TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 509
CE Design Projects 2

DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

IN BARANGAY LAOG, ANGAT, BULACAN
PREPARED BY:
FLORES, ALBERT ANDREW
DOLLENTE, MATT JEROME G.
EPE, JUDE
LLAVORE, NEIL
TIAMZON, CARLO
CE52FB1

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JENNIFER CAMINO
Instructor

January 4, 2019
Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Project Background .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 The Project ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Project Location .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Project Perspective ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5 Project Client ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.7 Scope and Limitation ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 Project Development ............................................................................................................................ 3
DESIGN CRITERIA........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Design Data .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Related Literature ................................................................................................................................. 7
CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS, AND STANDARDS ................................................................. 12
3.1 Design Constraints ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Tradeoffs ............................................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Designer’s Raw Ranking .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4Trade-off Assessment.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Design Standards ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Angat, officially the Municipality of Angat, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan and has a
land area of 7,400 hectares. It has a hilly and mountainous landscape that nestles Angat River which snakes
around eleven provinces in the Central Luzon Region. Angat River's main basin of water resource is from Commented [TO1]: source
Sierra Madre Mountain Range the longest mountain range in the Philippines Commented [TO2]: Dona Remedios Trinidad

The province's total land area indicates that its topography ranges from level to rugged terrain. The western
portion of Bulacan for instance has been classified in the Landscape Map as belonging to the lowland
category with an approximate coverage of close to 50 percent of the provincial land area. On the other hand,
the eastern part of the province covers those areas that are hilly to mountainous. This is where the province
interfaces with the southeastern part of Luzon. In the middle of these two major landforms are the piedmont
landscapes, which have elevation of about 50 to 100 meters above sea level. Over one half of Bulacan's
overall land area have been classified as having slopes less than 8 percent or those considered as having
level to gently sloping terrain and this is found on the western part of Bulacan.

Laog is a small barangay in Angat Bulacan situated at approximately 14.9300, 121.0739, in the island of
Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 76.4 meters or 250.7 feet above mean sea level. Its
main industry are farming, poultry, food processing and quarrying. The geographic nature of the town is
diversified and multi-faceted, rich in nature's beauty like waterfall, rivers, caves, few mountains, hilly areas
and springs. The mainland are plain agricultural lands, some part of which was substantially eroded due to
commercialization and urbanization

1.2 The Project

Irrigation is the process through which controlled amount of water can be supplied through artificial means
such as pipes, ditches, sprinklers etc. the main objectives of irrigation systems is to help agricultural crop
growth, landscape maintenance, reduce the effect of inadequate rainfall etc. Therefore, the importance of
irrigation systems is very high.

In line with this, our group will design an Irrigation System wherein it will serve as the main source of water
for crops and allows them to irrigate their crops and increase their yields.

1.3 Project Location

The location of the project will be along Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan having the coordinates of 14.7598°
N, 121.2019° E.

1
 Figure 1.2 Map View of Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan.

Figure 1.3 Satellite View of Barangay Laog, Angat Bulacan

1.5 Project Client

The client of the project will be National Irrigation Administration (Region III).

1.6 Project Objectives

1.6.1 General Objective
The main objective of the project is to provide a more efficient irrigation system in Barangay Laog, Angat,
Bulacan. The designers will deliberate ideas to come up with different trade-offs and constraints to identify
engineering methods and applications that will be helpful throughout the entire project, to design an efficient
irrigation system and optionally gather data for future references.
1.6.2 Specific Objectives
1. To study and analyze different types irrigation system
2. To survey the location and analyze the best type of irrigation system fitted to the location
3. To design and provide an efficient cost and estimate of the irrigation system
4. To weigh-in the trade-offs based on the limitations in order to differentiate what is the most effective
design choice.

2
 1.7 Scope and Limitation
1.7.1 Scope
The following were the scope of the design project
1. Provide an efficient cost and estimate of irrigation system
2. Provide an effective irrigation system that are most suited for the chosen location.
3. Provide structural drawings
4. Design of irrigation system in in Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan considering three (3) trade-
offs.

1.7.2 Limitation
The following were the limitation of the design project
1. This only focuses on designing a sustainable irrigation system in Barangay Laog, Angat,
Bulacan.
2. The design project will not comprise the maintenance, analysis and alterations of the system
after the installation of the project.
3. The design project is a communal irrigation system which means that the area will be limited to
less than 1,000 hectares.

1.8 Project Development

1. Identifying the Problems - identifying the existing problem that the designers intend to address
in order for the designers to share pieces of idea and formulate solutions on the existing problem.
2. Conceptualization - the designer conceptualized design of irrigation system in Laog, Angat,
Bulacan considering different inputs such as strengthening design process, materials and
construction techniques, purpose, ground characteristics and set of standards provided in the
Philippines.
3. Data Gathering- After conceptualization, available data are gathered on the said topic and
review of related concepts take place in order to begin the project with its problems and possible
solutions.
4. Constraints and Standards- the designer identifies and select hindrances that affect the
formulation of the design so that in the early stage the constraints will be lessen. Each
conceivable constraints and standards are considered in order to formulate solutions.
5. Trade-offs – considering different types of irrigation system and rainfall capture system that
might be the most suited for the project considering different constraint and data that have
gathered.
6. Design of Trade-offs – There will be a provide design for each tradeoff to properly explain each
of its capabilities and advantages.
7. Evaluation of Results – After presenting each tradeoff with their specific aspects; results will
be compared and evaluated in order to come up with the most efficient alternative.
8. Final Design – Final design will be now based on the chosen trade-off and alternative.

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 START
T

IDENTIFYING
THE PROBLEMS

CONCEPTUALIZATION

DATA GATHERING

PROJECT CONSTRAINTS
AND STANDARDS

TRADE-OFF A TRADE-OFF B TRADE-OFF C

DESIGN OF TRADE-OFF A DESIGN OF TRADE-OFF B

DESIGN OF TRADE-OFF C

ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRAINTS ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRAINTS ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRAINTS

RANKING RANKING RANKING

EVALUATION OF RESULT

FINAL DESIGN

END

Formatted: Centered
Figure 1.5 Design Procedure Flow Chart
4
 DESIGN CRITERIA Formatted: Heading 2
2.1 Design Data
To be able to properly design an irrigation system in Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan that will serve as water
supply for crops, the following data are gathered to serve as the design basis.
2.1.1 Soil type
The type of soil in an area can affect not only the type irrigation method used but also the irrigation run times.
Sandy soils typically require frequent applications of water at a high rate to keep moisture in the root zone.
Tighter clay soils can hold moisture longer that sandy soils, but may require frequent applications at a lower
rate to prevent runoff.
Table 2.2 Soil type description

Depth (cm) Description

0-20 Dark yellowish and brown moist clay loam weak medium granular friable sticky and
non plastic few fine and many medium tubular pores few medium and very few
coarse and many very fine roots wavy gradual boundary
20-40 Strong brown moist clay moderate medium platy firm slightly sticky and slightly
plastic very few coarse and medium tubular pores many medium and many fine
very fine roots irregular gradual boundary
40-120 Strong brown moist sandy clay loam moderate medium blocky friable slightly sticky
and slightly plastic few coarse and many medium tubular pores many fine and many
medium roots presence of medium gravels wavy diffuse boundary
120 below Strong brown moist gravelly clay weak medium blocky friable sticky and non-plastic
few coarse and few medium tubular pores very few fine and medium roots presence
of slightly weathered gravels wavy diffuse boundary

2.1.2 Land Topography

Irrigation works well if the laterals can be run along topographic lines. System run times may need
to be adjusted to prevent runoff. The project site is located in the rural areas of Laog, Angat, Bulacan.

Figure 2.1 Topographic map of the area where the project site is located

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 Crop Water Demand

Table 2.4 Crop Water Demand

2.1.5 Water Demand Duration

Table 2.5 Crop Water Demand

6
2.2 Related Literature Formatted: Heading 3, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt,
Changes in agriculture over the last century have led to substantial increases in food security through No bullets or numbering
higher and more stable food production. However, the way that water has been managed in agriculture has
caused wide scale changes in land cover with watercourses, contributed to ecosystem degradation, and
undermined the processes that support ecosystems and the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services
essential for human well-being.
Among other natural resources, water resources have a unique position. Water is the main
extensively distributed substance across the world. It contributes to a key role in the human life and
surrounding environment. Fresh water is the most important among them, which is essential for human
beings’ life and activity. About 1.4 billion km^3 water is available on earth. Among them, approximately 35
million km^3 freshwater resources are present (nearly 2.5% of total volume).
On one hand, water resources tend to deplete due to exceeding demand and consumption ratio. As
a result of over pumping and demanding human activity, water quality is worsening in the sources. By
considering worldwide population of 8 billion and with a raise of 2 billion dollars and as a common situation
of business-as-usual, with enhance in water exploring of 22% over 1995 levels is predicted by 2025. It means
irrigation demand raise up to 17%, including 20% demand for industrial water and 70% demand for
municipalities’ water. On the other hand, Global warming further spells out such water shortage. Due to global
warming, snow and ice in the Himalayas, which give huge quantity of water for agriculture in Asia, is estimated
to reduce 20% by the year 2030. At present Irrigated agriculture contributes 40% worldwide food production.
Irrigation increases crops yields from 100 to 400% but poor drainage and irrigation practices have led to
water logging and salinization of about 10% of irrigated land over the world
2.2.1 Local Literature
The Philippine Rice Research Institute is developing a lower-cost alternative to the drip irrigation
method to help small-scale farmers cope with the impact of the prevailing strong El Niño

Drip irrigation is a method that involves water delivery through a pipe distribution network consisting
of a main pipe, submain, manifold and lateral pipes, PhilRice explained.

The water is emitted through small outlets of drippers or emitters into the soil to be irrigated. However,
the system is costly for ordinary farmers and they also encounter problems when it is used for irrigating the
soil below the ground surface.

Ricardo Orge, lead researcher of the PhilRice project, said the capillary-based irrigation method is
recommended for small-scale farmers as the tillers themselves can easily fabricate and install the system.

“As a cheaper, cost-efficient alternative to drip irrigation system, our study uses a water distribution
system similar to drip irrigation system,” Orge said. “However, it is equipped with emitters that make use of
the capillary principle to deliver water through a wick.”

Orge explained that under normal field conditions, the water flows from the water source towards th e
capillary pipes, and through gravity, the water is introduced directly to the crops through the wick.

He added that because the system operates at near-atmospheric pressure, it can be made from
cheaper or even recycled materials other than the conventional plastic pipes.

7
 Orge said further testing would be conducted on the system to harness its full potential. The
prevailing El Niño continued to gain strength on pace towards its expected peak later this year as international
climate experts jacked up the likelihood it would last through the northern hemisphere winter.

In its latest monthly advisory, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) raised
the probability of this happening to 95 percent from 90 percent previously. The US NOAA added that the El
Niño was projected to “gradually weaken through the spring of 2016.”

Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) concurred, saying the El Niño continued to strengthen as
oceanic and atmospheric indicators are at levels not seen since the 1997–1998 El Niño.

“All [climate prediction] models suggest the event will peak around the end of the year, followed by
rapid weakening heading into autumn 2016,” the BoM said, referring to the southern hemisphere season
concurrent to the north’s spring.

From: http://business.inquirer.net/199758/philrice-studies-new-low-cost-irrigation-method

According to the Senior Science Research Specialist, Socio-Economics Research Division-

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (SERD-
PCAARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines, In the
Philippines, there are three types of irrigation systems: The National Irrigation System, the Communal
Irrigation System, and the Private Irrigation Systems.

The NIS are large and medium infrastructure operated and maintained by the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA). Water users are organized into irrigators’ associations who are also tasked to jointly
manage portions of the irrigation canals (NIA, 2016). Through the years, the NIS provides irrigation to around
50% of the country’s total irrigable area (Table 1). The NIS service area has been increasing from 663,209
ha in 1990 to 767,006 in 2010, but slightly decreased to 750,169 in 2014. The largest NIS derives irrigation
water from large multipurpose storage of water. The Magat River Integrated Irrigation System in the Cagayan
Valley Region and the Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System in the Central Luzon Region
together serve more than 200,000 ha, while the Angat-Maasim, although primarily for urban water supply,
also serves 31,500 ha of irrigation area. These three large irrigation systems are found in the island of Luzon.
The remaining 175 NISs distributed throughout the country, serve more than 460,000 ha or 69% of the service
area (NIA, 2016). These are mainly run-of-the-river diversion systems. NIA charges users ISF to cover the
cost of operation and maintenance of the system.

The CIS total service area decreased in the late 1990s but has been steadily increasing. Individually,
a CIS has a service area of less than 1,000 ha. In 1997, about 4,925 CISs serve 491,360 ha or 36% of th e
total irrigation service area; in 2014, the area served increased to around 595,693 ha. These are mainly run-
of-the-river gravity diversion systems, although there are also some pumped schemes. NIA builds ClSs, and
transfers these to irrigators’ associations which are responsible for O&M on completion. Farmers are
responsible for O&M of the systems and are not charged ISFs but are required to contribute to investment
costs. Ownership of communal systems is transferred to irrigators’ associations on completion of the

8
amortization payment. As stipulated in the Local Government Code of 1991, CISs have been devolved to
local government units from NIA.

The area served by private irrigation system is also steadily increasing from 152,128 ha in 1990 to
194,841 in 2014. The private irrigation systems consist of small water impoundments, shallow tube wells,
and irrigation pumps that are privately owned.

Table 2.1. Total irrigated area by type of irrigation system in the Philippines and yield of rice, 1990 -2014.

9
2.2.2 Foreign Literature
According to Er.Sukhjit Singh and Er.Neha Sharma (2012) – The drip irrigation technique applies small
amount of water to the root zone of the plant slowly. Water is being supplied on a daily basis in order to
maintain such flattering soil moisture condition, with such state and proper use of water resources, moisture-
stress in plants can be prevented. While the conventional flood-type methods, unlike the drip irrigation
technique, can basically consume large amount of water since these types of methods wet the stem and the
lower leaves of the plants. The difference is that the area between the crop rows only receives moisture from
the incidental rainfall alone. This area also remains dry. He added that the Wireless Sensor Network or WSN -
based drip irrigation system is a type of control system that controls and monitors all the activities of the
system.

https://www.ijcnwc.org/papers/vol2no42012/6vol2no4.pdf

According to Aditya Morey, Bhushan Dhurve, Vishal Haste, Bhupesh Wasnik (2016) – The roof
harvesting is practiced mainly for providing domestic water, water for livestock, drinking water and as water
supply for small irrigation in China and Brazil. It also gives a way to replenish water levels of the groundwater.
The largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects known in China was located in Gansu province and semi-
arid North East Brazil in Brazil. They also added that collecting the rainwater has many uses. It can be used
in washing clothes, dishes and more. It is also helpful in preventing groundwater depletion and ground water
supplement. They also mentioned that rainwater harvesting systems are inexpensive. It offers high-quality
water and reduces the dependence on fountain. The unused or excess rain water can still be used in
recharging groundwater aquifer through artificial techniques in recharging.

From https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i4/IRJET-V3I4426.pdf

According to a study in Iraq entitled Sprinkler Irrigation Systems and Water Saving, the irrigation
systems modernization is a part of water resources management improvement process which requires a
decision support system, the core of such system is an automated procedure for simulating the relevant
processes governing the system. This study has revealed that the designed sprinkler system capacity is
113m3/hr with 5.04 mm/hr precipitation rate. The designed sprinkler system can be used to irrigate different
crop types including maize, barley and wheat. Since, the sprinkler system has been designed to meet the
maize irrigation water requirements which is the heights requiring water consumer crop the during the
summer season, then it has the ability to meet the different winter cereals irrigation requirements. The
designed system can be used in the different regions of Iraq generally and southern regions especially
because it has been designed to suit the soil that characterized by moderate slow infiltration rates in addition
to suit areas of relatively high wind speed which affecting the water distribution uniformity and slow infiltration
rates of soils. (Rasheed A. & Al-Adili A., 2015)

Fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aqeel_Al-
Adili2/publication/283326508_Sprinkler_Irrigation_Systems_and_Water_Saving_A_Case_Study_from_Sou
th_of_Iraq/links/5633915e08aeb786b701371c/Sprinkler-Irrigation-Systems-and-Water-Saving-A-Case-
Study-from-South-of-Iraq.pdf

10
 According to the book Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Science. The main objective of this
research is to compare different irrigation methods based upon a parametric evaluation system in an area of
15,000 ha in the Jaizan Plain, Iran. Once the soil properties were analyzed and evaluated, suitability maps
were generated for surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods using Geographic Information System (GIS).
The obtained results showed that for 5275 ha (35.17%) of the study area surface irrigation method was highly
recommended; whereas for 7500 ha (50%) of the study area a sprinkler irrigation method would provide to
be extremely efficient and suitable; moreover, it was found that 7325 ha (48.83%) of the study area was
highly suitable for drip irrigation methods. The results demonstrated that by applying sprinkler irrigation
instead of surface and drip irrigation methods, the arability of 13 875 ha (92.5%) in the Jaizan Plain will
improve. The comparison of the different types of irrigation techniques revealed that the sprinkler and drip
irrigations methods were more effective and efficient than the surface irrigation methods for improving land
productivity. It is of note however that the main limiting factor in using surface irrigation methods in this area
was drainage and the main limiting factor in using sprinkler irrigation methods in this area were gravel soil
texture, drainage and calcium carbonate and the main limiting factors in using drip irrigation methods were
the drainage and calcium carbonate.(Albaji M. et al, 2013)

From: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658077X13000489

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 Chapter 3 CONSTRAINTS, TRADEOFFS, AND STANDARDS

3.1 Design Constraints

Constraint is defined as a constraining condition, agency, or force that limits the systems’ performance
in a given context/ environment. Constraint describes the relationships between objects and processes.
Constraints have to be managed. Practically, in all cases the constraints’ limiting impact can be reduced or
eliminated.
The project, in order to meet and achieve the requirements of the client must be design in line with the
needs and necessities given by the client and also the judgement of the designer. These factors, often divided
into Quantitative Constraints - are those constraints that can be measured using engineering methods
(estimation). Outlined and discussed on the following are the constraints faced by the designers in the
“Design of Irrigation System in Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan.

3.1.1Quantitative Constraints

3.1.1.1Economic Constraint (Cost)

Economic constraint can have significant effect on the design outcome of the project. This constraint accords
with the fact that in creating a project, quantity and quality of the materials must be acknowledged, which are
also dependent to the cost of the entire project. As designers, it is a requirement to create a project that will
meet the desired design strength and durability of the design outcome, economically. Regardless of the fact
that irrigation was known to have a high initial cost, for this project, the designers will assess the total costs
of the project to come up with the best and most economical design.

3.1.1.2 Environmental Constraint (Penalty Cost)

There are various legal implications when it comes to potentially damaging the environment. Whether it’s
wildlife preservation zones, laws on the usage of hazardous materials, or restrictions on a few pollutants,
construction projects must abide by the laws and codes of where they are building. Failure to abide by
these regulations can result in delays, financial penalties, and possible lawsuits.

3.1.1.3 Constructability Constraint (Construction Duration)

One of the factors that highly contribute to the costs of a project is the duration of the construction due to its
mountainous region and rough terrains. Topography is also the most common problem in designing and
installing of an irrigation system. Longer project duration corresponds to higher amount of cost that will be
added to the total cost of the project which will make the project expensive.

3.1.1.4 Sustainability Constraint (Lifespan)

Due to unpredicted weather condition, volume of water that are collected for irrigation varies from time to
time. Irrigation for agriculture traditionally consumes large amounts of water and energy, resources that are
becoming increasingly scarce. There is a strong need for irrigation methods that can provide adequate
hydration for crops even with a limited supply of water, without requiring significant energy input.

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3.2 Tradeoffs

Tradeoffs is a technique or method of decision making that compromises different designs by balancing
their factors and analyzing which gives more return or has a better effectiveness given certain
circumstances or cases.
The designers came up with three different trade-offs. These trade-offs are Types of Pump, Types of
Irrigation Canal, and types of canal weir. It will be measured through its different quality and aspects to
come up with the best resolution for the design of irrigation system.

3.2.1 Types of Pump

The heart of most irrigation systems is a pump. An irrigation pump is used to move water from the water
supply to the specified area of dry land. Water irrigations pumps are usually used to assist in crop growing
and the maintenance of lawns, vegetation and fields.

1. Centrifugal Pumps - Centrifugal pumps are used to pump from reservoirs, lakes, streams and
shallow wells. They also are used as booster pumps in irrigation pipelines. These pumps must
have water in the intake pipe and the casing before starting the pump. It is imperative that you
prime these pumps before the first use. This is done by filling the case with water, then quickly
turning the pump on.

2. Reciprocating Pumps - Displacement pumps force the water to move by displacement.

Displacement pumps are used for moving very thick liquids, creating very precise flow volumes, or
creating very high pressures.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pumps

Table 2.1 Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of Pumps

Types of Pump Advantages Disadvantages
 It requires minimum space for  The pump will not work, if the
installation as it is compact in chamber is not full of water.
design. So, the priming should
Centrifugal Pumps  It can be installed for high always be done before
speed driving mechanism. starting the pump.
 The working is simple and
there is no valve in the pump,

13
 hence it is reliable and
durable.
 It is suitable for large
pumping units.
 It gives constant discharge.
Reciprocating Pumps
 The pump will not work of
there is any leakage in the
suction side.
 It requires large space for
installation.
 It is suitable for pumping
water containing high
sediment.

3.2.2 Types of Irrigation Canal

The conveyance system assures the transport of water from the main intake structure or main pumping
station up to the field ditches. Conveyance system can be classified as lined and earthen canal.

1. Earthen Canals - are simply dug in the ground and the bank is made up from the removed earth.
They are inexpensive, but require high maintenance expenditure.

2. Lined Canals - Earthen canals can be lined with impermeable materials to prevent excessive
seepage and growth of weeds. Lining canals is also an effective way to control canal bottom and
bank erosion. The materials mostly used for canal lining are brick or rock masonry and asphaltic
concrete.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Irrigation Canal

Table 2.2 Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of Irrigation Canal

Types of Irrigation Canal Advantages
 Easy to construct
 Low cost type of construction
 It takes less time to complete
the project work
Earthen Canal
Disadvantages
 The low velocity of flow
maintained to prevent
erosion necessitates
larger cross-section of
channels
 risk of the side slopes
collapsing and the water
loss due to seepage
 Requires continuous
maintenance

14

 Maintenance is reduced for
lined canals.
 It reduces the loss of water due
to seepage and hence the duty
Lined Canal is enhanced
 It eliminates the effect of
scouring in the canal bed
 It controls the growth of weeds
along the canal sides and bed.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Lined Canal Materials
Table 2.3 Comparison of the materials used for Lined Canals
Material Tradeoff Advantages
 Long Lifespan
 Durability
 impermeable and hydraulically
efficient
Cement Concrete
 requires least maintenance
 The smooth surface of the
lining increases the
conveyance of the channel
 Easy to install compare to  The initial cost of the
reinforce concrete
 Long Lifespan
 increase the hydraulic
efficiency of the irrigation canal  It involves many
Stone Masonry  very effective in reducing
seepage losses
 Durability
 Low material cost
 Favorable conditions for
weed growth which further
retards the velocity.
 Construction cost is
much higher than for
earthen canals.
 It takes too much time to
complete the project
work
 It involves many
difficulties for repairing
the damaged section of
lining
Disadvantages
 Longer construction
period
 High form cost
canal lining is very high.
So, it makes the project
very expensive with
respect to the output.
difficulties for repairing
the damaged section of
lining.
 It takes too much time to
complete the project
work.
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3.2.3 Check Structure

Checks serve to help regulate the water level in a canal reach. They can also be used to limit the amount
of water leaving the canal if there is a failure. Checks have two parts: Gates can make small adjustments
for more flexible operations and can provide for automation of the check structure.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Check Structure

Table 2.4 Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of Check Structure

Advantages
 Easy to construct
 Low cost type of construction
It takes less time to complete
the project work
Disadvantages
 The low velocity of flow
maintained to prevent
erosion necessitates
larger cross-section of
channels
 risk of the side slopes
collapsing and the water
loss due to seepage
 Requires continuous
maintenance
 Favorable conditions for
weed growth which further
retards the velocity.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Check Structure Materials

Material Tradeoff Advantages Disadvantages

 Long Lifespan  High form cost
Cement Concrete  Durability

 Low cost  Shorter lifespan compared

Wood
to others

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  Light in terms of weight and easy  Weak compared to steel
to construct and reinforced concrete

Table 2.5 Comparison of the materials used for Check Structure

3.3 Raw Designer’s Ranking

In order to deliberate the two systems with accuracy parallel to the constraints given, analysis techniques
such as described below were used. Trade-offs to be selected must have capability to satisfy the demand
of constraints. Each trade-off must be designed in accordance with codes and standard so that selection of
scheme to be adapted in the design is accurate.

To come up in selection of the trade-off, the designers used the model on trade-offs strategies in
engineering design by Otto and Antonson (1991) where in the importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0
to 5, 5 with the highest importance) was assigned and each design methodology’s ability to satisfy the
criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the criterion) which was tabulated
below.

Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

Higher value − Lower value

% difference = Higher value
x 10 Equation 3.1

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) Equation 3.2

The governing rank is the subjective value set by the designers. It depends on the designers own
discrepancy on ranking the importance of each constraint. The subordinate rank in Equation 3-2 is a
variable that corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale.

Figure 2.1 Ranking Scale Value

17
As equation 3.1 and equation 3.2 provided, the range is determined by the product of the percentage
difference and by the number of scale that is 10. The result will be the number of interval from the
governing value. After discussing the design constraints, the designers came up with the raw ranking on
the said trade-offs. The discussion on how the designers arise with the raw rankings values are shown and
computed below.

Decision Criterion’s Importance

Criteria (on a scale of 1 to 5)

Economic 5
Environmental 4
Constructability 4
Sustainability 5

Table 3.6 Designer’s Ranking

In the tabulation of the initial ranking for sections shown above, the economic constraint criterion’s importance
is ranked as ten (10) because the client specified the amount of budget and it must be enough for the given
area. An importance value of nine (9) was given in environmental constraint, which signifies that the water
supply must be safe for the plants and that the system will not cause any relevant damage on the
environment. Constructability constraint was ranked nine (9) as well since the budget provided by the client
will also be consumed in man-hour labor. Sustainability constraint was given an importance value of ten (10),
which signifies that the client and designer gives priority.

Table 3.7 Summary of Initial Design Output

TRADE OFFS Design Constraints
System Economic Environmental Constructability sustainability
Materials Penalty Cost - Construction
Cost - Php Lifespan - years
Php Duration - days
Centrifugal 200000 300,000
40 20
Pump
Pump
Reciprocating 250000 200,000
50 15
Pump
Irrigation 2,500 (per 50,000
Soil 30 20
Canal Linear Meter) Commented [TO3]: Part of your limitations. Do not include

18
 Concrete 8,000.00 (per 400,000
60 30
Linear Meter)
Stone 6,000.00 (per 500,000
80 25
Masonry Linear Meter)
Wood 5,200 (per 100,000
25 10
Check Linear Meter)
Structure Concrete 8,000.00 (per 200,000
40 30
Linear Meter)

The designers had discussed to set the corresponding importance rank in every criterion
that must be measured. The economic importance is set to five (5) since one of the objectives of this project
is to create a design outcome that would be economical for the client and the budget provided would be
enough for the area. The designer set it as one of the highest possible ranking in all of the constraints listed.
The environmental importance was ranked as four (4) because the water supply for the irrigation is one of
the priority of the client and the designers. Water which will be used for irrigation must be free from chemicals
that may have relevant effects on the crops. The constructability importance was ranked as four (4) as well
since the client insists that the project must be done as soon as possible, because the duration of the project
would affect the production of crops. The sustainability importance was ranked as five (5) since one of the
objectives of this project was to have a design outcome that will be useful to the client for a longer span. It
can correlate to economic because if the project needs high maintenance, the cost of maintenance will also
rise.

3.3.1 Designer’s Material Raw Ranking

Irrigation system deals with different parameters and one of these is the selection of the materials
that will be use. The designers provide and tabulate the initial estimates of the engineering designs. Listed
below are the solutions and tables of every scheme having their materials and it is rank with acco rdance of
the project’s design constraints.

Table 3.7 Types of Pump Initial Estimate

Trade-Off No. 1 – Types of Pump
Design Constraints Materials Trade-offs
Centrifugal Pump Reciprocating Pump
Economic (Php) 200,000.00 250,000.00
Sustainability (Years) 20 15
Environmental (Php) 300000 200000
Constructability (Days) 40 50

Computation of ranking for the Economic Constraint

19
 Since Centrifugal Pump is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten
(10).
For Reciprocating Pump:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

250000 − 200000
= 𝑥10
250000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 2
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟖

Figure 2-2 Subordinate Rank of Reciprocating Pump plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the sustainability Constraint

Since Centrifugal Pump is the one having the largest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten
(10).
For Reciprocating Pump:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

20 − 15
= 𝑥10
20

20
 % 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 2.5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟕. 𝟓

Figure 2-3 Subordinate Rank of Reciprocating Pump plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Environmental Constraint

Since Reciprocating Pump is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of
ten (10)

For Centrifugal Pump:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

300000 − 200000
= 𝑥10
300000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 3.33
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕

21
 .

Computation of ranking for the Constructability Constraint

Since Centrifugal Pump is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten
(10)

For Reciprocating Pump:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

50 − 40
= 𝑥10
50
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 2.5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟕. 𝟓

Summary:

Table 2.8 Summary of Results for Types of Pump

Criterion’s Importance Ability to Satisfy the Criterion
Decision Criteria
(Scale 0 to 10) Centrifugal Pump Reciprocating Pump
Economic 10 10 8
Sustainability 10 10 7.5
Environmental 9 6.67 10
Constructability 9 10 7.5
Over-all Rank 350.03 312.5
Since Centrifugal Pump has the greatest over-all rank therefore it is the most efficient material for
the Type of Pump.

Design Constraints Trade-Off No. 2 – Irrigation Canal

22
 Materials Trade-offs
Soil Concrete Stone Masonry
2,500.00 (per Linear 8,000.00 (per Linear 6,000.00 (per Linear
Economic (Php)
Meter) Meter) Meter)
Environmental 50,000 400,000 500,000
Constructability (Days) 30 60 80
Sustainability (Years) 20 30 25
Table 3.9 Irrigation Canal Initial Estimate

Computation of ranking for the Economic Constraint

Since Soil is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).
For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

8000 − 2500
= 𝑥10
8000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 6.875
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓

Figure 2-4 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

For Stone Masonry:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

23
 6000 − 2500
= 𝑥10
6000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 5.83
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟕

Figure 2-5 Subordinate Rank of Stone Masonry plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Environmental Constraint

Since Soil is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10)

For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

400000 − 50000
= 𝑥10
400000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 8.75
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

24
 Figure 2-6 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

For Stone Masonry:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

500000 − 50,000
= 𝑥10
500000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟗%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 9
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟏

Figure 2-7 Subordinate Rank of Stone Masonry plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Constructability Constraint

Since Soil is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

25
 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

60 − 30
= 𝑥10
60
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟓

Figure 2-8 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

For Stone Masonry:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

80 − 30
= 𝑥10
80
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 6.25
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓

26
 Figure 2-9 Subordinate Rank of Stone Masonry plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Sustainability Constraint

Since Concrete is the one having the largest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Soil:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

30 − 20
= 𝑥10
30
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 3.33
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕

Figure 2-10 Subordinate Rank of Soil plotted in a rank line

For Stone Masonry:

Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

27
 30 − 25
= 𝑥10
30
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 1.667
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑

Figure 2-11 Subordinate Rank of Stone Masonry plotted in a rank line

Summary:

Table 2.10 Summary of Results for Irrigation Canal

Criterion’s Ability to Satisfy the Criterion
Decision Criteria Importance (Scale Soil
Concrete Stone Masonry
0 to 10)
Economic 10 10 3.125 4.17
Environmental 9 10 1.25 1
Constructability 9 10 5 3.75
Sustainability 10 6.67 10 8.33
Over-all Rank 346.7 187.5 167.75
Since Soil has the greatest over-all rank therefore it is the most efficient material for the Type of
Irrigation Canal.

Trade-Off No. 3 – Check Structure

Design Constraints Materials Trade-offs
Wood Concrete
Economic (Php) 5,200.00 (per Linear Meter) 8,000.00 (per Linear Meter)
Environmental 100000 200000
Constructability (Days) 25 40
Sustainability (Years) 10 30

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 Table 3.11 Check Structure Initial Estimate

Computation of ranking for the Economic Constraint

Since Wood is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

8000 − 5200
= 𝑥10
8000
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 3.5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟓

Figure 2-12 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Environmental Constraint

Since Wood is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

200000 − 100000
= 𝑥10
200000

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 % 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 5
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟓

Figure 2-13 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Constructability Constraint

Since Wood is the one having the lowest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Concrete:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

40 − 25
= 𝑥10
40
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 3.75
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓

30
 Figure 2-14 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

Computation of ranking for the Sustainability Constraint

Since Concrete is the one having the largest amount, the designers gave it a scale of ten (10).

For Wood:
Using equation’s 3.1 and 3.2;

𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥10
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

30 − 10
= 𝑥10
30
% 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − % 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 10 − 6.667
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒌 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑

Figure 2-15 Subordinate Rank of Concrete plotted in a rank line

Table 2.12 Summary of Results for Check Structure

Criterion’s Importance Ability to Satisfy the Criterion
Decision Criteria
(Scale 0 to 10) Wood Concrete

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 Economic 10 10 6.5
Environmental 9 10 5
Constructability 9 10 6.25
Sustainability 10 3.333 10
Over-all Rank 313.33 266.25
Sine Wood has the greatest over-all rank but not the most efficient therefore it is the chosen
material for Check Structure.

3.3.2 Trade-Off Assessment

3.3.2.1 Economic Assessment
The Economic Assessment of Trade-Off yields the result of using Centrifugal Pump, Earthen
Canal, and Wood Check Structure for the Irrigation System in Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan. This three
have the cheapest materials that will be used for the irrigation system.
3.3.2.2 Environmental Assessment
The Environmental Assessment of Trade-Off yields the result of using Reciprocating Pump,
Earthen Canal, and Wood Check Structure for the Irrigation System. It yields that this three has less
environmental penalty cost compared to other material trade-offs.
3.3.2.3 Constructability Assessment
The Constructability Assessment of Trade-Off yields the result of using Centrifugal Pump, Earthen
Canal, and Wood Check Structure for the Irrigation System. This will result to less man-hours compared to
other trade-offs.
3.3.2.4 Sustainability Assessment
The Sustainability Assessment of Trade-Off yields the result of using Centrifugal Pump, Concrete
Lined Canal, and Concrete Check Structure for the Irrigation System. The strength and long design life
span of this three-trade-off compared to other materials greatly influenced the outcome of the sustainability
constraint assessment.
3.3.2.5 Over-all Assessment of Trade-Offs
The over-all assessment of trade-offs lead to the Centrifugal Pump, Earthen Canal, and Wood Check
Structure as the highest-ranking trade-offs having been the best option when it comes to Economic,
Environmental, and Sustainability aspect of design. This yields that these three trade-offs will be used for
the design of Irrigation System in Barangay Laog, Angat, Bulacan.

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