion of Pipe
Expansion Joints

P
P

P
P

Internal pressure thrust will tend to blow

bellows apart
 Codes for limiting values of Terminal
FORCES and MOMENTS
1. Centrifugal pumps - API 610 / ISO 5199
2. Positive displacement pumps - API 676
3. Centrifugal compressors - API 617
4. Reciprocating compressors - API 618
5. Steam turbines - NEMA SM 23
6. Air cooled heat exchangers - API 661
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers - Manf. Specific.
8. Fired heaters - Manf. Specific.
9. Flat bottom welded storage tanks - API 650
 Design cases to be considered while
evaluating for thermal expansion
For a Main Steam line, where HP Bypass lines wouldn’t be working
during normal operation of the plant, following thermal cases shall
be considered
• Design condition (All lines at design temperature)
• Normal Operation
• Start-up Condition
 Occasional Loads
• Wind
• Earthquake
• SRV Thrust
• Steam/Water Hammer
ASME B31.1, Eqn 16

P  Do 0.75  i  M A 0.75  i  M B
   k  Sh
4  tn Z Z

Where
k = 1.15 for events acting less than 8 hrs per event, 800 hrs/yr
k = 1.2 for events acting less than 1 hr per event, 80 hrs/yr
The steps involved in the stress analysis can
be listed as ..
 Identify the potential loads that the piping system would
encounter during the life of the plant.
 Relate each of these loads to the stresses and strains developed.
 Get the cumulative effect of the potential loads on the system.
 Check the analysis results with respect to the allowable limits.
 If the allowable limits are not known, decide the allowable limits
that the system can withstand without failure.
 After the system is designed, to ensure that the stresses and
deflections are within the safe limits.
 Types of Pipe Supports

• Pipe supports transfer loads from pipe to support structure

• General types of supports:
– Rigid - sees loads from all loading conditions
– Spring - sees loads from weight loads only
– Snubber - sees loads from dynamic loads only
Data required for Piping Stress Evaluations
1. Code of Practice Temperature
2. Basic Material of Construction of 16. Thermal Expansion data at Design
Pipe Temperature
3. Piping Layout 17. Allowable stress at Ambient/
4. Ambient / Installation Installation temperature
temperature 18. Allowable stress at Design
5. Number of Thermal Cases temperature
6. Design Temperature 19. Radius of bends, if any
7. Design Pressure 20. Branch connection type
8. Outside diameter of Pipe 21. Weight of attachments - Valves
9. Nominal Thickness of Pipe and Specialities
10. Manufacturing tolerance 22. Valve closure / open times for
11. Corrosion allowance hammer calculations
12. Insulation Weight 23. Terminal movements with
13. Density / Specific Gravity of directions
Contents 24. Seismic accelerations in that
14. Young’s Modulus at Ambient / topography
Installation Temperature 25. Wind speeds in the plant zone
15. Young’s Modulus at Design
Lines to be analysed…
• Main Steam
• Hot Reheat
• Cold Reheat
• Feedwater Suction, Discharge and Interstage
• HP and LP Extraction steam
• HP & LP Heater drains
• Auxiliary steam
• Gland & Sealing steam
• Heater Vents
• Condensate
• Relief valve piping
Pipe Supports
The reasons one does apply supports on a
piping system are:
• Pipe is a 3 dimensional space frame structure
• Pipe is not self-supporting
• Absorb system weight
• Reduces:
• longitudinal pipe stress
• pipe sag
• end point reaction loads
• Pipe requires an external support structure to prevent collapse of
the pipe from various loads
• To ensure that material is not stressed beyond a safe limit
Weight Loads
Weight Loads
Valve support
Weight Loads
Riser Support
 Weight Loads
Elbows and Bends
 DEFINITIONS
Anchor - A structure (or pipe connection) that totally restricts all six
degrees of freedom of the pipe, i.e., allows no translation or rotation
at the pipe attachment point.

Restraint - A structure which restricts only one translational degree

of freedom at the attachment point of the pipe.

Guide – permits movement along pipe axis, prevent lateral

movement, allow pipe rotation

Expanding Leg - An expanding section of pipe between two co-

directional restraints, which is parallel to the direction of the
restraints.

Flexible Leg - A section of pipe between two co-directional

restraints, which is perpendicular to the direction of the restraints. A
flexible leg absorbs thermal expansion.

113
Rigid Rod/Strut
Various configuration
Anchor
Piping Guides

117
Guide - Two Struts
Variable Support Spring Hanger
Constant Support Hangers
 Hydraulic Snubber

Piston forces Hydraulic fluid from one chamber to the other.

Fluid velocity is limited by a valve so that pipe is velocity limited.
 Thanks for your listening !

Name : Pinkesh Patel

phone : 0091-265-245-6548
e-mail : pinkesh.patel@lntsnl.com