Constantine's Churches

Author(s): Gregory T. Armstrong

Source: Gesta, Vol. 6 (Jan., 1967), pp. 1-9
Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the International Center of Medieval
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 CONSTANTINE'S
CHURCHES*
GREGORYT. ARMSTRONG
Vanderbilt Divinity School
The churches of Constantine constitute docu-
ments of unusual importance for a cultural and his-
torical interpretation of the first.Christian Roman em-
peror and his age. They are also instructive for the
institutional and liturgical history of the church. Their
number, location, size, design and decoration are all
significant. This importance has been noted recently
by several historians,' yet there exists, to my know-
ledge, no complete and up-to-date catalog of Con-
stantine's churches. In 1693 Joannes Ciampini, in his
De sacris aedificiis a Constantino magno constructis,
recorded a total of 58 churches and baptisteries and
two monasteries, but he obviously included many
legendary attributions, some of which he himself ques-
tioned. Such moder writers as Finegan and Kraut-
heimer provide descriptions of the major monu-
ments,2 but they do not specifically seek to establish a
comprehensive catalog. The same holds true for the
specialized studies of Ludwig Voelkl as well as the
biographies of Constantine. For this reason, the
present study is directed simply at the establishment
of a complete list of Constantine's church buildings.
The problem of evidence is, of course, basic.
There is literary evidence from ancient and medieval
writers for most of the churches, and it is cited below.
In some cases it is nearly contemporary, e.g., the
Bordeaux Pilgrim and Eusebius;3 in others, it is 600
to 1000 years later, e.g. the Patria of Pseudo-Codinus
and the Ecclesiastical History of Nicephorus Callistus.
For the most part the testimony of writers later than
the fifth and sixth-century historians, Socrates, Sozo-
men and Procopius is of little weight. The value of
the Liber pontificalis derives from its incorporation of
or dependence on documents contemporary to Con-
stantine.4
Inscriptions are available for only a handful of
churches, largely because so few of the buildings are
extant, but these are cited when they exist. The
archaeological evidence, which can establish dating by
techniques of construction, brick stamps and the like,
may be found in the modern publications listed."
These same works should be consulted for plans, de-
scriptions, reconstructions, illustrations, and art his-
torical discussions of Constantine's churches, for these
matters lie outside the focus of this article. Finally,
a major caution in regard to evidence of all types is
that it remains incomplete. By no means all possible
sites of Constantinian churches have been excavated
or excavated adequately. Nor has all the possible
literary evidence been preserved. It can only be a
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case of recording what is available for the establishment
of this catalog.
A second significant problem is that of what is
meant by "Constantine's churches" or churches which
Constantine "built." The catalog does not intend
to include churches simply of Constantinian date, i.e.,
A.D. 312-337, but only those which received im-
perial patronage. Even here a distinction should be
drawn between churches which were actually founded
by Constantine's personal initiative and churches which
were merely endowed or subsidized by the imperial
fisc. Further distinctions may be drawn among the
former group in respect to the degree of personal over-
sight and concern. Up to a point the available evidence
permits us to make these distinctions, but it is like-
wise probable that after 312 or 313 in the West and
324 in the East almost every bishop would have sought
imperial support for new buildings and that in nearly
every case token support and perhaps more than token
acknowledgment would have followed. We learn from
Eusebius, for example, that general instructions for
the restoration and enlargement of churches were is-
sued by the emperor and that he built many unspecified
churches, evidence which suggests a widespread prac-
tice of patronage.' A few such churches of certain
early fourth century date are therefore included in this
catalog.
The arrangement of the catalog is geographical
and chronological, the name of the city being followed
by the name of the church and an approximate date.
The categories include: A. Securely established attri-
butions to Constantine as patron and/or founder; B.
Attributions to the Constantinian dynasty; C. Probable
recipients of imperial endowments in the time of Con-
stantine; D. Possible attributions to Constantine which
cannot yet be clarified; E. Uncertain and poorly at-
tested attributions to Constantine. A considerable
number of rejected attributions is listed summarily in
two geographical groups at the end. Ciampini's work
forms the foundation of the catalog in the sense that
all of his buildings are included and classified, as well
as several others apparently unknown to him.
The churches at Rome are probably the best
known group of Constantinian buildings and the ones
most thoroughly studied. The Lateran basilica was
the earliest of Constantine's churches, perhaps begun
in 313 and finished in the early 320's, and it seems to
have commanded the emperor's personal interest, hav-
ing been established on imperial property. The
Lateran baptistery would be nearly contemporary. The
basilica of St. Peter was begun twelve to twenty years
later but was not completed until long after that. It
is therefore impossible that Constantine did much more
than initiate the building of this church. The small
Constantinian basilica of St. Paul was contemporary
to St. Peter's but was completed much sooner. The
church or chapel of the Cross in the Sessorian Palace
is now held to have been founded by Helena, the
mother of Constantine, herself, although Eusebius does
not record her discovery at Jerusalem of the True Cross
which is associated with this building.
A related group of Roman churches linked to
Constantine and his family consists of the cemeterial
churches. The oldest, (the basilica of Saints Marcel-
linus and Peter,) was endowed by the emperor and
begun before 320. The mausoleum of Helena, adjacent
to it was built during the 320's. The basilica of St.
Lawrence appears to have been contemporary with
St. Peter's and St. Paul's or ca. 326-330. The basilica
of the Apostles on the Via Appia has been subject to
a variety of datings, some very early, i.e., 312 or 313,
others later, i.e., ca. 340. The latter seems most
probable now, putting the church under Constans
whose monogram has been discovered. Finally, the
basilica of St. Agnes may be attributed to the daughter
of Constantine, Constantina, together with the mau-
soleum named after her, and both were probably built
in the 340's. The four basilicas of this group, as well
as St. Peter's and St. Paul's, were graveyard churches
with numerous tombs or graves in their floors and with
mausolea about them. They arose out of the wide-
spread desire of Christians to be buried near the graves
of the martyrs which were below or adjacent to these
churches.
The Constantinian endowment of the Titulus
Equitii in Rome must be considered poorly attested
since Vielliard has shown that it was not included in
the first edition of the Liber pontificalis. Nor is St.
Chrysogonus Constantinian, although an early Titulus.
The four churches in central Italy, Ostia, Albano,
Capua and Naples, which the Liber pontificalis at-
tributes to Constantine, remain as possibilities al-
though the archaeological evidence is slight.
Outside Italy the double basilica of Trier is now
established as a foundation of Constantine although
it was still unfinished when Athanasius visited it about
340. It was similar to the double basilica at Aquileia,
the south hall of which has recently been attributed to
Constantine on the basis of the floor mosaics. An
imperial letter establishes that two churches at Cirta
in Numidia were built at imperial expense, but the em-
peror himself had no direct role and could not be
termed the initiator or founder of these buildings. An-
other African church, the basilica of St. Reparatus at
Orleansville, which is positively dated to 324, may
also have benefited from imperial patronage, but there
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is no evidence on this question in the inscription.
In the East there is the church at Tyre which
probably received imperial endowment, but since it
was consecrated in 318 before Constantine's defeat of
Licinius, it could not have been founded by the em-
peror. The other churches in Palestine and Syria
mentioned by Eusebius all seem to be securely estab-
lished. The most famous are the church of the Holy
Sepulchre at Jerusalem and the church of the Nativity
at Bethlehem. The latter was a joint foundation of
Constantine and Helena. and both churches became
the objects of pilgrimage at an early date. They are
among the buildings in which the imperial interest was
most direct and personal, and both seem to have under-
gone modification and received further decoration in
the course of the fourth and fifth centuries. The
Eleona church over a grotto on the Mount of Olives
was contemporary with the Holy Sepulchre and is as-
sociated with Helena. It should not be confused with
the Imbomon on the site of the Ascension. The
churches at Mamre and Heliopolis in Pheonicia are
of the same date and resulted, according to Eusebius,
from the appeals of Eutropia to her son-in-law, Con-
stantine, to purify these sites. The Octagon church
of Antioch is well known from literary sources as a
Constantinian foundation although completed and
dedicated under Constantius.
As one approaches the vicinity of Constantinople,
the identifications become more problematical. For
the basilica of the Saviour in Nicomedia, also called
the Victory basilica, there is only the literary evidence
of Eusebius and in turn Sozomen, but it is unchal-
lenged and highly probable. In Constantinople it-
self, an enlarged church of Hagia Eirene can be at-
tributed to Constantine, and he probably began or at
least planned the first church of Hagia Sophia as part
of the same complex adjacent to the palace. The
latter, like several other buildings, was completed under
Constantius who may have had the larger role in it.
That Constantine founded the church of the Holy
Apostles still seems the most likely conclusion from
Eusebius, but Constantius would have built the mau-
soleum around 359 and probably brought the church
proper to completion as well. The reader should be
aware, however, that no other attribution has been so
much debated in recent literature.
Of other churches in Constantinople, at least one
church of St. Acacius and one of the Archangel Michael
should be attributed to Constantine himself. In my
judgment, the church of St. Acacius in Heptascalon
and the church of the Archangel Michael at Anaplus
are most likely to have been the Constantinian build-
ings. St. Acacius in Karya and Michael at Sosthenium
remain as possibilities if one will allow that Constantine
could found as many or more churches in New Rome
as in Old. These and other possible attributions
St. Mocius, St. Menas and St. Agathonicus - could
just as well belong to Constantius, who was a builder
in his own right. In any case they must be considered
fourth century edifices. The church of Hagia Dynamis,
however, is quite uncertain even as a fourth century
building and escapes total rejection only because of
its traditional place in the pattern of divine qualities
represented by Hagia Eirene and Hagia Sophia.
There remain two other possible attributions. One
is the memorial chapel over the grave of St. John in
Ephesus which seems to have been contemporary with
Constantine. The other is the shrine of St. Menas in
Egypt where the crypt church goes back to the time of
Athanasius and thus possibly to Constantine. We know
that later emperors such as Arcadius and Zeno were
patrons of the shrine. Beyond these hints, however, no
one can as yet penetrate.
There are twenty-three church buildings which
may with reasonable confidence be attributed to Con-
stantine as patron or founder, together with several
others which may be considered live possibilities. More
study of these buildings may be anticipated, and the
publication of the plans, on a common scale, for the
extant monuments or remains is a desideratum. Yet the
reputation of Constantine as a builder of churches is
secure.
WORKS FREQUENTLY CITED
Alfoeldi: Andrew Alfoeldi, The Conversion of Constantine and
Pagan Rome, trans. Harold Mattingly (Oxford, 1948).
Anon., Diegesis: Anonymi narratio de aedficatione templi S.
Sophiae in Scriptores Originum ConstantinoFolitanarum
recensuit Theodorus Preger, I, Teubner Bibliothek (Leipzig,
1901). (cited by section or paragraph and by page)
Anon., Parastaseis: Anonymi enarrationes breves chrono-
graphicae in ibid.
Burch:Vacher Burch, Myth & Constantine the Great (London
1927).
Ciampini: Joannes Ciampini, De sacris aedificiis a Constantino
magno constructis: Synopsis historica (Rome, 1693).
Corpus bas.: Richard Krautheimer, Wolfgang Frankl and
Spencer Corbett, Corpus basilicarum christianarum Romae:
The Early Christian Basilicas of Rome (IV-IX Cent.), 2
vols. to date (Vatican City, 1937ff. and 1959ff.).
Crowfoot: John Winter Crowfoot, Early Churches in Palestine,
The Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology of the
British Academy, 1937 (London, 1941).
Deichmann: Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, Fruehchristliche
Kirchen in Rom (Basel, 1948).
Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern" Idem, "Fruehchrist
liche Kirchen in antiken Heiligtuemern," Jahrbuch des
deutschen archaeologischenr Instituts, LIV (1939), 105-136.
Deichmann-Tschira: Idem and Arnold Tschira, "Das Mauso-
leum der Kaiserin Helena und die Basilika der Heiligen
Marcellinus and Petrus an der Via Labicana vor Rom,"
ibid., LXXII (1957), 44-110.
Downey: Glanville Downey, "The Builder of the Original
Church of the Apostles: A Contribution to the Criticism of
the Vita Constantini Attributed to Eusebius," Dumbarton
Oaks Papers, VI (Cambridge, Mass., 1951), 53-80.
Ebersolt: Jean Ebersolt, "Les anciens sanctuaires de Constan-
tinople," Constantinople: Recueil d'etudes, d'archlologie et
d'histoire, preface de A. Grabar (Paris, 1951), 5-101.
Eusebius,: Laudes: Eusebius of Caesarea, Constantini, ed. Ivar
A. Heikel, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, VII
(Leipzig, 1902). Also in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers,
Second Series, I.
Eusebius, Vita: Idem, Vita Constantini, ed. Ivar A. Heikel op.
cit.
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Finegan: Jack Finegan, Light from the Ancient Past: The
Archeological Background of Judaism and Christianity,
2nd ed. (Princeton, 1959).
Grabar: Andr6 Grabar, Martyrium: Recherches sur le culte des
reliques et I'art chretien antique, I: Architecture (Paris,
1946.).
Heisenberg: August Heisenberg, Grabeskirche und Apostelkir-
che:Zwei Basiliken Konstantins, 2 vols, (Leipzig, 1908).
1. L. C. V.: Ernestus Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae
Veteres, I (Berlin, 1961). (cited by inscription number)
Itinerarium: Itinerarium Burdigalense in Itinera Hierosoly-
mitana, saecidi II1 - VIII, ed. Paul Geyer, Corpus Scriptorum
Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, XXXVIIII (Vienna, 1898),
1-33.
Janin: Raymond Janin, La geographlie ecclesiastique de l'em-
pire byzantin, le Partie: Le siege de Constantinople et patri-
arcat oecumenique, III: Les eglises et les monast'res (Paris,
1953).
Jb.A.C.: Jahrbuch fuer Antike und Christentum
Krautheimer: Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and
Byzantine Architecture, The Pelican History of Art, ed.
Nikolaus Pevsner (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, and Balti-
more, 1965).
Krautheimer, "Mensa": Idem, "Mensa-Coemeterium-Martyr-
ium," Cahiers Archeologiques, XI (1960), 15-40.
Lassus: Jean Lassus, Sanctuaires chiretiens de Syrie: Essai sur
la gen'se, la forme et I'usage liturgique des edifices du
culte chretien, en Syrie. du Ille siccle a la conquite musul-
mane, Institut francais d'archeologie de Beyrouth Bibli-
othl'que archeologique et hlistorique, XLII (Paris, 1947).
Liber pontif.: LeLiber pontificalis, ed. Iouis Duchesne, 3 vols.
(Paris, 1955). (cited by chapter and section and by volume
and page)
Nicephorus Callistus: Nicephorus Callistus, Ecclesiastica His-
toria Libri XVIII, ed. J.-P.Migne,
CXLV-CXLVII (Paris, 1865).
Patrologia Graeca,
Patria: Patria Kostantinoupoleos or Ps.-Codini Origenes in
Scriptores Originum Constantiinopolitanarum recensuit Theo-
dorus Preger, II, Teubner Bibliothek (Leipzig, 1907). (cited
by part and paragraph and by page)
Peregrinatio: S. Silviae, quae fertur, peregrinatio ad loca sancta
in Itinera Hierosolymitana (cited above under Itinerarium),
35-101. (now generally identified as Etheria, a Spanish nun;
cf. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Churclh, 466) Trans.
by M. L. McClure and C. L. Feltoe in Translations of
Christian Literature, Series III: Liturgical Texts (London
and New York, 1919).
Procopius: Procopius, Buildings, trans. H. B. Dewing and
Glanville Downey, Works, VII, Loeb Classical Library
(London and Cambridge, Mass., 1940).
R.A.C.s Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana
Schoenebeck: Hans von Schoenebeck, Beitraege zur Religions-
politik des Mexentius und Constantin, Klio: Beitraege zur
alten Geschichte, N.S. Beiheft 30 (Leipzig, 1939).
Socrates: Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica,
ed. J. P.Migne,
Patrologia Graeca-Latina, LXVII (Paris, 1864). Also in
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, II.
Sozomen: Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. Joseph Bidez
and Guenther Christian Hansen, Die griechischen christlichen
Schriftsteller, L (Berlin, 1960). Also in N.P.N.F., Second
Series, II.
Styger: Paul Styger, Roemische Maertyrergruefte, I (Berlin,
1935).
Theophanes: Theophanes, Chronographia, ed. Carolus de Boor,
2 vols. (Leipzig, 1883). (cited by volume and page)
Vincent and Abel: Hughes Vincent and F.-M. Abel, Jerusa-
lem: Recherches de topograplie, d'archlologie et d'histoire,
II:Jerusalem nouvelle (Paris, 1914, 1922, 1926).
Voelkl: Ludwig Voelkl, Die Kirchenstiftungen des Kaisers
Konstantin im Lichte des roemischen Sakralrechts, Arbeits-
gemeinschaft fuer Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-West-
falen, Geisteswissenschaften, 117 (Cologne and Opladen,
1964).
Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen": Idem, "Die Grundisstypen im kon-
stantinischen Kirchenbau," Das Muenster, VII (1954), 153-
174.
Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen": Idem, "Die Komplexanlagen im
konstantinischen Kirchenbau," ibid., VI (1953), 301-311.
Voelkl, Konstantin: Idem, Der Kaiser Konstantin: Annalen
einer Zeitwende (Munich, 1957).
Vogt: Joseph Vogt, Constantin der Grosse und seir Jahr-
hundert, 2nd ed. (Munich, 1960).

CATALOG
A. SECURELY ESTABLISHED ATTRIBUTIONS
TO CONSTANTINE AS PATRON AND/OR
FOUNDER
1. Rome - The Lateran or Constantinian Basilica
begun ca. 313
Lihbr pontif., xxxiiii. 9-12; 1, 172-174. Ciampini, cap. II.
Alfoeldi, 51, 52. Deichmann, 11-18. Finegan, 519.
Grabar, I, 208-211. Enrico Josi, Krautheimer and Spen-
cer Corbett, "Note Lateranensi," R.A.C., XXXIV (1957),
79-98, and XXXIV (1958), 59-72. Heinz Kaehler, Die
spaetantiken Bauten unter dem Dom von Aquileia und
i/ire Stelllung innerhalb der Geschichte des fruehchrist-
lichen Kirchenbaues (Saarbrucken, 1957), 60-75, esp.
64, n. 3. Krautheimer, 25, 26. Krautheimer and Spen-
cer Corbett, "The Constantinian Basilica of the Lateran,"
Antiquity, XXXIV (1960), 201-206. Andre Piganiol,
L'Emp'ereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112, 113. Schoene-
beck, 87-89. Voelkl, 8, 22, 32, 33, 35, 41-43. Voelkl,
"Grundrisstypen," 167, 168. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen,"
308, 309. Voelkl, Konstantin, 50-52. Vogt, 183, 251.
2. Rome - The Lateran Baptistery begun ca. 314
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 13-15; I, 174, 175. Ciampini, cap.
III. Deichmann, 18. Giovanni Battista Giovenale, II
Battistero Lateranese: Nulle rocenti indagini della Pont.
Commissione di Arclieologia Sacra, Studi di Antichita
Cristiana, I (Rome, 1929), esp. 72-88. Schoenebeck,
88, 89. See also Josi, Krautheimer, Corbett and Kraut-
heimer, Corbett under the Lateran Basilica.
3. Rome - Basilica of Saints Marcellinus and Peter
(ad duas lauros) on the Via Labicana
begun before 320
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 26, 27; I, 182, 183. Ciampini, cap.
VIII. Corpus bas., II, 191-204. Deichmann, 17. Deich-
mann-Tschira. Finegan, 522. Krautheimer, 31, 32.
Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Schoenebeck, 89, n. 1.
Styger, 205-212. Voelkl, 8, 22, 35, 41-45. Voelkl,
"Grundrisstypen." 162, 163. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen,"
306-308. Voelkl, Konstantin, 51, 52, 153, 154.
4. Rome - Mausoleum of Helena built during the
320's
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 26, 27; 182, 183. Socrates, i. 17.
Alfoeldi ,104. Deichmann, 17, 19-21. Deichmann, "Un-
tersuchungen an spaetroemischen Rundbauten in Rom
und Latium," Archaeologisclher Anzeiger: Beiblatt zum
Jahlrbuch des deitschen archaeologischen Instituts, LVI
(1941), col. 733-748. Deichmann-Tschira. Krautheimer,
41. Voelkl, 35, 46. Voelkl, Konstantin, 177, 178.
5. Rome - Basilica of St. Lawrence on the Via
326-330
Tiburtina
(San Lorenzo f. 1. m. )
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 24, 25; I, 181, 182. Ciampini, cap.
VI. Corpus bas., II, 1-144. Deichmann-Tschira, 84-87,
92-98. Finegan, 521. 522. George H. Forsyth, review of
"Krautheimer, Frankl, Corbett, Corpus basilicarum,
II/1," The Art Bulletin, XLVII (1965) 514-521. Gra-
Krautheimer 29, 31, 32. Kraut-
bar, I, 305-308.
heimer, Enrico Josi and Wolfgang Frankl, "S Lo-
renzo Fuori le Mura in Rome: Excavations and
Observations," Proceedings of the Am erican Philo-
sophical Society, XCVI, No. 1 (February, 1952),
1-26. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Styger, 173-182.
Voelkl, 8, 22, 45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 162. Voelkl,
"Komplexanlagen," 306, 307. Voelkl, Konstantin, 153,
154. Vogt, 213.
6. Rome - Basilica of St. Paul on the Via Ostien-
sis begun ca. 326
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 21, 1, 178, 179. Ciampini. cap. V.
G. Belvederi, "L'origine della basilica Ostiense.' R.A.C.,
XXII (1946), 103-138. Deichmann, 31-34 Finegan,
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474, 516, 518. Engelbert Kirschbaum, The Tombs of
St. Peter & St. Paul, trans. John Murray (New York,
1959), esp. 153, 154, 176-184. Krautheimer, 36, 63,
64. Hans Lietzmann, Petrus und Paulus in Rom, 2nd ed.
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), 217-221. Andre Piganiol,
L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112, 113. Styger,
67-74. Voelkl, 22, 25, 26, 45. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen,"
160. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306, 307. Voelkl, Kon-
stantin, 153, 154. Vogt, 213.
7. Rome - Basilica of St. Peter begun 326-333
Liber pontif. xxxiiii. 16-20; I, 176-178. I.L.C.V., 1752,
1753: In the triumphal arch: quod duce te mundus sur-
rexit in astra triumphans, / hanc Constantinus victor
tibi condidit aulam. In the apse: iustitiae sedis, fidei
domus, aula pudoris / haec est quam cernis, pietas quam
possidet omnis / quae patris et fill virtutibus inclyta
gaudet / auctoremq. suum genitoris laudibus aequat.
Ciampini, cap. IV. Alfoeldi, 101. B. M. Apollonj
Ghetti, A. Ferrua. E. Josi and E. Kirschbaum, Esplora-
zioni sotto la confessione di San Pietro in Vaticano,
Eseguite negli anni 1940-1949, 2 vols. (Vatican City,
1951). Deichmann, 21, 22. Deichmann-Tschira, 96-98.
Angelus A. De Marco, The Tomb of Saint Peter: A
Representative and A nnotated Bibliography of the Ex-
cavations, Supplements to Novum Testamentum, VIII
(Leiden, 1964). Finegan, 474, 511, 512. George H.
Forsyth, Jr., "The Transept of Old St. Peter's at Rome,"
Late Classical and Medieval Studies in Honor of Albert
Mathias Friend, Jr., ed. Kurt Weitzmann (Princeton,
1955), 56-70. Grabar, I, 208-211, 293-305. Margherita
Guardtlcci, The Tomb of St. Peter: The New Discoveries
in the Sacred Grottoes of the Vatican, trans. Joseph Mc-
Lellan (New York, 1960). Engelbert Kirschbaum, The
Tombs of St. Peter & St. Paul, trans. John Murray (New
York, 1959), esp. 53-63. 143-155. Theodor Klauser,
Die roemische Petrustradition im Lichte der neuen Aus-
grabungen unter der Peterskirche, A rbeitsgemeinschaft
fuer Forschung des Landes Nordrhein Westfalen, Geis-
teswissenschaften, 24 (Cologne and Opladen, 1956),
esp. 59-66. Krautheimer, 32-36, 41, 44. Lassus, 110-
112. Hans Lietzmann. Petrus und Paulus in Rom, 2nd
ed. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1927), esp. 189-191. Andre
Piganiol, L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 112,
113, 210, 211. Schoenebeck, 88, 89. William Seston,
"Hypothese sur la date de la basilique constantinienne
de Saint-Pierre de Rome," Cahiers Archeologiques, II
(1947), 153-159. Styger, 47-63. J. M. C. Toynbee,
"The Shrine of St. Peter and its Setting," The Journal
of Roman Studies, XLIII (1953), 1-26. Toynbee and
John Ward Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter and the
Vatican Excavations (London, New York and Toronto,
1956), esp. 195-239. Voelkl, 8, 22, 24, 25, 45. Voelkl,
"Grundrisstypen," 168, 169. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen,"
306, 307. Voelkl, Konstantin, 153, 154. Vogt, 213.
8. Aquileia - Church of the Apostles in Catacum-
bas (a double basilica) 314-325
Inscription of Bishop Theodore, I.L.C.V., 1863, and
Kaehler, Stifter-mosaiken, 8 and PI. 21: Theodore fe-
li (x) / (a)diuvante deo / omnipotente et / poemnio
caelitus tibi / (tra)ditum omnia / (b)aeate fecisti et /
gloriose dedicas / ti. Athanasius, Apologia ad Con-
stantium, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series,
IV (Grand Rapids, 1957), sect. 15, p. 244. Giovanni
Brusin, Aquileia e Grado: Guida storico-artistica, 4th ed.
(Padua, 1956), esp. 1-45. Brusin and P. L. Zovatto,
Monumenti paleocristiani di Aquileia e di Grado (Udine,
1957), esp. 20-145. Carlo Cecchelli, "Gli edifici e i
mosaici paleocristiani nella zona della Basilica," La Ba-
silica di Aquileia (Bologna, 1933), 107-272.
G. U. S. Corbett, "A Note on the Arrangements
of the Early Christian at Aquileia,"
Buildings
R.A.C., XXXII (1956), 99-106. Josef Fink, Der
Ursprung der aeltesten Kirchen am Domplatz von
Aquileja Muensterche Forschungen, 7 (Muenster in
Westphalia and Cologne, 1954). Anton Gnirs. "Die
christliche Kultanlage aus konstantinischer Zeit am Platze
des Domes in Aquileia," Jahrbuch des kunsthistorischen
Institutes der K.K. Zentralkommission fuer Denkmal-
pflege, IX (1915), 140-172. Heinz Kaehler, Die spaetan-
tiken Bauten unter dem Dom von Aquileia und ihre
Stellung innerhalb der Geschichte des fruehchristlichen
 Kirchenthauesl (Satarbruecken, 1957). Kaehler, Die Stif-
termosaiken in der konstantinischen Suedkirchen vont
A quileia, Moinulmenta Artis Rotmanaac, IV (Cologne,
1962). Theodor Klauser, review of "H. Kaehler, Die
Stiftermosaiken in der kontantinischen Suedkirche von
Aquileia," Jb.A.C., VII (1964), 158-161. Krautheimer,
23, 24. Karl Graf Lanckoronski-Brzezie, Der Dom von
Aquileia: Sein Bau und seine Geschiclite (Vienna,
1906). Mario Mirabella Roberti, "Considerazioni sulle
aule teodoriane di Aquileia," Studi Aquileiesi, Offerti ii
7 Ottobre 1953 a Giovanni Brusin (Aquileia, 1953),
209-244. Sandro Stucchi, "Le Basiliche paleocristiane di
Aquileia," R.A.C., XXIII and XXIV (1947/48), 169-207.
Voelkl, 24, 41, 42. Voelkl, Konstantin, 71, 72, 93.
9. Trier - Double basilica or cathedral
ca. 326 - after 340
Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantiuni, Nicene and Post-
Nicene Fathers, Second Series, IV (Grand Rapids, 1957),
sect. 15, p. 244. Alemannus of Hautvillers, Vita S. Hel-
enae, Acta Sanctorum, 18 August, III, 580-599. Cf. Irsch,
66. Nikolaus Irsch, Der Dom zu Trier, Die Kunstdenk-
maeler der Rheinprovinz, ed. Paul Clemen, XIII, 1
Duesseldorf, 1931). Theodor Konrad Kempf, Die alt-
christliche Bischofskirche Triers, expanded separate print-
ing from Trierer theologiscihe Zeitsclirift (Trier, 1948).
Kempf, "Die Ausgrabungen am Trierer Dom und an der
Liebfrauenkirche von 1943 bis 1950," Neue Beitraege
zur Kunstgeschlichte des 1. Jahrtausends, first half-vol-
ume: Spaetantike und Byzanz, Forsclhungen zur Kunstges-
chiclte und christlichen Arcliaeologie, I (Baden-Baden,
1952), 103-113. Kempf, "Trierer Domgrabungen 1943-
1954," Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutschland (Berlin, 1958),
368-379. Krautheimer, 27. Voelkl, 8, 24, 41, 43. Voelkl,
Konstantin, 156.
10. & 11. Cirta or Constantine in Numidia - two
churches 320's & 330-331
Optatus of Milevis, Libri VII, ed. Carolus Ziwsa,Corpus
Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, XXVI (Vienna,
1893), Appendix 10: Epistula Constantini, pp. 213-216;
also cited in Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins religioese
Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historisclen Theologie, 20
Tuebingen, 1955), 198-201. Ciampini, cap. LVI. Stephane
Gsell, Les monuments antiques de i'Algerie, II (Paris,
1901), 191-194. Voelkl, Konstantin, 179.
12. Jerusalem - Church of the Holy Sepulchre be-
gun 328, concecrated 336
Eusebius, Vita, iii.25-40; iv.40; 47; and Laudes,
ix.16, 17. Socrates, i. 9, 17, 33. Sozomen, ii. 1, 2, 26.
Itinerarium, par. 594. p. 23. Peregrinatio, par. 24ff., pp.
71-101. Cyril of Jerusalem, Catechetical Lectures, Nicene
and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, VII (Grand
Rapids, 1955), iv.10, 14: x 19; xiv. 6, 9, 14, 22; pp. 21,
22, 63, 95-97, 100. See also the useful introduction on the
buildings by William Telfer in Cyril of Jerusalem and
Nemesius of Emesa, Library of Christian Classics, IV
(Philadelphia, 1955), 43-53. Theophanes, I, 25, 26.
Ciampini, cap. XXIII. Kenneth John Conant and Glan-
ville Downey, "The Original Buildings at the Holy
Sepulchre in Jerusalem," Speculum, XXXI (1956), 1-48.
Virgilio Corbo, "Gli edifici della Santa Anastasis a
Gerusalemme," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus,
XII (1961-62), (Jerusalem, 1962), 221-316. Crowfoot, 9-
21. J. G. Davies, "Eusebius' Description of the Martyrium
at Jerusalem," American Journal of Archaeology, LXI
(1957), 171-173. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern,"
107, 120. Deichmann-Tschira, 88-92, 99. Ejnar Dyggve,
"La question du Saint-Sepulcre a l'epoque constantin-
ienne," Actes du Vie Congr's International d'ctudes byz-
antines, Paris, 27 July - 2 August 1948, II (Paris, 1951),
111-123. Finegan, 527-532. Grabar, I, 212, 213, 234-239,
251-282. William Harvey, Church of thle Holy Sepulchre
Jerusalem: Structural Survey, Final Report (London,
1935). Heisenberg, I. Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins
religioese Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historischen Theo-
logie, 20 (Tuebingen, 1955), 120-122. Krautheimer, 36-
43, 50. Lassus, 103-105. Andre Parrot, Golgotha et
Saint-Sep,ulchre, Cahiers d' arcllologie biblique, 6 (Neu-
chatel and Paris, 1955) esp. 5-55; Eng. trans. by Edwin
Hudson, Studies in Biblical Archaeology (London, 1957).
This content downloaded from 213.103.193.105 on Mon, 1 Sep 2014 09:46:26 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Andre Piganiol, "L'Hemisphairion et l'Omphalos des
Lieux Saints," Claliers Arclhologiques, I (1945), 7-14.
Robert Houston Smith, "The Church of the Holy Sepul-
cher:Toward an Ecumenical Symbol," The Yale Review,
LV, No. 1 (Autumn, 1965), 34-56, esp. 51-54. William
Telfer, "Constantine's Holy Land Plan," Studia Patristica,
I, ed. Kurt Aland and F. L. Cross, Texte und Un-
tersuclilunlen, 63 (Berlin, 1957), 696-700. Vincent and
Abel, II, 89-217 (esp. 154-180). Vincent, "Histoire de
la Basilique du Saint-Sepulcre," II Santo Sepolcro di
Gerusalemme (Bergamo, 1949), 23-41. Voelkl, 21, 27,
28, 30, 33, 37-39, 41. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 165,
166. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 302, 303. Voelkl, Kon-
stantin, 157-159, 202, 203, 219-222. E. Weigand, "Zwei
neue Hypothesen ueber die konstantinischen Bauten am
Heiligen Grabe in Jerusalem," Byzantinische Zeitschrift,
XL (1940), 78-88. Erik Wistrand, Konstantins Kirche
am Heiligen Grab in Jerusalem nach den aeltesten liter-
arischen Zeugenissen, Acta Universitatis Gotoburgensis:
Goeteborgs Hoegskolas Arsskrift, LVIII (1952:1) (Goete-
borg, 1952).
13. Jerusalem - Eleona Church on the Mount of
Olives largely completed by 333
Eusebius, Vita, iii.41-43, and Laudes, ix.17. Socrates, i.17.
Sozomen, ii.2. Itinerarium, par. 595, p. 23. Peregrinatio,
passim. Theophanes, I, 26. Ciampini, cap. XXV. Virgilio
Corbo, "Scavo archeologico a ridosso della basilica dell
'Ascensione," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber A nnuus,
X (1959-60), (Jerusalem, 1960), 205-248. Crowfoot, 30-
34. Finegan, 535-537. Grabar, I, 213, 240-244, 282-290.
Krautheimer, 36. Elizabeth Loukianoff, "O ELAION";
The Basilica of Eleon in Constantine's Time at the Mount
of Olives, 326-330 A.D., Memoires presentes c l'lnstitute
d'Egypte, 50 (Cairo, 1939). Vincent and Abel, II, 301-
395 (esp. 337-360). Voelkl, 21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 37-39, 44.
Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 156, 157. Voelkl, "Komplex-
anlagen," 304. Voelkl, Konstantin, 159, 204, 222. Voelkl,
"Archaeologische Funde and Forschungen, Palaestina:
Jerusalem - Oelberg," Roemische Quartalschrift, LVI
(1961), 101-106.
14. Bethlehem - Church of the Nativity
largely completed by 333
Eusebius, Vita, iii.41-43; and Laudes, ix.17. Socrates, i.17
Sozomen, ii.2. Itinerarium, par. 598, p. 25. Peregrinatio,
passim. Theophanes, I, 26 Ciampini, cap. XXIV. Bell-
larmino Bagatti, Gli anticli edifici sacri di Betlemme,
Pubblicazioni dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, No.
9 (Jerusalem, 1952), esp. 9-54. Crowfoot, 22-30. Finegan,
532-535. Grabar, I, 245-250. William Harvey, Structural
Survey of the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem (Lon-
don, 1935). Harvey and John H. Harvey, "Recent Dis-
coveries at the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem,"
Archaeologia, LXXXVII (1937), 7-17. Krautheimer, 36-
43. Lassus, 105-106. Vincent and Abel, Bethleem: Le
Sanctuaire de la Nativite (Paris, 1914), 107-118. Vincent,
"Bethleem, le Sanctuaire de la Nativite, d'apris les fouilles
recentes," Revue Biblique, XLV (1936), 544-574 and
XLVI (1937), 93-121. Vincent, "La basilique de la Na-
tivite a Bethlem," Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale
di Arclieologia Cristiana, Citta del Vaticano, 16-22 Octo-
ber 1938, II (Rome, 1948), 65-88. Voelkl, 21, 27, 28,
30, 31, 37-39, 41, 44. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 166,
167. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 303, 304. Voelkl, Kon-
stantin. 159, 204, 222. Edmund Weigand, Die Geburts-
kirche von Bethlehem: Eine Untersuchung zur christ-
lichen Antike, Studien ueber christliche Dankmaeler, N.
S., 11 (Leipzig, 1911).
15. Mamre - Basilica at the Oak and Spring
after 328
Eusebius, Vita, iii.51-53 Socrates, i.18. Sozomen, ii.4.
Itinerarium, par. 599, p. 25. Ciampini, cap. XXVI. Crow-
foot, 35, 36. Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 107,
108, 120. Finegan, 537,538. Krautheimer, 36-38. Evaristus
Mader, Mambre: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen im
hleiligen Bezirk Ramet El-Halil in Suedpalaestina, 1926-
1928, 2 vols. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1957), esp. I, 95-
115. Voelkl, 21, 27, 30, 37-39, 41. Voelkl,. "Grundriss-
typen," 157, 158. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 304.
Voelkl, Konstantin. 160, 161, 204.
16. Heliopolis in Phoenicia - "Great Church"
after 328
Eusebius, Vita, iii.58. Socrates, i.18. Ciampini, cap. LVII.
Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 119. Voelkl, 21,
41. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 158. Voelkl, "Komplexan-
lagen," 311. Voelkl, Konstantin, 159, 160.
17. Antioch on-the-Orontes - Great Church or Octa-
gon or Domus Aurea
or New Church or
Concordia 327-341
Eusebius, Vita, iii.50; and Laudes, ix.15. Socrates, ii.8;
v.22. Sozomen, ii.3; iii.5. Johannes Malalas, Chrono-
graphia, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus Scriptorium His-
toriae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1831), Bk. xiii; pp. 318, 324,
325. Ciampini, cap. LV. Glanville Downey, A History
of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest
(Princeton, 1961), 342-349, 358, 434, 522, 552, 657.
Walter Eltester, "Die Kirchen Antiochias im IV. Jahr-
hundert," Zeitschrift fuer die neutestamentliche Wissen-
schaft, XXXVI (1937), 254-260, 267-270. Grabar, I, 212-
227. Krautheimer, 52-54. Lassus, 109. Voelkl, 21, 24, 28,
31, 32, 39. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 170, 172. Voelkl,
"Komplexanlagen," 305. Voelkl, Konstantin, 171, 222.
18. Nicomedia in Bithynia - Basilica of the Saviour
or the Victoria Basilica
after 324
Eusebius, Vita, iii.50; and Laudes, ix.15. Sozomen, ii.3.
Ciampini, cap. LIV. Voelkl, 28, 32, 39. Voelkl, Konstan-
tin, 222.
19. Constantinople - Church of Hagia Eirene
after 326
Socrates, i.16; ii.6, 16. Procopius, i.2.13. Theophanes,
ChronograFJhia, ed. Carolus de Boor (Leipzig, 1883),
I, 23. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.48; iii.1; pp.
139, 214. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap.
XXVIII. Alfoeldi, 114. Burch, 132-162. Deichmann,
"Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130. Downey, 79.
Ebersolt, 13-16. Finegan, 549. Grabar, I, 213, 227, 228.
Janin, 107-111. Muzaffer Ramazanoglu, "Neue Forschun-
gen zur Architekturgeschichte der Irenenkirche und des
Komplexes der Sophien Kirche," Actes du Vle Congr&s
International d'Etudes Byzantines, Paris, 27 July - 2
August 1948, II (Paris, 1951), 347-357. Voelkl, 32, 39.
Voelkl, Konstantin, 164.
20. Constantinople - Church of Hagia Sophia
after 326
Socrates, ii.6, 16, 43. Sozomen, iv. 26. Anon., Diegesis,
1; p. 74. Patria, i.49; iii.1; pp. 140, 214. Nicephorus
Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap XXVII. Burch, 132-162.
Deichmann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130.
Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 5-13. Finegan, 550. Janin, 471-
485. Krautheimer, note 27 on pp. 317, 318, and 46. W.
R. Lethaby and Harold Swainson, The Church of Sancta
Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building
(London and New York, 1894), 4-20. Gabriel Millet,
"Sainte Sophie avant Justinien," Orientalia Christiana
Periodica, XIII (1947), 597-612. Ramazanoglu; see under
Hagia Eirene. A. M. Schneider, "Die vorjustinianische
Sophienkirche," Byzantinische Zeitschrift, XXXVI (1936),
77-85. Schneider, Die Grabung im Westhlof der Soph-
ienkirche zu Istanrbuil,IstanlhbulerForschungen, 12 (Berlin,
1941), esp. 6, 7. Emerson Howland Swift, Hagia Sophia,
(New York, 1940) 8, 9. Voelkl. Konstantin, 164, W.
Mac Donald, a selected bibliography of Architecture in
the Age of Justinian, Am. Assoc. of Architectural
Bibliographers Spring 1960 No. 16.
21. Constantinople - Church of the Holy Apostles
and Mausoleum of Constan-
tine after 330
Eusebius, Vita, iv.58-60, 70, 71. Socrates, i.16, 40; ii.38;
vii.45. Sozomen, ii.34; iv.21. Philostorgius, Historia Ec-
clesiastica, ed. Joseph Bidez, (Leipzig, 1913), iii.2; pp.
31, 32. Procopius, i.4.19. Theophanes, 1, 27. Constantine
This content downloaded from 213.103.193.105 on Mon, 1 Sep 2014 09:46:26 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
of Rhodes, cited in Downey, 55, n. 8. and fig. 13. Niko-
laos Mesarites, Description of the Clhurch of the Holy
Apostles at Constantinople, ed and trans. Glanville
Downey, Transactions of tire Amnericant Philosophical
Society, N.S. XLVII, Part 6 (Philadelphia, 1957), i and
xxxix; p. 862, 891. Patria, i.48, 50, 59; iii.1, 210; iv.32;
pp. 139, 140, 144, 214, 281, 286. Nicephorus Callistus,
vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XXX. Burch, 156-159. Deichmann-
Tschira, 87, 88, 101, 102. Downey, 53-80, with many
additional references. Grabar, I, 213, 228-234. Ebersolt,
31-43. Finegan, 548, Heisenberg, II, 97-117. Janin, 46-55,
305. Krautheimer, 47. Krautheimer, "Zu Konstantins
Apostelkirche in Konstantinopel," Mullus: Festschrift
Theodor Klauser, Jb.A.C., suppl. vol. I (1964), ed. Al-
fred Stuiber and Alfred Hermann (Muenster in Westpha-
lia, 1964), 224-229. Lassus, 108, 109. Friedrich Vitting-
hoff, "Eusebius als Verfasser der 'Vita Constantini,'"
Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie, N. S. XCVI (1953).
330-373. Voelkl, 21, 46. Voelkl "Grundrisstypen," 158,
159. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 305, 308. Voelkl, Kon-
stantin, 165, 166, 239, 240. Joseph Vogt, "Der Erbauer
der Apostelkirche in Konstantinopel," Hermes: Zeitschrift
fuer klassisclie Philologie, LXXXI (1953), 111-117.
22. Constantinople - Church of St. Acacius in Hep-
tascalon after 326
Socrates, ii.38. Sozomen. iv.21. Procopius, i.4.25. Niko-
laos Mesarites, Description of the Church of the Holy
Apostles at Constantinople, ed. and trans. Glanville
Downey, Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, N.S. XLVII, Part 6 (Philadelphia, 1957), i; p.
862. Anon., Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.50; iii.1, 18; pp.
140, 214, 219 Nicephorus Callitus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap.
XL. Burch, 152-162. Downey, 56, n. 14, and 79 Grabar,
I, 71, n. 8. Janin. 17-19.
23. Constantinople - Church of the Archangel
Michael at Anaplus (Hestiae)
after 326
Sozomen, ii.3. Procopius, i.5.1; i.8.2, 6-17. Theophanes,
I, 23, 24. Patria, iii.158; p. 265. Ciampini, cap. XXXVI,
XXXVII. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 99, 100. Janin, 349,
351, 352.
B. ATTRIBUTIONS TO THE CONSTANTINIAN
DYNASTY
24. Rome - Basilica or Chapel of the Holy Cross
in the Sessorian Palace on the Via La-
tina (S. Croce in Gerusalemme)
before 330
Liber pontif., xxxiiii.22; I, 179, 180. Ciampini, cap. VII.
Corpus bas., I, 165-195. Deichmann, 30, 31. Finegan,
519, 520. Krautheimer, 27, and esp. n. 28, p. 318. Voelkl,
22, 25, 40. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 154, 155. Voelkl,
"Komplexanlagen," 305.
25. Rome - Church of the Apostles on the Via Ap-
ca. 340
pia (San Sebastiano)
Socrates, iv.23. Ciampini, cap. XV. Deichmann, 17, 23.
Deichmann-Tschira, 81-87, 92-98. Antonio Ferrua, "La-
vori a S. Sebastiano," R.A.C., XXXVII (1961), 203-
236. Finegan, 472-475. Armin von Gerkan, "Petrus in
Vaticano et in Catacumbas," Jb.A.C., V (1962), 23-32.
Margherita Guarducci, The Tomb of St. Peter: The New
Discoveries in the Sacred Grottos of the Vatican, trans.
Joseph McLellan (New York, 1960), 161-178. Kraut-
heimer, 31, 32. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Hans Lietz-
mann, Petrus und Paulus in Rome, 2nd ed. (Berlin and
Leipzig, 1927), 149-151, 248-301 ("Die christlichen An-
lage unter San Sebastiano" by Armin von Gerkan).
Schoenebeck, 88-90. Styger, 15-43. Francesco Tolotti,
Memorie degli Apostoli in Catacumbas, Colleziorne "Ami-
ci delle Catacombe," XIX (Vatican City, 1953), esp.
252-285. Hjalmar Torp, "The Vatican Excavations and
the Cult of Saint Peter," Acta Archaeologica, XXIV
(1953), 27-66. Voelkl, 40. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen,"
159, 160. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306. Voelkl, Kon-
stantin, 74, 75.
26. Rome - Basilica of St. Agnes on the Via No-
mentana 338-353
Liber pontif., xxxiiii.23; 1. 180, 181. I.L.C.V., 1768: Con-
stantina dm venerans Christoque dicata Omnibus im-
pensis devota mente paratis Numine divino multum
Christoque iuvante Sacravi templum victricis virginis
Agnes, Templorum quod vincit opus terrenaque cuncta,
Aurea quae rutilant summi fastigia tecti. Nomen enim
Christi celebratur sedibus istis, Tartaream solus potuit
qui vincere mortem Invectus caelo solusque inferre tri-
umphum Nomen Adae referens et corpus et omnia mem-
bra A mortis tenebris et caeca nocte levata. Dignum
igitur munus martyr devotaque Christo Ex opibus nos-
tris per saecula longa tenebis, O felix virgo, memorandi
nominis Agnes. Ciampini, cap. IX. Corpus bas., I, 14-38.
Deichmann, 24, 25. Deichmann, "Die Lage der constan-
tinischen Basilika der heiligen Agnes an der via Nomen-
tana," R.A.C., XXII (1946), 213-234. Deichmann-Tschira,
83-87, 92-98, 100. Finegan, 520. Grabar, 1,305-308. Kraut-
heimer, 31, 32. Krautheimer, "The Beginning of Early
Christian Architecture," The Review of Religion (Janu-
uary, 1939), 139. Krautheimer, "Mensa," esp. 22. Styger,
221-227. Voelkl, 8, 22, 25, 26. 28, 45. Voelkl, "Grundris-
stypen," 160, 162. Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 306-308.
Voelkl, "Archaologische Funde und Forschungen, Rom:
Sant' Agnese f.l.m.," Riimnische Quartalschrift, LIV
(1959), 97, 98.
27. Rome - Mausoleum of Constantina (S. Costan-
za) before 354
Ciampini, cap. X. Deichmann, 25-30. Finegan, 520, 521.
Krautheimer, 42, 43. Karl Lehmann, "Sta. Costanza,"
The Art Bulletin, XXXVII (1955), 193-196. R. Perrotti,
"Recenti ritrovamenti presso S. Costanza," Palladio,
N. S. VI (1956), 80-83. Voelkl, 8, 46.
C. PROBABLE CONSTANTINIAN ENDOWMENT
28. Tyre - Cathedral of Paulinus
consecrated in 318
Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, x. 4. Crowfoot, 6-8.
F. W. Deichmann, "Die Ausgrabungsfunde der Kathe-
drale von Tyrus (Sur)," Berliner Museen, LVI (1935),
48-55. Finegan, 506. Krautheimer, 24, 25. Voelkl, 21, 31.
Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen." 155, 156. Voelkl, "Kom-
plexanlagen," 310, 311.
29. Orleansville (Castellum Tingitanum) in Algeria-
Basilica of St. Reparatus
324
Inscription: Pro(vinciae) CCLXXX et V, XII kal(endas)
dec(embres), eius basilicae fundamenta posita sunt, et
fa[stigiu]m a(nno) pro(vinciae) CCLXX [X . . .]. In
mente habeas [Marinum?], servum Dei, [et] in Deo
vivas! cited in Gsell, II, 239. Stephane Gsell, Les Monu-
ments antiques de I'Algerie, II (Paris, 1901), 236-241.
Krautheimer, 23, 24.
D. POSSIBLE ATTRIBUTIONS TO CONSTAN-
TINE
30. Ostia Tiberna - Basilica of the Apostles
(Peter, Paul and John the Baptist)
no basis for dating
Liber rontif., xxxiiii. 28, 29; 1, 183, 184. Ciampini, cap.
XVII. G. Belvederi, "L'origene della basilica Ostiense,"
R.A.C., XXII (1946). 103-138. Guido Calza, "Una ba-
silica di eta constantiniana scoperta ad Ostia," Rendi-
conti: Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeo-
logia, Series III, Vol. XVI (1940), 63-88. Heinrich Fuhr-
mann, "Archaeologische Grabungen und Funde in
Italian und Libyen," Archlaeologischer Anzeiger: Beiblati
zum Jahirbucll des deutschen arclhaeologischen Instituts,
LVI (1941), col. 466-471. Armin von Gerkan, "Die
christliche Anlage in Ostia," Roemische Quartalschrift,
XLVII (1939), 15-23. Russell Meiggs, Roman Ostia (Ox-
ford, 1960), 395-399, 522, 563. Hans Schaal, Ostia:
Der Weltliafen Rotns (Bremen, 1957) 152-158. Voelkl.
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22, 25, 32. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 163. Voelkl, "Kom-
plexanlagen," 309, 310. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76, 91.
31. Albano Laziale - Basilica of John the Baptist
no basis for dating
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 30; 1, pp. 184, 185. Ciampini, cap.
XVIII. Attilio Adinolfi, "Gli avanzi Constantiniani della
Basilica Cattedrale di Albano," Nuovo Bulletino di
Archeologia Cristiana, XX (1914), 2nd part, 29-42. 0.
Marucchi, "Albano Laziale. Lavori nella Chiesa Cat-
tedrale e scoperta ivi avvenuta di alcuni avanzi che
possono attribuirsi alla basilica Constantiniana di S.
Giovanni Battista," Nuovo Bulletino di Archeologia Cris-
tiana, XIX (1913), 237-239. Voelkl, 22, 23, 41-43.
Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 163, 164. Voelkl, "Kom-
plexanlagen," 309. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76, 92.
32. Capua - Basilica of the Apostles ca. 314-330
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 31; I, 185, 186. Ciampini, cap. XIX.
Gino Chierici, "Contributo allo studio dell'architettura
paleocristiana nella Campania," A tti del 111 Congresso
Internazionale di Archeologia Cristiana, Ravenna, 25-30
Sept. 1932, Studi di Antichita Cristiana, VIII (Rome,
1934), 204-206. Voelkl, 22, 32. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen,"
164, 165. Voelkl. "Komplexanlagen," 305, 306. Voelkl,
Konstantin. 76, 92.
33. Naples - Basilica of the Redeemer, or Restituta.
or of Apostles and Martyrs,
no basis for dating
Liber pontif., xxxiiii. 32; I, 186. Ciampini, cap. XX.
Voelkl, 22, 33. Voelkl, "Grundrisstypen," 169, 170.
Voelkl, "Komplexanlagen," 310. Voelkl, Konstantin, 76,
91, 92.
34. Constantinople - Church of St. Acacius in Karya
4th C.
See the references under 22. Church of St. Acacius in
Heptascalon. Socrates, vi. 23. Patria, iii.116; pp. 253, 254.
S. Salaville, "Les 6glises Saint-Acace a Constantinople,"
Echos d'Orient, XII (1909), 103-108.
35. Constantinople - Church of the Archangel Mi-
chael at Sosthenium 4th C.
Procopius, i.8.2, 18, 19. Johannes Malalas, Chrono-
graphia, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus Scriptorum His-
toriae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1831), Bk. iv; pp. 78, 79.
Patria, iii.163; p. 267. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.50; viii.
4. Ciampini, cap. XXXVI. Deichmann, "Kirchen in
Heiligtuemern," 129. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 99, 100.
Janin, 349, 359.
36. Constantinople - Church of St. Mocius 4th C.
Sozomen, viii. 17. Procopius, i.4.27. Theophanes, I, 23.
Anon., Parastaseis. 1; p. 19. Patria, ii. 110; iii.2, 3; pp.
209, 214, 215. Nicephorus Callistus, vii. 49. Ciampini,
cap. XXXVIII. Burch, 146-162. Deichmann, "Kirche in
Heiligtuemer," 111, 130. Downey, 79. Ebersolt, 74-76.
Janin, 367-371.
37. Constantinople - Church of St. MenaS 4th C.
Patria, i.51; iii.2; pp. 140, 214, 215. Nicephorus Callistus,
vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XLIV. Burch, 146-162. Deich-
mann, "Kirchen in Heiligtuemern," 111, 130. Downey,
79. Ebersolt, 95, 96. Janin, 345-347.
38. Constantinople -- Church of St. Agathonicus
4th C.
Procopius, i.4.30. Anon., Parastaseis, 2; p. 20. Anon.,
Diegesis, 1; p. 74. Patria, i.50; ii.107; iii.l; pp. 140, 208,
214. Nicephorus Callistus, vii.49. Ciampini, cap. XXXI.
Burch, 146-162. Downey, 79. Janin, 11-13.
39. Ephesus -
Chapel of St. John
possibly 320's or 330's
Franz Miltner, Ephesos: Stadt der Artemis und des Jo-
hannes (Vienna, 1958), 90. Oesterreichisches archaeo-
logisches Institut, Forschungen in Ephesos, IV, 3: Die
Johanneskirche (Baden bei Wien, 1951).
40. Abu Mena in Egypt - Crypt Church ca. 330-365
Finegan. 545. 546. Martin Krause, "Die Menasstadt,"
Koptische Klunst: Christentum am Nil (Essen, 1963),
65-70. Helmut Schlaeger, "Die neuen Grabungen in Abu
Mena," Cllristentum am Nil, ed. Klaus Wessel (Reckling-
hausen. 1964). 158-170. John B. Ward Perkins, "The
Shrine of St. Menas in the Maryfit," Papers of the British
School at Rome, XVII (London, 1949), 26-71. Friedrich
W. Dcichmann. "Zu den Bauten der Menasstadt,"
A rchacologisclher A nzeiger: Beiblatt zum Jahrbucll des
[deurt.clen] Archaeologischen Isstituts, III (1937), col.
75-86.
E. POORLY ATTESTED ATTRIBUTIONS TO
CONSTANTINE
41. Rome - Titulus Equitii or San Martino ai Monti
mid-4th C.
Liber ponttif., xxxiii.3, 33; I, 170, 171, 187. Ciampini,
cap. I.VII. Bruno M. Apollonj Ghetti, "Le chiese titolari
di S. Silvestro e S. Martino ai Monti," R.A.C., XXXVII
(1961). 271-302. Rene Vielliard, Les origines du titre de
Saint-Martian aux AMonts i Rome, Studi di Atntichlita
Cri.stiana, IV (Rome and Paris, 1931). Voelkl, Kon-
stantin. 75. 76. J. B. Ward Perkins, "Constantine and
the Origins of the Christian Basilica," Papers of the
British Schiool at Rome, XXII (1954), 89, 90.
42. Rome - Church of St. Chrysogonus Trans- Ty-
berim ca. 310
Ciampini. cap. XV (who cites Tobia Corona, Tractatus
de Sacris Tem pli., par. I, cap .23). Corpus bas., I,
144-164. Krautheimer, 15. Maurice Mesnard, La basi-
lique de Saint Chrysogone (i Rome, Studi di Antichita
Cristiana, IX (Rome and Paris, 1935).
43. Civitas Arvernorum (Arverni or Clermont-Fer-
rand) - Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary
no basis for dating
Gregory of Tours, Libri miraculorium, Liber primus: De
gloria heatorrium martvrlum, Patrolog,ia Latina, LXXI
(Paris, 1867), cap. IX; col. 713. Ciampini, cap. XXI.
44. Constantinople - Church of the Holy Dynamis
no basis for dating
Anon., Diegcsis, I (in Ms. K only, see note in Preger);
p. 74. Nicephorus Callistus, vii. 49. Ciampini, cap XXIX.
Burch, 132-162. Downey, 79. Janin, 106, 107. Andre
Piganiol. L'Empereur Constantin (Paris, 1932), 162.
The following list of churches in Rome and vi-
cinity which have been attributed to Constantine re-
quires no discussion. All these attributions may con-
fidently be rejected. and it is doubtful that any of them
are even contemporary with Constantine. The order
is that of Ciampini's chapters.
Church of the SS. Quatuor Coronatorum (Santi Quat-
tro Coronati) in the Via dei Querceti
Ciampini, cap. XI (who cites Panirolus, Thesauric
absconditi Romainae Civitatis, Reg. 2, Eccles. 22).
Ottavio Panciroli, I tesori mascoti nell'alma citt(i di
Rotna (Rome, 1600; 2nd ed. 1625).
Church of the Twelve Apostles on the Piazza Santi
Apostoli
Ciampini, cap. XII (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 7,
Eccles. 5). Corpus bas., I, 76-81.
Basilica of St. Sabina
Ciampini, cap. XIll (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 9,
Eccles. 8).
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Church of St. Laurentius (San Lorenzo) in Panisperna
Ciampini, cap. XIV (who cites Pancirolus, Reg. 2,
Eccles. 48). Corpus has., II, 185.
Church of St. Mary in Ara Coeli.
Church of St. Peter in Monte Aureo (Montorio)
Church of St. Marcellus on the Corso Umberto I
Ciampini, cap. XV (who cites Tobia Corona, Tractatus
de Sacris Templis, par. I, cap. 23). Corpus bas., II, 205-
211, 269-270.
The Sacrarium of the Vatican Basilica
Ciampini, cap. XVI (who cites Turrigius, Crypti Vati-
cani, 46, 47).
Church of St. Mary in Vulturella or Mentorella of the
Tiburtina Diocese
Ciampini, cap. XXII (who cites Factorius, an arch-
presbyter, cited by Athanasius Kircherus, Historia Eus-
tachio-Mariana).
The following list of churches in Constantinople
which have been attributed to Constantine requires no
discussion. All these attributions may confidently be
rejected, and it is doubtful that any of them are even
contemporary with Constantine or his sons. The order
is that of Ciampini's chapters.
Church of the Theotokos (with the icon not made by
hand - Acheiropoietos)
Patria, iii.143; p. 260. Ciampini, cap. XXXII. Janin,
9-10.
Church of the Theotokos in Virgam or Rhabdon
Patria, iii.88; p. 247. Ciampini, cap. XXXIII. Janin, 239.
Church of the Theotokos in Sigma
Patria, iii.182; p. 272. Ciampini, cap. XXXIV. Janin,
239, 240.
Church of the Theotokos ta Kontaria (later renamed
St. Thecla)
Procopius, i.4.28. Anon., Parastaseis, 53; p. 55. Patria,
ii.66: iii.35; pp. 187, 228, 229. Ciampini, cap. XXXV.
Janin, 199, 200.
Church of John the Baptist (Prodromos ten palaian
portan
Patria, iii.191; p. 275. Ciampini, cap. XXXIX. Ebersolt,
79-84. Janin, 423. 435.
Church in Agalmata or in Statuas
Ciampini, cap. XLII (who cites Ducange, Constantino-
polis christiana, iv.8, note 5). Ebersolt, 71-74. Janin,
306. (It is not entirely certain that Ebersolt and Janin
are referring to the same church as Ciampini.)
Church of St. Stephen near Sigma
Church of St. Stephen at Zeugma
(There was sometimes confusion between these two).
Patria, i.59; iii.209; pp. 144, 280 (Sigma). Patria, iii.64;
6. 239 (Zeugma, but not attributed to Constantine).
Ciampini, cap XLIII. Ebersolt, 84, 85. Janin, 487-493.
Church of St. Metrophanes
Patria iii.115, 210; pp. 253. 281. Ciampini, cap XLV.
Janin, 348, 349.
Temple of St. Procopius plision tUs Chelonis
Patria, iii.18, 115; pp. 219, 253. Ciampini, cap. XLVI.
Janin, 459, 460.
Church of St. Romanus
Patria, iii.81; p. 245 (attributed to Helena). Ciampini,
cap. XLVII. Janin, 463-465.
Church of St. Theodore ta Klaudiou
Patria, iii.5; p. 216 (attributed to Helena). Ciampini,
cap. XLVIII. Janin, 155, 156.
Temple of St. Euphemia in the Hippodrome
Patria, iii.9; p. 217. Ciampini, cap. XLIX. Ebersolt, 89.
Janin, 126-130. A. M. Schneider, "Das Martyrion der HI.
Euphemia beim Hippodrom zu Konstantinopel," By-
zantinisclie Zeitschrift, XLII (1943/49), 178-185.
Monastery Gastria
Patria, iii.4; p. 215 (attributed to Helena, as is the
Bethlehem monastery which Ciampini does not include.)
Ciampini, cap. L. Janin, 72, 73 (68 on the Bethlehem
monastery).
Oratory of Concord
Ciampini, cap. LI (who cites Du Cange, Constantino-
polis Christiana). Janin, 396, 397.
Church of the Holy Cross
Chronicon Paschale, ed. Ludovicus Dindorf, Corpus
Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, IV (Bonn, 1832),
Olympiad 278; I, 531. Ciampini, cap. LII (who apparent-
ly misunderstands his source which seems to refer to
Jerusalem since it mentions Bishop Macarius of that
city).
Monastery of St. Diomede
Patria, iii.86; p. 246. Ciampini, cap. LIII. Janin, 100-
102.
Church and Monastery of St. John the Evangelist or
Theologian at Hebdomon
Socrates, vi.6, 11, Patria, iii.144, 145; p. 260. Ebersolt,
83, 84. Ebersolt and Adolphe Thiers, Les eglises de Con-
stantinople, Monuments de l'art byzantin, III (Paris,
1913), 251. Janin, 275-278.
Church of the Holy Trinity at Exakionin
Patria, iii.210; p. 281. Janin, 503.
Church of St. George tou Hieriou
Patria, iii. 178: p. 270. Janin, 74.
FOOTNOTES
* I wish to express my thanks to the American Council of
Learned Societies for the Study Fellowship which made
possible research on this topic and to the Dumbarton
Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies and the Department
of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University, for the
use of their libraries and for their hospitality.
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1. E.g., Kurt Aland, "Die religioese Haltung Kaiser Kon-
stantins," Studia Patristica, I, ed. Kurt Aland and F. L.
Cross, Texte und Untersuchungen, 63 (Berlin, 1957),
569, 570; Heinz Kraft, Kaiser Konstantins religioese
Entwicklung, Beitraege zur historischen Theologie, 20
(Tuebingen, 1955), 114, 119: Joseph Vogt, "Constantinus
der Grosse," Reallexikon fuer Antike und Christentum,
ed. Theodore Klauser, III (Stuttgart, 1957), 367; idem,
"Bemerkungen zum Gang der Constantinforschung."
Mullus: Festschrift Thieodor Klauser, Jb.A.C., suppl. vol.
I (1964), ed. Alfred Stuiber and Alfred Hermann
(Muenster in Westphalia, 1964). 378, 379.
2. LiEllt from the Ancient Past and Early Christian and
Byzantine Architecture; see below, Works Frequently
Cited. In addition, Krautheimer has dealt with our topic
in two papers, one, "Die Kirchengruendungen Konstan-
tins," read at the Seventh Congress for Christian Archae-
ology in Trier, September, 1965, which will be published
in the Acts of the Congress, and the other, "The Con-
stantinian Basilica," read at the Dumbarton Oaks Sym-
posium on the Age of Constantine in Washington, May,
1966. These papers discuss several important aspects of
Constantine's church buildings but do not aim at pre-
senting a catalog of churches. I wish to acknowledge
several helpful suggestions received in correspondence and
conversation with Professor Krautheimer.
3. On the authenticity of Rusebius' Vita Constantini, the
most important discussions appear to be: Henri Gr6goire,
"Eusebe n'est pas l'auteur de la 'Vita Constantini dans
sa forme actuelle et Constantin ne s'est pas 'converti' en
312," Byzantion, XIII (1938), 561-583: Jacques Moreau,
"Zum Problem der Vita Constantini," Historia: Zeit-
schrift fuer alte Geschichte, IV (1955), 234-245; Fried-
rich Vittinghoff, "Eusebius als Verfasser der 'Vita Con-
stantini,'" Rheinisches Museum fuer Philologie, N.S.,
XCVI (1953), 330-373; Ludwig Voelkl, "Die konstant-
inischen Kirchenbauten nach Eusebius," R.A.C., XXIX
(1953), 49-66, 187-206; Friedhelm Winkelmann, "Zur
Geschichte des Authentizititaetsproblem der Vita Constan-
tini," Klio: Beitrae,e zur alten Geschichte, XL (1962),
187-243. I share the positive judgment toward Eusebius
as a source which now prevails, especially in respect to
the church buildings.
4. See the introduction by Duchesne, Liher pontif., 1, cxli-
cliv, clxi, and the introduction in The Book of the Popes,
1, trans. and ed. Louise Ropes Loomis (New York, 1916).
xvii, xviii. Cf. also .udwig Voelkl, "Die konstantinischen
Kirchenbauten nach den literarischen Quellen des Okzi-
dents," R.A.C., XXX (1954), 99-136. Again I share the
positive judgment toward the evidence of the Liher
Pontif. on Constantine's churches, subject always to
archaeological confirmation where possible.
5. Encyclopedia and dictionary articles are, however, not in-
cluded. They are for the most part self-evident and easily
accessible.
6. Eusebius, Vita, ii.46; iii.48, 50.