INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS LAB

Layout:
Layout is defined as the physical arrangement of men, machines and materials for optimization of resources.
OR
the way in which the parts of something are arranged or laid out.

Types of layout:
 Product layout
 Process layout
 Fixed position layout
 Combination layout
Product layout:
In manufacturing engineering, a product layout refers to a production system where the work stations and
equipment are located along the line of production, as with assembly lines. Usually, work units are moved
along a line (not necessarily a geometric line, but a set of interconnected work stations) by a conveyor.

Process layout:
In manufacturing engineering, process layout is a design for the floor plan of a plant which aims to improve
efficiency by arranging equipment according to its function. The production line should ideally be designed
to eliminate waste in material flows, inventory handling and management.

Fixed position layout:

In a fixed position layout, personnel, supplies, and equipment are brought to the site where the product will
be assembled, rather than the product being moved through an assembly line or set of assembly stations.
 Combination layout:
A combination layout is possible where an item is being made in different types and sizes. In such cases
machinery is arranged in a process layout but the process grouping (a group of number of similar machines)
is then arranged in a sequence to manufacture various types and sizes of products.

Apparatus:
1. Fatigue testing machine
2. Beam deflection apparatus
3. Impact tester
4. Torsional tester
5. Hook’s law apparatus
6. Creep measurement
7. Thick and thin cylinder
8. Tensile test machine
9. Rubber in shear apparatus
10. Sturt buckling apparatus
11. Eccentrically loaded test apparatus
12. Shear force and bending moment apparatus
13. Compound shaft apparatus
14. Rubber in shear apparatus
15. Curved bar apparatus

THEORY OF MECHANICS LAB

Theory of this lab consist of following machines:
Fatigue testing machine:
The design and development of a fast rotating bending test machine for high-cycle fatigue tests, which can
rotate up to 18,000 rpm, generating cyclic stresses at 300 Hz. The bending force is applied by an electric
actuator, connected in series with a load cell. An Arduino board with a DC motor controller shield receives
the force feedback from the load cell, commanding the actuator to create the desired bending moment
through proportional-integral (PI) controller logic. It also commands the desired rotation speed for the main
motor via a PWM signal to the brushless motor speed controller. Another Arduino board is connected to a
Hall-effect sensor, to count the revolutions and to control the speed of the main motor. All data can be
captured by a computer, via a USB connection. Pairing the
bending stress and number of cycles for failure creates a point for traditional stress-life plots, but due to its
active feedback, the machine can also apply load blocks needed for Gassner curves and even to simulate
variable amplitude loads. The design is versatile, can apply stresses up to 3000 MPa, is lightweight and
portable, and costs a fraction of standard commercial models.
 Beam deflection apparatus:
The axis of the beam deflects from its initial position under action of applied forces. Accurate values for
these beams deflections are sought in many practical case: elements of machines must be sufficiently rigid
to prevent misalignment and to maintain dimensional accuracy under load; in buildings ,floor beams cannot
deflect excessively to avoid the undesirable psychological effect of flexible floors on occupants and to
minimize or prevent distress in brittle-finish materials; likewise, information on deformation characteristics
of members is essential in the study of vibrations of machines as well as of stationary and flight structures.
Following are the apparatus for beam deflection:
1. UTM or Beam apparatus with movable knife frame (bending fixture)
2. Vernier calipers, dial gauge, and a Tape measure. Calipers should be used to measure the width and
thickness of the beam. Dial gauge will be used to measure the deflection of the beam. The tape measure is
used to measure the length of the test region.
3. Metal beam. The beam should be fairly rectangular, thin and long.Specific dimensions are dependent to the
size of the test frame and available weights

Torsional tester:
ADMET torsion test machines employ a linear slide design for maximum torsional stiffness and minimal
axial friction. A reaction torque transducer is attached to a movable tail stock mounted on a linear slide.
The tail stock can be left free floating or clamped during testing. All torsion testers feature unlimited rotation
in both directions and are ordered as either horizontal or vertical testers. We will also modify a tester to
meet your needs. In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.
Torsion is expressed in either the Pascal (Pa), an SI unit for newtons per square meter, or in pounds per
square inch (psi) while torque is expressed in newton meters or foot-pound force .In sections perpendicular
to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius.
 Hook’s law apparatus:
For proving Hooke’s Law of Elasticity, i.e. that elongation of an object is directly proportional to the load
applied and demonstrating the phenomenon of simple harmonic motion of a vibrating weight, potential
energy etc. Consists of an adjustable mirrored scale 15cm long, graduated in millimeters, mounted on a
support rod 30cm long fitted on a base. A hook attached to the rod supports a spring and indicator. Provided
with a 50g brass hanger. Required slotted weights can be ordered separately.
Its purpose is:
1. To investigate Hooke's Law (The relation between force and stretch for a spring)
2. To investigate Newton's Laws and the operation of a spring scale.

Thick and thin cylinder:

If the wall thickness of the cylinder is less than 1/20th of the internal diameter ‘di’ the variation of the
tangential stresses through the wall thickness is small & the radial stresses may be neglected. The solution
can be then treated as statically determinate & the vessel is said to be thin pressure vessel. Thus a thin
pressure vessel is one whose thickness to inner radius ratio is not greater than 1/10.

•The problem of determination of stresses in a thick cylinder was first attempted more than 160 years ago
by a French mathematician Lame in 1833. His solution very logically assumed that a thick cylinder to
consist of series of thin cylinders such that each exerts pressure on the other.
Tensile test machine:
Tensile testing, also known as tension testing,[1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in
which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a
tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation and reduction in
area.[2] From these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's
modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics. [3] Uniaxial tensile testing is
the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical characteristics of isotropic materials. Some materials
use biaxial tensile testing.

Rubber in shear apparatus:

Rubber blocks in shear force are often used on engine and in equipment mounting to isolate vibrations.
They do this by absorbing shock energy by deforming. This deformation leads to a decrease in cross-section
as the block lengthens, an effect described by Poisson’s Ratio. A block of medium rubber (153 x 73 x 25)
mm size has aluminum alloy stripes bonded to the two long edges. One strip has two fixing holes enabling
this assembly to be fixed to a rigid vertical surface. The bottom end of the other strip is drilled for a load
hanger while a small dial gauge indicates the position of the top.
Curved bar apparatus:
Though curved bars are not commonly found as structures by themselves, they are usually part of a
mechanical member which has a combination of straight and curved elements. The study of how curved
bars deflect is thus, important so as to estimate the total mechanical displacement of structures that
incorporate curved sections. One of the more effective methods used to estimate deflections in curved bars
comes from Castigliano’s first theorem or from a unit-load method. This experiment puts the unit load
approach to the test. The test apparatus will demonstrate the actual behavior of curved bars set up in
different configurations and comparisons will be made to the unit load method’s results. Sometimes, due
to the complex nature of the integral involved, an approximate method such as Simpson’s Rule can be used
instead of an analytical

Conclusion:
Conclusion is the end or finish of an event, process, or text. The function of your paper's conclusion is to
restate the main argument. It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main argument(s) and reiterates
the most important evidence supporting those argument(s).
This lab was about the introduction of mechanics lab .We learnt about the layout and its type. We also learnt
about the functions and uses of each lab in mechanics.