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DESIGN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICALLY OPERATED PEANUT SHELLER, MILLER
AND BUTTER MAKING MACHINE
APPROVAL
Making machine is from the students’ own work and effort and all other sources of information
used have been acknowledged. This project has been accepted with my approval.
1. Approved by board of examination
…………………………………… signature…………………date…………
2. Department graduate committee
……………………………………….. signature…………… ……. date……….
3. Adviser
……………………………………….. signature…………………. date ………….
4. Internal examiner
…………………………………… signature …………………. date……………
I
FINAL THESIS HIT MENG
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this thesis entailed design of
electrically operated peanut Sheller, Miller and butter making machine is original work of our
own has not been presented for degree of any other university. All the material used for this have
been duly acknowledged.
1.Berhanu Bogale
2.Tilahe Alemu
3.Tolasa Tamirat
This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Mr.Addis Asfaw (Advisor) sign....................................date ............................
II
Acknowledgement
We have taken efforts in this project, however, it would not have possible without the kind
support of God. Our special thanks are in order to Mr. Addis Asfaw, our advisor, for giving
guidance, initiation, advice in our continuous contact hour during project session and for
directing this thesis and bringing it to its conclusion with patience and expertise. Then, we would
like to thank HIT, departments of Mechanical Engineering for preparing the schedule. Lastly, we
want to appreciate our final thesis’s members for knowledge sharing, active participant and
patient during work to arrive at designing this project that can overcome the problem of society.
III
Abstract
The peanut peeler and butter making machine is one of the most important machine that is used
for making butter from peanut. The aim of designing peanut peeler, removal and butter making
machine is to produce butter from peanut seed easily in a short time which is electrically
operating. This machine does shelling and grinding the shelled peanut simultaneously without
any difficulty. In our country, Eastern part of Ethiopia most farmers produce this peanut good.
The most popular method of shelling; which is still widely used in Ethiopia is the method of
crushing or pressing the pods between the thumb and the finger to break off the pods and release
the seed. This method is time consuming, and needs high man power. So, farmers couldn’t be
benefited from it more, because there is no butter maker machine near to their town. The current
mini-machines are separated (or single functional) not manufacture in Ethiopia and it is very
expensive to import. The main advantage of this motor operated machine is peeling, grinding
and removing kernel without operator interference during machine operation continuously.
Even if peanut shelling and milling of peanut butter making machines are being introduced to
the market, they do single work only relative to this design. To design a peanut peeler removal
and butter maker machine, analytical methods were used. The appropriate and suitable electric
motor has been selected which power is 3kw electric motor. To determine the force, stress acting
on each parts of a machine we started from material selection, geometrical analysis and force
analysis respectively. Then the von misses stress, shear stress, bending moment, and others are
done by analytical method as the parts type. Then, compared the calculated stress within the
selected material to check the design is either safe or not. The machine can discharge
0.06334kg/s, 228.024kg/hr. Peanut butter. The 2D and 3D part drawing and assembly drawing
of a machine is done by solid work software.
IV
NOMENCLUTURE
F Axial Force Produce by the Screw to Discharge or Feed the Peanut
Dm Mean or Pitch Diameter of the Screw
Tr Applied Torque In To The Screw
Dc Minor (Core) Diameter of Screw
Ri Internal Radius of a Selected Material
𝜎T Allowable Stress of Selected Material
𝜎H Hoop Stress or Circumferential Stress
F Hoop Force
P Intensity of the Internal Pressure

L Length of Cylinder Wall
P Power
H Depth of Thread
L Length of Screw
Nt number of thread
Dp Pitch Diameter
C End Fixity Coefficient
E Young’s Modulus
Wcr Crippling Load
𝜎cr Crippling Stress
L/K Slenderness Load
WR Radial Load,
WA Axial or Thrust Load,
XO Radial Load Factor
YO Axial or Thrust Load Factor.
FR Catalog Rating, In KN-
V
List of Tables
Table 1; properties of selected materials………………………………………………9

Table: 2 Specification of motor……………………………………………………….11
Table 3; Relation between equivalent length and actual length………………………20
Table 4 Values of crushing stress and Rankin’s constant …………………………….22
Table 5 Dimension of standard v-belts according to IS 2494-1974………………….24
Table 6: Rubber coefficient of friction……………………………………………….27
Table 7: Dimension of standard V- grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494 – 1974 ....31
Table: 8cost analysis of the machine ………………………………………………...67

Table: 9 Direct cost analysis…………………………………………………………68
List of Figures Pages
Figure:1 Miller disc………………………………………………………………………10
Fig: 2 Rotary cutter………………………………………………………………………10
Fig: 3 Sheller hopper…………………………………………………………………….14
Fig :4 One is fixed and other is free column……………………………………………...20
Fig:5 V – groove pulley and V- belt…………………………………………………........25
Fig: 6 Motor pulley and driven pulley……………………………………………………26
Fig: 7 Miller pulley……………………………………………………………………….29
Fig: 8 Feed screw…………………………………………………………………………34
Fig: 9 Front view of shelling shaft………………………………………………………..38
Fig: 10 FBD of peeler shaft……………………………………………………………….40
Fig: 11 Front view of miller shaft…………………………………………………………44
VI
Fig: 12 Bearing……………………………………………………………………….48
Fig: 13 key ways resection……………………………………………………………53
Fig:14 Cross sectional of shell………………………………………………………..57
Fig: 15 Bolt geometry parameter……………………………………………………...59
Fig: 16 Basic profile for metric M…………………………………………………….60
Fig: 17 bolt size determination…………………………………………………………61
VII
Table of Contents Pages

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ IV
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.INTRODUCTION /BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Objectives of the project ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Main objective ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Significance of the project .................................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Organization of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 8
3. MAIN COMPONENTS AND MATERIAL SELECTION ...................................................................... 8
3.1 Components of peanut peeler & butter making machine .................................................................... 8
3.2 Material selection for each component ............................................................................................... 9
3.2.1. The miller Disc ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.2 Sieve and Cutter ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.3Motor selection ........................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 12
4. DESIGN ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Design consideration ......................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Component design ............................................................................................................................ 12
4.2.1 Hopper design ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.2.2 Fan selection .............................................................................................................................. 17
4.2.3 Column ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Design analysis of Belt and pulley ............................................................................................. 24
4.2.5 Design of power screw (feed screw) .......................................................................................... 34
4.2.6 Design shaft ............................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.6.1 Design of shaft for peeler ........................................................................................................ 37
VIII
4.4.7 Selection of bearing ................................................................................................................... 47

4.2.8 Design of Key ............................................................................................................................ 52
4.2.9 Design of Barrel ......................................................................................................................... 57
4.2.10 Selection of Bolt and Nut ......................................................................................................... 59
4.2.11 Analysis of flow peeling and milling peanut machine ............................................................. 65
4.2.12 Working principle .................................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 67
COST ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................. 67
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................................... 69
6.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................................................... 71
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDETION .............................................................................................. 71
7.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 71
7.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 72
DETAILED DRAWING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………72
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................................................. 83
IX
CHAPTER ONE
1.INTRODUCTION /BACKGROUND
Peanut is also called groundnut, is one of the most important food crops in the world. It is
the world fourth most important source of edible oil and third most important source of vegetable
oil. Over 100 countries worldwide grow groundnut. Developing countries constituent 97% of
the global area and 94%of the global production of this crop. The production of groundnut is
concentrated in Asia and Africa (56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global
production respectively) [1]
In this project the skin of the peanut after roasting is feed into the roller through the peeler
hopper loose; such blanching/avoid not becomes a tedious and laborious process when
performed scientifically on large quantities of kernels. Shelling is the removal of grains from
their stalk, pod or cub either by stripping, impact action and rubbing or any combination of these
methods. The most popular method of shelling which is still widely used in Ethiopia is the
method of crushing or pressing the pods between the thumb and the finger to break off the pods
and release the seed. This method has low efficiency, it is time consuming, and has high demand
of energy. However, we have design the combination of peeler and butter making machine by
electric motor that peel and mill simultaneously. We use the roller that rotate in fixed curved
plate which remove the skin of the peanut and remove seeds by axial fan. Groundnut making
butter in most developing nations such as those of the south Asia and Africa is usually done
manually by hand, and like all other manual operations it is drudgery and time consuming.
Traditionally, butter is extracted from groundnuts by roasting and crushing to as fine as possible
(i.e. first by pounding, followed by crushing between stones or a stone and an iron bar). The
weak points of these processes are the grating or crushing steps. They are time consuming and
drudgery, yet crushing is generally not fine enough. Traditional processes are very labor
intensive and labor saving changes seem appropriate, at least for any kind of market oriented
production-small (or domestic), medium or large scale.
In Ethiopia also almost all use manually by hand and by crushing between stones or a stone and
an iron bar; as much as the data that we have. The potential for improvements would best be
tapped by a simplified reproducible version of the modern technologies: milling the seed by
1
using one fixed cutter on the barrel and two rotating cutters with shaft. The reasons why this
study was carried out is to fulfill the demands of the peanut butter and to make farmers beneficial
by making butter from seeds they produced.
1.1 Problem statement

Peanut butter is the most useful condiment /used to flavor food/ for numerous food including
pancakes, breads, soups and sauces. In our country most farmers produce this peanut good and
the product amount is increasing from year to year.
 But the problem is they use only to sale their product for enterprisers due to lack of
machine which can produce butter from peanut.
 They buy it with high cost which comes from other places and they couldn’t get fresh
peanut butter which is suitable.
 Again the small level enterprisers cannot make butter because due to expensiveness of
machine. They bought the peanut goods from farmers then sale to the company and
also café, and any user around them.
 And the mini machines are separated (or single functional) and very expensive to
import.
 Again the machine is not manufacture in Ethiopia. Therefore, they can’t afford for it
since they have small capital of money.
1.2 Objectives of the project

1.2.1 Main objective
The main objective is
 to make low cost peanut Sheller and milling machine
 reduce the size of the machine by coupling two machines together.
1.2.2 Specific objectives

 Shelling and milling the peanut seeds with minimum damage of the groundnut seed and
produce the product with high quality.
 To increase the income of farmers after this cost effective machine is introduced to them.
 Designing the combination of peeler and miller machine.
 Analyzing the force, stress acting on each parts of the machine.
 Make the 2D and 3D drawing of the parts and assembly by using solid work software
2
1.3 Scope of the project
Produce peanut butter needs many processes: such as roasting the peanut, sorting the peanut,
peel and remove the skin of a roasted peanut, milling or grinding the peeled peanuts for making
butter. In this thesis, we design peanut peeler, removal and butter maker machines only. Because
of the scope of the project is broad, there is no enough time to cover all processing and prototype
machine. Due to this reason, by considering the major machine that needs to produce the peanut
butter we design these machines.
1.4 Research Methodology

After, we analyze the problem in our country and set our objectives, scope and limitations.
 Begin with a literature review, a lot of paper and journal has been considered in this
project work.
 After we did these steps we do analyze the geometric analysis of each parts of the
machine depends on the sample measured data, standard geometry of parts and also
considering ergonomic value.
 We also select the materials for each part based on the physical, mechanical, chemical
properties and other parameters as well characteristics of the machine parts.
 The motor type has been selected depending on the phase type, power, and rotational
speed which is suitable with our machine.
 Then we analyze the force, stress analysis by analytical method. Then we compared the
calculated stress with the selected material allowable strength and find the factor of
safety.
 Then we do the result and discussion and conclusion of our project.
 Then we do the two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings of peanut peeler
removal and butter making machine parts and assembly has done. Apply solid work
program on drawing the Shelling and milling machine.
 Later, Summarize recommendations for further studies in same field.
3
1.5 Significance of the project
After this project will be completed and manufactured, the machine will help those who are
small level enterpriser and farmers who can purchase the machine by means of producing the
peanut butter and getting income. Again it can help the people who live around that area to get
the product with low cost and fresh product. It can also help for those which gives service like
cafe, cake house, coffee house and others by using the product of the machine with much lower
cost they can accelerate their business.
1.6 Organization of the thesis
This project thesis is organized into seven chapters. In the first chapter, background of the
project, the statement of the problem and the objectives to be achieved are discussed. In chapter
two, a review of literature relevant or familiar with this project work, which has been
investigated by different researchers, is given. In the third chapter it discusses about the main
components and material selection of the machine. The discussion is started with components of
the machine, follows with, the material properties and selection. In the fourth chapter Analytical
method discussed., different analysis and conditions of the study. Then the fifth chapter is about
cost analysis to manufacture the machine. In this chapter, the raw materials and standard
materials cost, direct labor cost discussed. After these, the next chapter is chapter six. This
chapter is about the result and discussion of the thesis project, and the basic result of the analysis
are summarized and discussions are made based on the outputs of the analytical method. Finally,
chapter seven gives conclusion achieved from this thesis work and propose recommendations or
future work in this project.
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
These studies cover methods of peeling and butter making. We are designing peanut
peeler, removal and butter maker machine operated by an electric motor. To design this machine
initially we start from reviewing different literatures and international journals and different
website which are familiar with our design projects.
Ikechukwu Celestine Ugwuoke, Olawale James Okegbile, Ibukun Blessing Ikechukwu
(April 2014): The work focused on the design and fabrication of a groundnut shelling and
separating machine electrically powered by a 1hp motor. The machine has the capacity of
shelling 400kg of groundnut per hour with a shelling and separating efficiencies of 95.25% and
91.67% respectively. The machine was fabricated from locally sourced materials, which makes it
cheap and easily affordable and also easy and cheaper to maintain. It is also of light weight and
comprises of the hopper, crushing chamber, separation chamber and the blower unit. During the
process of testing, it was observed that majority of the groundnut pods that came out unshelled or
partially shelled were the ones with one seed per pod and those with two small seeds in their
pods. [ 2]
Akintade, A.M., Bratte, A.G. (March – 2015): A roasted groundnut blanching

machine was designed with the aim of reducing drudgery associated with manual blanching of
roasted groundnuts. Fabrication and performance evaluation were carried out at the Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure,
Nigeria. Roasted groundnuts purchased at a local market in Akure were used for performance
evaluation. Three operating parameters: blanch clearance, blanch speed and feed rate, were
considered for the purpose of this research. Three levels each of feed rate, brush speed and
blanch clearance were compared. Blanch clearances were varied from 10mm to 20mm at an
increment of 5mm for three different feed rates of 0.2kg/hr., 0.4kg/hr. and 0.6kg/hr. respectively,
while blanch speed was varied from 100rpm to 200rpm with an increment of 50rpm. The
machine blanching capacity was found to be 36.91kg/hr. Changes in blanch clearance, feed rate
and blanch speed affected the blanching efficiency, cleaning efficiency, and mechanical damage.
It was concluded that roasted groundnut blanching could be best achieved with the machine
5
when the feed rate, blanch clearance and blanch speed were regulated to 0.2kg/hr, 0.8mm and
200rpm, respectively. [ 3]
Ashish S. Raghtate& Dr. C. C.Handa (December 2014): Sheller consisting of feed

hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. The
performance of the machine was evaluated in terms of throughput capacity, shelling efficiency,
material efficiency and mechanical damage. Regression models that could be used to express the
relationship existing between the Sheller performance indices, pod moisture content and feed
rate were establish. This paper describes about the design and fabrication of various components
of groundnut Sheller machine. Hence in this design of various parts are necessary, and design of
various parts due to which the design quality of those parts will be improved. Overall, this
project involves processes like design, fabrication and assembling of different components etc.
By keeping the point in our mind, we think that we should make such a machine, whose
production capacity is more & machine gets operated on 1 H.P. electric motor instead of manual
work. The new and small former or business man can start their business by investing less
capital. So working on the above points, we design and fabricate a new medium production
capacity machine and today they proudly present that machine called groundnut Sheller machine.
[ 4]
Ajao K.R, Ajimotokan H.A, Olaomi J. and H.F Akande (2009): An expelling
machine for extracting oil from groundnut seeds was designed and fabricated for market
oriented production. The procedures employed include the design stage, construction and testing.
The machine components are: the speed reduction gear, expellant unit, drains collector, driving
and driven pulleys, and the hopper. The expelling unit consists of a screw expellant shaft with
expellant barrel. The groundnut seeds were pre-heated by roasting before extraction of the oil in
it. The machine gave a better performance at the speed of 60 revolutions per minute and
improvement in the design can be achieved by incorporation a heating chamber along the
expeller barrel. [ 5]
6
To design peanut peeler, removal and butter maker machine, and for the machine parts we
gather the above literatures and different websites which are familiar with our design projects.
All the machines we have reviewed manually operated. Since their purpose is to shell the peanut.
But in our design we are aware of other benefits of peanut in the right way from manual to
mechanized peanut Sheller and butter making machine. That was the purpose of our design and
develops a peanut shelling and butter making machine.
7
CHAPTER THREE
3. MAIN COMPONENTS AND MATERIAL SELECTION
3.1 Components of peanut peeler & butter making machine
To construct the peanut butter making machine the following basic components are used.
 Motor
 Hopper
 Pulley
 Transmission shaft
 Belt
 Roller
 Fan
 Key
 Temporary Fastener
 Washer
 Sieve and cutter
 Hollow shaft screw and Barrels
 Scratch and flat grind disc
 Grinder Cover
 Supporter/Frame
 Bearing and its house
Using the above mentioned components determine the geometry for each depending on standards
material dimension and logically depends on ergonomic value. Then determine the force and
stress for each component using specific parameters, geometry and selected material finally
compares the calculated strength with the selected material strength for each mentioned
components.
8
3.2 Material selection for each component

To select the appropriate and available material for each parts of a peanut peeler removal and
butter maker machine depends on the chemical depends on the chemical, physical and
mechanical properties of materials and also function. The selected material should have
 High strength
 High durability
 Low ductile Low cost
 Low environmental factor
Table 1; properties of selected materials
No. Name of components Material selected Yield Tensile Strength(MPa)

Strength(MPa)
1. Shaft, hollow screw AISI4140(Mild 1640 1770
shaft and bearing house steel)
2. Supporter/Frame S 4142 1720 1930
3. Pulley Aluminum Alloy 570
(AA7075)
4. Hopper, Grinder disc Stainless Steel 241 860
,Barrel ,Grinding cover
5. Belt Fiber cord
6. Key, Bolt and Nut Mild steel 320
9
3.2.1. The miller Disc

Miller discs are a flat and scratched thick circular material which used to grind or mill the
peanut then make it to the butter. This grinder is used as a final miller after feed screw is crushed
and partially the roasted a skin removed peanut is milled. There are two types of grinder discs;
these are fixed with barrel and rotary disc.
Figure:1 Miller disc
3.2.2 Sieve and Cutter

Milling the seed using one fixed cutter on the barrel and two rotating cutters with shaft. They are
very narrow to each other to cut at a desired way. Sieve is used to store the shelled peanut fallen
from the curved plate and drops through its hole to the inclined plate. We use two sieve at
different position within the span of the fan.
Fig: 2 Rotary cutter
10
3.2.3Motor selection
The selection power required for shelling and milling operation is 2.81377kw then we select the
standard motor power from the motor specification. We Select 3 kW power from the standard.
Table: 2 Specification of motor
Motor type YC112m-2

Rotational speed 2900rpm
Phase Single phase induction motor
Power 3Kw
Current 18A
Voltage 230V
Frequency 50HZ
11
CHAPTER FOUR
4. DESIGN ANALYSIS
4.1 Design consideration

 We consider the clearance between the concave plate and the roller in order to prevent
damage of the seed during shelling operation.
 We also consider the power required for the grinding machine is twice of the shelling
machine due to the requirement of high grinding power.
 We consider power loss due to friction and may be belt slip.
To design a peanut peeler removal and butter maker machine we use analytic methods. To
determine the force, stress acting on each parts of a machine we start from material selection,
geometric analysis and force analysis respectively finally compared the calculated stress
within the selected material to check the design either safe or not.
4.2 Component design

Power required to operating the Machine
To analysis each part of peanut peeler removal and butter making machine we start from
power required to drive the machine give the function. The selected motor must be driving the
peeler milling and fan parts. So the driving force is the sum of the three but the power required to
peel peanut skin is less than the milling one. To mill the peanut requires two times the peanut
peeler removal required power.
Shelling power is determined by the relation required to shell the ground is Expressed by:
𝐿1
Ps =W*K*FC* ln( )
𝐿2
According to Kick's low the energy required to shell multiple seed such as groundnut; soybean
and peanut may be determined as follows:
E = K*Wi* (L2/L1)
Where Ps = Power required to shelling machine
12
Wi =The work index of shelling peanut (9-14Kwhr/tone)
FC = shelling capacity kg/hr., Assume the capacity = 260kg/hr.
L2 = L1 -2*x where x is thickness of the hull = 0.1mm
L1 = average length of unshelled peanut in mm = 13.2375mm
L2 = average length of shelled peanut in mm = 13.0375mm
PS =0.3162*FC*Wi*(L2/L1)
= 0.3162*250kg/hr*11500Whr/1000kg*13.0375/13.2375
= 895.34W is the power required to the shelling machine i.e. the power required to
shell the Peanut and the power required to rotate the shelling drum.
Then starting with the shelling machine power we consider the power required for the
grinding machine because it is difficult to analyze without total power and total speed as well as
pulley diameter of the grinding machine shaft. We know that the grinding machine requires
additional power due to the weight of the rotating grinding disc and the high power requirement
of the milling operation than shelling operation. So we assume the power required for grinding
operation is twice of the shelling operation.
Power required to grinding or milling machine (Pg)
Pg = is two times shelling operation
Pg = 2*Ps = 2*895.34W = 1.791KW
Power required to both shelling and grinding is PSg = PS+Pg =2.686Kw
Assume the power loss due to friction and belt slip is 4.5%
Ploss = 0.045*2.686 = 0.1209Kw
Therefore, the design power required for both shelling and grinding operation is (psg) and loss
power.
Psgl = PSg + Ploss = 2.807Kw [6]
13
4.2.1 Hopper design

Hoppers are used primarily in materials handling as storage vessels, transporters, feeders. In a
mass flow hopper, all the inside the hopper moves down the walls and exits. The flow is based
up on the first-in, first-out principle and is uniform and reliable up on discharge.
4.2.1.1 Geometric Analysis for peanut peeler Hopper

For peeler machine portion we need has hopper. This hopper holds roasted unshelled peanut.
The geometry of a hopper is depending on the thickness of a finding materials and operation.
The hopper peanut holder overall dimension depends on other geometry size. Because, consider
the esthetic value of a machine. Its shape also narrows at one end for the outlet of peanut, to
remove and feed to the roller with gravity. Now, the geometry of a hopper is describing detailed
in the figure below. And the thickness of a hopper is 2mm, the over height is 420mm, width is
420mm and length is 295mm. at the bottom surface there is a hole 90mm x 420mm which used
to feed the shelled peanut.
Fig: 3 Sheller hopper
14
Determine Volume of Hopper
The hopper has:
Width (w) = 420mm
Length (L) = 295mm
Height (h) = 420mm
Thickness (t) = 2mm
The length of hole part of hopper l = 90mm
Therefore, the total volume of the hopper is
VT = Vrc1+Vtr+Vrc2
VT = Vrc1 + Vtr + Vrc2
Vrc1 = (L-2t) *w*h/2
= (201) *210*420mm3
= 0.0177m3
Vrc2 = (l- 2t)*h/2*w
= 86*(420)*420mm3
=0.01517m3
Vtr = Vtr2 = ½*(210 - t) * h/2*w
= ½*(205-2)*210*420
= 8.95*10-3m3
VT = (0.0177+0.01517+0.00895) m3
VT= 0.04182m3
The cross sectional area of hopper
15
AC = 86*420 + ½*(210*201) +210*201
= 0.0994m2
Side cross sectional area of hopper
AS = 2*(w*h) =2*420*420 mm2 = 0.3528m2
Total Area of hopper
AT = AC+AS = 0.0994+0.3528 = 0.4522m2
Force analysis of peeler hopper
As we have mentioned on the above to determine the force acting on the hopper first determine
the weight of unshelled peanut acting on the hopper. The total weight acting on the hopper is
determined from the density of unshelled peanut and the total volumes used into a hopper.
The total mass acting on the hopper is determined by:
𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ = ρ𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ ∗ 𝑉𝑇
where, munsh = the total mass of unshelled peanut acting on the hopper
ρunsh = the density of roasted unshelled peanut = 575kg/m3
VT = total volume of the hopper = 0.06922m3
munsh =mt =ρunsh *VT = 575kg/m3*0.04182m3 = 25kg
Fhopper = wt = mt*g where, g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81m/s2
Fhopper = 245.25N
Stress analysis of peeler hopper
The stress acting on the hopper is expressed from the force acting on it and the cross sectional
area of a hopper.
σhopper = Fhopper/AT where, Ac cross sectional area of peeler hopper
16
= 245.25/0.4522 = 542.3Pa
The stress or force acting on the hopper is negligible, because the hopper is fixed. Therefore, our
selected material for hopper and the design is safe.
[ 7]
4.2.2 Fan selection

The separating unit
It comprises the separating chamber (where the seed and shell are separated by air current)
and the blower; which is driven by a belt and pulley arrangement. As the mixture of seed and
shell falls through the separating chamber; the air current from the blower lifts the lighter shell
and carries it out through the shell outlet. The denser seed falls through the air stream into the
seed collector.
An axial flow fan
The term axial flow fan indicates that the air flows through the fan in an approximately axial
direction. On the inlet side, as the flow approaches the fan blades, the direction of the flow is
axial, in other words, parallel to the axis of rotation, provided there are no inlet vanes or other
restrictions ahead of the fan wheel. The fan blade then deflects the airflow. The operating
principle of axial-flow fans is simply deflection of air flow. An axial fan is a type of a
compressor that increases the pressure of the air flowing through it.
The suitable air speed to separate the hull from the kernel after crushing process is measured
using a fan with specific device to measure the air speed. It was found that the optimum wind
speed for this application was 800-1300ft/min (4.1-6.6m/s) (kasayapa and panda,1965) we take
that the cross-section of the fan at the exit is rectangular with cross section 0.25×0.5m2.
17
The power required to axial Fan Pressure

Fan specification
Determination of change in pressure of fan
We know that the air velocity of the fan can be calculated by:
2∆𝑃
Vf = √ this is determined from the Bernoulli’s equation
𝜌
Where; Vf =the air velocity of the fan (mean velocity)
∆ P =static pressure
ρ= density of air
From ideal equation
P
ρ= Where; P = air pressure; 82.5 bar
RT
R = gas constant; 287.2KJ/Kg*K
T = temperature; 25℃ = 298K
ρ = 0.964kg/m3
We take mean velocity of air from the above specification, 5m/s. From this we can determine the
static pressure of the air as:
vf 2 ∗ρ
∆P = = 12.05Pa we assume that there is no more head difference between the inlet and the
2
exit of the fan. Therefore, the total pressure head is equal to the change in pressure i.e. Hf = ∆𝑃
Determination of air discharge
The air discharge for any is determined as:
Q = V*A
Where; Q = air discharge
V = mean air velocity
18
A = cross-section of the exit of the fan Take that; the fan outlet (fan duct) is rectangular
shape has dimensions. Taken 0.75*0.15m2
Q = 5×0.75×0.15m2 = 0.563m3/s
Determination of the power required for driving the blower
The power required to drive the blower can be calculated by:
Pb = Q*∆P = 6.778W
From this power we select the following axial fan specification.
Total power required to drive the machine (PT)
PT = Psgl + Pb where Psgl = power required to shell, grind and power loss
Pb = power required to drive the blower
PT = Psgl + Pb = 2.81377Kw [8]
4.2.3 Column
A machine part subjected to an axial compressive force is called a strut. A strut may be
horizontal, inclined or even vertical. But a vertical strut is known as a column, pillar or
stanchion. Loads on columns are typically applied at the ends of the member, producing axial
compressive stresses. Columns are defined by the length between support ends. It can be either
Short columns or Long columns. It has been observed to a compressive load and the load is
gradually increased, a stage will be reach when the column will be subjected to ultimate load.
Beyond this, the column will fail by crushing and the load wills kwon as crushing load. It has
also been experienced, that sometimes, a compression member does not fail entirely by crushing,
but also bending i.e. buckling. This happens in the case of long columns.
It has also been observed, that all the short columns fail due to their crushing. But, if along
columns is subjected to compressive load. For our design of a peanut peeler, removal and butter
maker machine will use one end fixed and another end is free condition column is uses. Now, we
determine the slenderness ratio of a column, crushing stress of a column, a crippling stress and
other factors of a column. The failure of a column a short column as well as long column is
failed due to Column Slenderness and length greatly influences a column’s ability to carry load.
19
 Very short, stout columns fail by crushing due to material failure. Failure occurs once
the stress exceeds the elastic (yield point) limit of the material.
 Long, slender columns fail by buckling a function of the column’s dimensions and its
Modulus of elasticity. Buckling is the sudden uncontrolled lateral displacement of a column at

which point no additional load can be supported. Failure occurs at a lower stress level than the
column’s material strength due to buckling (i.e. Lateral instability).
Table 3; Relation between equivalent length and actual length
No. End condition Relation between Equivalent

length (L) and Actual length
(l)
1. Both ends hinged L=l
2 Both ends Fixed L =l/2
3 One end fixed and other end hinged L = l/√2
4 One end fixed and other end free L = 2l
4.2.3.1 Column for miller

To determine the column whether it is bucking or not initially we starts from determine
the slenderness ratio from the roof of actual length to radius of gyration.
In Euler’s formula the ratio to expressed by; l/k
Fig :4 One is fixed and other is free column
I
K=√ Where, I=moment of inertia, A=cross sectional area
A
20
Note, for our design the crushing stress acting on column must be less than, the crippling stress
of stress to make safe from failing of a buckling. And use Euler formula when the slenderness
ratio less than the actual length of the column the column otherwise we use Johnson’s formula.
Slenderness ration=l/k
But, our actual length (l) of column expressed by;
L=2l, since one end is fixed and the other end is free.
Where, l=actual length of column and L= equivalent length of column
Therefore, the actual length of a column is
l = 300mm
The effective length
Leff = 2l = 2*300m = 600mm
Therefore, the cross sectional area of a column
Hence, t = 5mm b = 300mm, L = 500mm
The cross sectional area
A = L*b - (L-2t) *(b-2t) = 500*300-290*490 = 3975mm2
I = b*h3/12
Where, L = 500mm, H = 400mm, b = 300mm
I = L*H3-t*b/12 = 500*4003 – 5*2953/12 = 66304.25mm4
Therefore, radius of gyration is
K = √I/A
= √663040.25mm4/3975mm2
= 12.9
Now, to find the slenderness ratio;
L/k = 600mm/12.9mm = 46.45
21
Hence the calculated slenderness ratio is less than the actual and effective length so. We can use
either Rankin’s formula or Euler’s formula. Therefore, the crippling stress according to Euler’s
formula. σcr = Wcr/A = Cπ2E/(L/K)2
Where, c = end fixity coefficient constant C = 0.25 for a condition one end is fixed the other end
is free.
E = young’s modulus of a material = 210GPa
L/k = slenderness ratio = 46.45
Wcr= Crushing load σcr= crippling stress
Therefore we determine the crippling stress by;
σcr = Cπ2E/(L/k)2 = 0.25*3.142*210*109Pa/(46.45)2
= 239.6MPa<320MPa we know that the crushing stress of mild steel is 320mpa

but our critical. Stress is 239.9mpa Our column is short and our design is safe because σc<σcr
Therefore, express the critical load acting on a column using Rankin’s formula but Rankine
constant from table below.
Table 4 Values of crushing stress and Rankin’s constant
No. Material σc in MPa a = σc/π2E
1. Wrought Iron 250 1/9000

2. Cast Iron 550 1/1600
3. Mild steel 320 1/7500
4. Timber 50 1/750
A∗σcr
Wcr = = 370.4KN
1+a(L/K)2
𝑃
σall = = 93.08𝑀𝑃𝑎Therefore, the working stress (allowable stress) is much less
𝐴
than the selected material so the selected material is safe for our design.
22
4.2.3.2 Column for peeler

The, actual length of the column is;
l=1100mm=1.1m actual length
The effective length is
L=2l=2200mm
Now, to find the slenderness ratio;
L/k=1100/12.91= 85.2
Hence the calculated slenderness ratio is less than the actual and effective length so. We can use
either Rankin’s formula or Euler’s formula.
Therefore, the crippling stress according to Euler’s formula
𝜎cr = Wcr /A =Cπ2E/(L/K)2 Where, c=end fixity coefficient
E = young’s modulus of a material
L/k=slenderness load
Wc = crippling load
𝜎cr = crippling stress
Now using Rankin formula and find out the critical stress.
𝜎cr = Cπ2*E/(l/K)2 = (0.25*π2*210GPa)/(85.2)2 = 285.5MPa
Let’s take the young’s modulus of material E=0.21*106N/mm2 as constant the end fixing
coefficient (c) for a condition of one end is fixed and the other end is ree=0.25 .now we
determine the crippling stress.
Therefore, express the critical load acting on a column using Rankin’s formula, but Rankin’s
constant, a=1/7500 for mild steel now substitute the value in to equation and we will get,
Therefore, the crushing load
Pcr = ccr*A+1/a (l/k)2
23
Pcr = Wt = 285.5N/mm2*3975mm2/1+1/7500 (85.2)2= 457.3KN
σAll = Wt/A= 457.3KW/3975mm2=115.04mpa<320MPa
Therefore, this load is less than the selected material so, the selected material is safe for
our design and the critical stress of this column is less than the crushing stress of the
selected material this implies that our column is long that subjected to bending[Reference 9]
4.2.4 Design analysis of Belt and pulley

The V-belt is mostly used in factories and workshops where a great amount of power is to be
transmitted from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are very near to each other. The V-
belts are made of fabric and cords molded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber as shown
in Fig (b). These belts are molded to a trapezoidal shape and are made endless. These are
particularly suitable for short drives. The included angle for the V-belt is usually from 30° to
40°.
Table 5 Dimension of standard v-belts according to IS 2494-1974.
Type of belt Power ranges Minimum Top width (b) Thickness(t) Weight per
in Kw Pitch in mm In mm meter length
Diameter in N
(D)of the
pulley in mm
A 0.7 – 3.5 75 13 8 1.06
B 2 – 15 125 17 11 1.89
C 7.5 – 75 200 22 14 3.43
D 20 – 150 355 32 19 5.96
E 30 – 350 500 38 23 -
In order to increase the power output, several V-belts may be operated side by side. It may be
noted that in multiple V-belt drive, all the belts should stretch at the same rate so that the load is
equally divided between them. When one of the set of belts break, the entire set should be
24
replaced at the same time. If only one belt is replaced, the new unworn and un stretched belt will
be more tightly stretched and will move with different velocity.
a) Cross section of a V- groove pulley b) Cross section of a V- belt

Fig:5 V – groove pulley and V- belt
4.2.4.1Design of belt and pulleys for Milling Machine

To mill the peanut and produce butter uses only 1.791 kW from motor of 3kw and the motor
rotational speed is 2900 rpm. But, an output rotational speed of a miller is determined form the
input rotational speed a motor related with the geometry of miller pulley. The pulley diameter
that mounted on the motor is 75mm and the milling pulley diameter is 130mm. Now determine
the number of v-belt required to transmit the power into the belt. Using this data, we determine
the following other parameters. Rotational speed of the driven pulley using speed ratio in order
to determine the rotational speed driven pulley we chose the minimum pitch diameter of the
pulley from the standard.
Reason for selecting V-belt
 Since the v-belt is made of endless and there is no joint trouble. Therefore, the drive is
smooth
 Give the compactness due to the small distance of the pulley
 It provides longer life
 center to canter distance is equal
25
 Very strong
Characteristics of V-belt
 Initial cost cheaper

 Better shock absorption
 Low maintenance
 Provide longer life 3 to 5 year
 None lubrication
 Low noise
 Efficiency 87-97
Design specification
Rotational speed of motor shaft N1= 2900rpm, Motor power = 3kw
Rotational speed of miller pulley N2 = 1673.07rpm Diameter of milling shaft pulley d2= 130
Diameter of motor shaft pulley (motor pulley), d1= 75mm
Fig: 6 Motor pulley and driven pulley
N1/N2 =d2/d1, N2 = N1d1/d2 = 2900rpm*0.075/0.13 = 1673. 07r.p.m
The speed of belt
V = πd1N1/60 = 9.38m/s
26
The length of the belt is expressed by;
L = π*(r2 + r1) +2x+(r2-r1)2/x
Where L = length of belt
r2 = radius of driven pulley (milling pulley) = 65mm
r1 = radius of driving pulley (motor pulley) = 37.5mm
x = the center to center distance between the pulley
Let assume center to center distance between the pulley is 650mm
(r2−r1)2 (0.065− 0.0375)2

L = π*(r2 + r1)+2x+ = π*(0.065+ 0.0375) + 1.3 + = 1523.26mm
𝑥 0.65
From standard table let take L = 1694mm
686.075±√686.0752 −4∗378.125
x= = 680mm
2
Now we determine the contact angel θ1 and θ2 by using the calculated center to center to
distance of
Table 6: Rubber coefficient of friction
Dry Wet Greasy

0.25 0.16 0
The angle of contact on smaller pulley
𝑟2 −𝑟1
θ1 = 180ᵒ- 2α, α = sin-1( ) = 2.32o
𝑥
θ1 = 180ᵒ- 2α = 175.4o = 3.0613rad
And the angle of contact o larger pulley
θ2 = 180ᵒ +2α = 184.64o = 3.22rad
27
The transmitted weigh per meter length for B-type is - from this we find the mass of the belt
meter length.
m = Area*density*Length
Area = b*t = 17*11 = 187mm2
m = 187mm2*1000kg/m3 *1523mm = 0.284kg/m
Hence the centrifugal tension is expressed from the relation of the belt velocity with mass of the
belt per motor length;
Tc = mv2
Where, TC = centrifugal tension
m = mass of belt per meter length
v = speed of belt
Tc = mv2 = 37N
Hence, the maximum tension in the belt is expressed;
T = σ*A
Where, σ = allowable stress = 2MPa
T = Maximum tension in the belt
A = cross sectional area of belt = 187m2
T = σ*A = 374N
The tension in the tight side if the belt determined by;
T1 = T-TC = 337N
The tension of slack side of the belt is expressed as
2.3log(T1/T2) = μ*θ1*cosecβ
28
337
2.3log( 𝑇 ) = 0.25*3.0613*3.42
2
T2 = 24.53N
The power transmitted per belt
Pb= (T1-T2) v = 2.786Kw
The face width of belt will be
B = (n-1) e + 2f = 2*12.5 = 25mm
4.2.4.2 Design analysis of belt and pulley for shelling machine

We select B-type belt for our design. Using the same procedure of the above design
determine the driven rotational speed, using deriving rotational speed and the geometrical
(diameter) of the pulley i, e using speed rotation;
Fig: 7 Miller pulley
N2/N3 =d3/d2
Where N2 =speed of miller pulley = 1673.07rpm
N3 =speed of the driven pulley of peanut peeler
d2 = diameter of the miller pulley = 130mm
d3 = diameter of driven pulley (peeler shaft pulley) = 210mm
Therefore, from above we get
29
N3= N2*d2/d3 = 1673.07*130/210 = 1035.71rpm
Length of the belt can be determined
L = π (r3+ r2) + 2x + (r3 – r2)2/x
Where, L = length of belt
x = the center distance between the pulley
r3= radius of driven pulley = d3/2 =210/20 =105mm
r2= radius of miller pulley = d1/2 =130/2 = 65mm
Let the center to center distance between two pulleys is 750mm
(r3 – r2)2
L = π(r3 + r2) + 2x +
𝑥
(105−65)2
L = π(105+65)+2*750+ 750
L = 1836.8mm
We take from the standard approximation along B-type of V -belt
The pitch length is approximation to 1821mm
Hence, the total length of the belt is determined by;
The mass of the belt
Where, ρ = density of fiber B-type V-belt
g = gravitational acceleration in m/s2 =9.81 m/s2
m = mass of belt in kg/m
m = ρ*A*L = 1000kg/m3 *187mm2 *1.836m
m = 0.3433kg/m
The speed of the belt is determined by;
v = πd2N2/60 = 3.14*0.13*1673.07/60 = 9.38m/s2
30
Table 7: Dimension of standard V- grooved pulleys according to IS: 2494 – 1974 (All dimension
in mm)
Belt W D a C F e No. of sheaves Groove

Type grooves(n) angles (2β)
in degree
A 11 12 3.3 8.7 10 15 6 32,34,38
B 14 15 4.2 10.8 12.5 19 9 32,34,38
C 19 20 5.7 14.3 17 25.5 14 34,36,38
D 27 28 8.1 19.9 24 37 14 34,36,38
E 32 33 9.6 23.4 29 44.5 20 -
Centrifugal tension TC =mv2
TC = centrifugal tension
m = the mass of the belt per meter
v2= speed of belt
TC = mv2 = 25N
The maximum tension T = σ*A
σ = allowable tension stress of a belt 2MPa
A = cross sectional area of a belt = 187mm2
T = maximum tension of belt
T = σ*A = 2*187= 374N
We know that tension in the tight side of the belt,
T1 =T-TC = 354 – 25N = 329N
T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt
31
We know that
𝑇
2.3log(𝑇1 ) = μ *θ cosecβ
2
Where θ1 = the angle of contact on smaller pulley
θ3 = the angle of contact o larger pulley
2β = groove pulley angle 34o
μ = Coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley rim = 0.25
The angle of contact on smaller pulley
𝑟3−𝑟2
θ2 = 180ᵒ- 2α, where α = sin−1 = 3.05o
𝑥
θ2 = 180ᵒ- 2*6.43O = 173.88o = 3.033rad
And the angle of contact o larger pulley
θ3 = 180ᵒ +2α = 180ᵒ +2*3.033o = 186.066o = 3.245rad
We know that
𝑇
2.3log(𝑇1 ) =μ*θ2* cosecβ
2
329
2.3log ( 𝑇 ) = 0.25*3.033* 3.42
2
T2 = 24.5N
We know that the power transmitted per belt
Pb = (T1-T2) *v = 2.876Kw
Using the dimension from standard v-groove pulley determined the face width of the pulley;
B = (n - 1) e + 2f
Where B = Face width of pulley
32
n = number of belt
e = 19
f = 12.5 For B- belt type
B = (n - 1) e + 2f = 2*12.5 = 25mm
Determination of the pulley diameter for the fan/blower
Using the same procedure of the above design determine the driven pulley diameter using the
rotational speed of the fan and deriving rotational speed and the geometrical (diameter) of the
pulley i, e using speed rotation N3/N4 =d4/d3 Where
d3=diameter of the driving pulley (Sheller pulley) =210mm
D4=diameter of driven pulley (fan shaft pulley)
N3=speed driving shaft pulley =1035.71rpm
N4 =speed of the driven pulley of the fan = 2600rpm
D4= D3*N3/N4 = 1035.71*210/2600=83.65mm
V4= πD4N4/60 = 9.38m/s [10]
33
4.2.5 Design of power screw (feed screw)

The reason to design the feed screw is to determine the force and the stress acting on it. The
stress and the force acting on the screw are determined from its geometrical dimension and the
power acting on the screw with rotational speed. In order to design screw we select the Standard
dimension for square threads in mm (coarse series) according to IS4694-1968 (refastened
1968) depending on the dimension of shelled or skin removed ground nut; hence the specific
parameters used to design the feed screw are:
Fig : 8 Feed screw
 Screw length = 320mm

 Pitch = 12
 Power required = 1.791Kw
 Nominal diameter(d1) =48mm
 Minor(core) diameter (dc)= d1-p = 48-12=36mm
 Area of core(Ac) = 1018mm2
 Depth of thread(h) = 6mm
 The speed of the screw(N2) = 1673.07 r.p.m = cutting speed/pitch
Since for square threads the width and the thread depth of the thread are equal
t = w = 0.5*p=0.5*12 = 6mm
1. Number of threads(n) can be determined by;
n =Length of screw/pitch =320/12 = 26.66 = 27
2. The mean diameter of screw can be determined by;
34
dm = d1 - 0.5*p = d1 - 0.5*p = = 48 - 0.5*12 = 42mm
We know that the speed of the screw(N2) = 1673.07 r.p.m then
the angular velocity ω = 2πN2/60 = 175.2rad/sec
3. Therefore, Power = Torque*angular velocity =T*ω
Then the torque acting on the screw should be
T =P/ω = 1.791/175.2 = 10.2Nm
The force acting on the screw and peanut is determined from the applied torque to the screw.
F = W*(sinɸ+tanøcosɸ)/(cosɸ - tanøsinɸ) for raising
F = W*(tanøcosɸ-sinɸ)/(cosɸ+tanøsinɸ) for lowering
Where W =2*T/dm, tanø = µ, tanɸ =p/πdm, p= pitch
Where, W = load to be lifted, dm = mean diameter of screw ɩ = lead screw T = total

torque acting on screw F =effort applied at the circumference of the crew to lift the load
W∗dm (p+µπdm )
3. T = F*dm/2 =
2∗(πdm −µp)
2∗T(π∗dm + µ∗p)
WL = = 1.482KN lowering load
dm∗(µ∗π∗dm −p)
2T∗(πdm −µp)
WR = 2*T/dm(π*dm+µ*p/p+µ*π*dm) = d (p+µπd = 4.53KN raising load lifted
m m)
(µπdm −p)
FL= W* = 444.4N for lowering
(πdm +µp)
(p+πµdm )
FR = W* = 485.4N for Raising
πdm −µp
Stress analysis of screw
35
1. Direct tensile or compressive stress due to an axial load: The direct stress due to the axial
load may be determined by dividing the axial load (W) by the minimum cross-sectional area of
the screw (Ac) i.e. area corresponding to minor or core diameter (dc).
Direct stress (tensile or compressive)
σc= 𝐹
𝐴
4∗485.4
= π∗(0.036)2 = 𝟒𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝐊𝐏𝐚(compressive)
2. Bearing pressure: In order to reduce wear of the screw and nut, the bearing pressure on the
thread surfaces must be within limits. In the design of power screws, the bearing pressure
depends upon the materials of the screw and nut, relative velocity between the nut and screw and
the nature of lubrication. Assuming that the load is uniformly distributed over the threads in
contact, the bearing pressure on the threads is given by;
2∗0.38𝑊 2∗0.38∗4.53
Pb = = 0.012∗𝜋∗0.042∗1 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝑝𝜋𝑑𝑚 nt
Where W= Axial load on the screw,
n = Number of threads in engagement = H/p = 0.52
dc= Core or root diameter of the screw,
do= Outside or major diameter of nut or screw, and
t = Thickness or width of thread = 0.*5*p
3. Bending stress of screw
32𝑀
𝜎𝑏 =
𝜋(𝑑𝑐 )3
Where 𝜎𝑏 = Bending stress
dc = core diameter
M = bending moment
32𝑀 6(0.38)𝑊𝑅
σb = = = 5.71MPa
𝜋(𝑑𝑐 )3 𝜋∗𝑑𝑟 ∗𝑝∗𝑛𝑡
36
4. Tensional shear stress: Since the screw is subjected to a twisting moment, therefore torsion
shear stress is induced. This is obtained by considering the minimum cross-section of the screw.
16𝑇 16∗10.2
τ= = π(0.036)3 = 𝟒𝟎𝐊𝐏𝐚
𝜋(𝑑𝑐 )3
1 1
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 √(𝜎𝑐 )2 + 4τ2 =2 √(0.476)2 + 4(0.04)2 = 241.3KPa
The maximum shear stress is greater than the shear stress acting on the body of the screw.
Therefore our design for feed screw is safe. [Reference 11]
4.2.6 Design shaft
A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or motion.
There are three main factors that influence shaft design. Those are bending (during milling of a
peanut, the acting of tension a belt and bearing support tension), torsion from the drive unit and
deflection. Therefore, the shaft needs to be designed by considering all of these factors that
influence the shaft. In this portion we have to cover the force acting on the shaft from other
influenced parameters. After determining the force acting on the shaft determine the sheer force
and bending moment, then determine the maximum shear stress, the maximum bending moment
and also the maximum allowable stress. Finally find the safety factor from the selected material
strength by comparing within the calculated stress.
Force and stress Analysis of shaft
To determine the force acting on the shaft is consider the reaction force acting on the pulley and
bearing or supporting forces. The power is delivered to the shaft by the resultant torque (or
twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to transmit.
4.2.6.1 Design of shaft for peeler

The force and stress acting on the peeler shaft is occurs due to the compressive force occurs
during rotating the shaft and remove the skin of roasted peanut from the kernel. The force acting
to remove the skin is very negligible but, the tangential force occurs due to roller is very higher
than the removing a roasted due to the pulley and bearing. The peeler shaft is placed
37
horizontally and drives vertically using V -belt and pulley. But, to drive the shafts of a peeler
uses 210mm diameter pulley and has also the belt tension of T1 = 725Nand T2 = 54N on the
tight side and slack side of the belt respectively as shown in figure below.
Fig : 9 Front view of shelling shaft
Material: mild steel with yield stress =250Mpa.
 Diameter of Pulley Dp = 210mm

 Diameter of stepped shaft D = 38mm, d= 34mm
 Total length = 430mm
 Tight T1 = 725N
 Slack T2 = 54N
 N3 = 1035.71rpm
 Power used = 0.895Kw
Total load acting on the pulley is become
Fp =T1 + T2 = 779N
In case of belt drives, the twisting moment (T) is given by
T = (T1 – T2) *R T1and T2= Tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt
respectively, and R= Radius of the pulley
T = (T1 – T2) *R = (725-54) *0.105 = 70.45NmThe force acting on the roller is

determined by two methods.
38
Method one
The force acting on the roller is determined by multiplying the density of the selected material
with the acceleration due to gravity.
Wr = ρ*v*g where; g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/s2
ρ = density of selected material for roller = 2770kg/m3
V = volume of the roller = 2.35*10-3 m3
Wr = ρ*v*g = 2770*0.00335*9.81 = 91N
Method Two
Force acting on the roller due to rotational speed and design power. First determine the torque
applied on the roller. The twisting moment (T) may be obtained by using the following relation:
We know that the power transmitted (in watts) by the shaft,
T = P*60/2πN Where T = Twisting moment in N-m, and N = Speed of the shaft in r.p.m.
= 0.895Kw*60/π*2*1035.71rpm = 8.25Nm
Now, we can determine the tangential force acting on the roller
Ft = T/r where, Ft = the tangential force acting on the roller
r = the radius of the roller,
39
8.25
Ft = T/r = = 82.5N
0.1
Now we can draw the free body diagram as shown below.
Fig: 10 FBD of peeler shaft
Now determine the reaction force acting on the bearing using equilibrium equation.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0,
But the force acting on the x-direction is zero. The force acting on the y-direction is determined
+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
Fb1 + Fb2 –Wr-Fp =0
Fb1 = Wr+Fp-Fb2 = 870N-Fb2…………………………………(1)
+↺∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
Fb2*0.35-91*0.2-779*0.43 = 0
Fb2 = 1.12KN
Fb1 = -250N which indicates the direction of Fb1 must be down ward.
The bearing acting at point A is opposite direction that from our assumption. Now determine the
free body diagram and determine the sheer force and bending moment. Finally choose the
maximum bending moment and find the shear force acting on the peeler shaft and compare
with yield strength of a selected material for shaft and finally check the design by
Modified Good Man Relation; we have.
40
Now determine the shear force and bending moment by taking right portion. To find the shear
and bending moment, we need to section it into portion. Let take at portion CD, because, it is
advanced when we start from nearest distance from ends.
The shear force at portion DC is:
The shear force at portion D and C is equal which is equal to:
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝐶 = 𝑣D = 870𝑁
Bending moment at portion DC is:
+↺∑ Mxx =
BMD, at x = 0
at x = 0.08, BMC, = −FP ∗ x = −870 ∗ 0.08 = −69.6Nm
At portion CB
FIG HERE
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝑏2 − 𝐹𝑝 = 1120 − 870 = 250𝑁
The shear force at point c and b are equal which is equal to:
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣𝑏 = 250𝑁
The bending moment at portion CB is equal to:
+↺∑ 𝐵𝑀𝑥𝑥 = -870*x+1120(x – 0.08) =0, 250x-89.6, x = 0.358m
BMC (at x =0.08) = -69.6Nm
BMB (at x = 0.23) = -32.1Nm
At portion BA
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = (1120 − 870 −91)N = 159N
The shear force at point B and A are equal which is equal to:
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 159𝑁
41
The bending moment at portion AB is equal to:
+↺∑ 𝐵𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 159N*x
BMA =0 at x = 0
BMB (at x = 0.2) = 159*0.2 = 31.8N
Summery
At portion DC
SFD = SFC =870N
BMD = 0
BMC= -69.6N
At portion CB
SFB = SFC = 250N
BMB (x = 0.23) =-32.1N
BMC (x= 0.08m) = -69.6N
At portion BA
SFB =SFA = 159N
BMB (x =0.2) = 31.8N
BMA (x=0) = 0
Maximum shear force, 𝑣max= 870N
Maximum bending moment, Mb=69.6Nm
Material for peeler shaft and its properties:
σult = 345MPa, Se’ = 0.5* σult = 345*0.5MPa = 172.5MPa
 ka = a σultb = where a = 57.7MPa*(345)-0.718 = 0.869
42
 kb = 1 for axial load

 kc = 0.85 for axial load
 If the rotating beam endurance limit is known at room temperature, then use
Kd= ST/SRT =1
 ke = reliability factor where 90 reliable [9] ke = 0.897
 D/d=38/34=1.17and r/D =2/38 =0.05, where, D maximum diameter of stepped shaft, d
is minimum diameter of shaft and r, is fillet radius; r=2mm and q is notch
sensitivity of sharp corners.qsh is from standard (figure 6-21) at Sult=345Mpa and
r=2mm. qshear=0.76 [9]
2. q=0.725
3. Then kt at 0.07 and 1.17, kt= 1.78
4. kts at r/d and D/d=1.4, from (figure A-15-8)
5. now kf=1+q(kt-1)= 1.5655
6. chefs = 1+q(kts-1)= 1.304
Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se’=178.9Mpa is endurance limit of the material selected for the
design.
To check the design by Modified Good Man Relation; we have:
 BMmin = 31.8Nm
 BMmax= 69.6Nm
 Kf=1.5655
 Kfs=1.304
 Se=178.9Mpa
 Sult=345Mpa
σ𝑎 σ𝑚 1
Modified Good Man Relation: + =
𝑆𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑛
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
σm = = 93.1MPa
2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
σa = = 87.19MPa
2
n = 1.52
43
This is a factor of shaft material for our design purpose. Therefore, the selected shaft diameter
can withstand the applied load on it.
Force and stress analysis for miller shaft
To identify the force and stress acting on the shaft uses the reaction forces acting on pulley
and bearing and determine using equilibrium equation. Then determine the shear force and
bending moment from the reaction forces. To mille the roasted unshelled peanut uses the line
shaft and it’s driven by motor and placed horizontally. To drive the shaft uses 130mm diameter
pulley and has the belt tension of T=725N and T = 52.3N on the tight side and slack side of the
belt respectively as shown in figure below.
Fig : 11 Front view of miller shaft
Design shaft for miller or grinder
 T1=725N
 T2= 52.75N
 Pulley radius of the pulley RP = 65mm
Torque transmitted on the shaft is determined by:
Tshaft = (T1-T2)*RP = 43.69Nm
The total vertical load acting on the shaft is determined by:
FP = T1+ T2 = 777.75N, force acting on shaft by bearing and grinder can be calculated
as follow:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0,
44
But the force acting on the x-direction is zero. Since there is no any force which is acted the x
direction is zero. The force acting on the y-direction is determined by:
+↑∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
Fb-Fg-FP = 0 ………………………………………………..(*)
Where Fb = is bearing force, Fg = Grinder(miller) force, Fp = Force applied on shaft by pulley
But the force acting due to pulley is Fp= 777.75N
Force acting on the shaft by grinder (Fg) = weight of grinder = (mass of grinder × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
But from the property stainless steel for grinder material ρ = 7850kg/m3
And the volume of grinding disc (v) = 3.05*10-4m3
Therefore, the mass (m) = ρ*v = 2.4kg
Then, Fg = m*g = 23.49N ……………………………………….(**)
Now determine the shear force and bending moment. Finally choose the maximum bending
moment and find the shear force acting on the peeler shaft and compare with yield
strength of a selected material for shaft and finally we check the design by Modified Good Man
Relation; we have:
From equation (*) and (**) we can determine the force acting on the bearing as:
Fb = Fg+Fp = 23.4N+777.75N = 801.15N
At portion AB
Shear force on shaft AB
vxx = Fp = 777.75N
The shear force acting at point A & B are equal i.e
vA = SFB = Fp = 777.75N
Bending moment at portion AB determined by:
45
+↺∑ 𝑀𝐵𝑥𝑥 = 0
Bending moment at A and B
+↺∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0, since at point A, x = 0
MBB(at x= 0.07) = -Fp*x = -777.3*0.07 = -54.4Nm
At portion BC
To determine the shear force acts on shaft at portion B take section xx. Then, shear force at x-x
Shear force at portion BC
SFxx = Fb- FP = 23.2N
The shear force acting at point B and C are equal i.e.;
SFC = SFB = 23.2N
Bending moment at portion BC is determined by:
↺BMxx = -Fp*x +Fb*(x –0.07)
BMxx = x*(Fb – Fp) – 0.07Fp =23.7x-56.035 = 54.376N
BMC = 0
Summery at portion Above
At portion AB
SFA = 777.3N, BMB = -54.4Nm, BMA = 0
At portion BC
SFB = 23.2N, BMB = -54.376, BMC = -45.97Nm
FIG HERE
Mbmax=-54.4Nm and torque transmitted by shaft is Tsh=43.72Nm. D =38mm
dshaft=34mm, , r=2mm By using the above information, safety factor can be checked
by using Modified Goodman Relation;
46
 D/d= 38mm/34mm=1.17
 r/d=2mm/34mm= 0.05 when r=2mm
 q=0.79
 qshear= 0.84
 kt=1.72
 kts=1.415
 Kf=1+q(kt-1)=1.57
 Kfs=1+qsh(kts-1)= 1.3486
 Se’= 0.5*Sult= 0.5*345Mpa= 172.15Mpa
 For hot rolled, ka= aSultb where a=57.7Mpa and b=-0.718, ka=0.577
 Kb=1.24d-0.107where d, is shaft diameter with 30mm. kb= 1 for axial
 Kc= 0.856
 Kd=1 for axial
 Ke=0.868 at reliability of 0.95 from [9]
 Se=ka*kb*kc*kd*ke*kf*Se= 178MPa
By Modified Goodman relation.
σ𝑎 σ𝑚 1
: + =
𝑆𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑛
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
σm = = 13.004𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
σa = = 1.09MPa
2
n = 2.23 This is a factor of shaft material for our design purpose. Therefore, the selected
miller shaft diameter can withstand the applied load on it.
4.4.7 Selection of bearing

Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust loads, or combination of the
two kinds of loads. The nomenclature of a ball bearing as shown in Figure below, which also
shows the four essential parts of a bearing. These are the outer ring, the inner ring, the balls or
rolling elements, and the separator. In low-priced bearings, the separator is sometimes omitted,
47
but it has the important function of separating the elements so that rubbing contact will not
occur.
Fig: 12 Bearing
To determine the diameter of a bearing depending on standard dimension with related to shaft
diameter or bearing dimension is equals with shaft diameter. Our design shaft diameter is 35 mm
so, using this shaft diameter determines the bore of ball bearing. Hence, and principal dimension
for radial bearing is express in [9]. At bearing number 207 and dimensions and Load Ratings for
Single-Row 02-Series Deep Groove.
 Bore=35 mm
 Outside diameter=72 mm
 Width=17 mm
Static Equivalent Load for radial Ball bearing
The static equivalent load may be defined as the static radial load or axial load which, if
applied, would cause the same total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed ball
and race contact as that which occurs under the actual conditions of loading. The static
equivalent radial load (WOR) for radial or roller bearings under combined radial and axial or
48
thrust loads is given by the greater magnitude of those obtained by the following two equations,
i.e.
WOR =XO*WR + YO*WA
Where, WR = Radial load,
WA = Axial or thrust load,
X0 = Radial load factor, and
Y0 = Axial or thrust load factor.
According to IS: 3824-1984, the value of XO and YO for single row bearing are given in [9]
XO = 0.60 & YO =0.50
Now, we take the maximum radial and axial load acting on the bearing from three shafts force
analysis. Hence, the maximum load acting on the bearing from two shafts either radial or axial
from above two shaft calculation. Axial load acting on the shaft is zero, WA=0 but, radial
maximum load acting on the shaft, WR = and for peeler and miller respectively. The static
equivalent radial load (WOR) for radial bearing is expressed by the second equation.
Hence, WOR = WR = 1120N for peeler
WOR = WR =801.15N for miller
The dynamic equivalent Load For Radial ball bearing
The dynamic equivalent load may be defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case
of radial ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if
applied to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as
that which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation. The dynamic
equivalent radial load (W) for radial and angular contact bearings, except the filling slot types,
under combined constant radial load (WR) and constant axial or thrust load (WA) is given by:
W = X*V*WR + Y*WA
V = a rotation factor = 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is rotating,
49
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically
loaded bearings may be taken from the table: 27.4
WA = 0 and the value of X = 1 then,
W = WR = 1120N peeler and
W = WR = 801.15N for miller
Bearing Load Life at rated reliability
The life of an individual ball (or roller) bearing may be defined as the number of revolutions (or
hours at some given constant speed) which the bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue
develops in the material of one of the rings or any of the rolling elements. According to ABMA
Std. 9, for an individual bearing, or a group of apparently identical bearings operating under the
same conditions, the life associated with 90% reliability, with contemporary, commonly used
material and manufacturing quality, and under conventional operating conditions.
FL1/a = constant. Resulting of many test for various kinds of bearings result on
 a = 3 for ball bearings

 a = 10/3 for roller bearings (cylindrical and tapered roller).
In selection a bearing for a given application, it is necessary to relate the desired load and life
requirement to the published catalog load rating corresponding to the catalog load rating life, we
can write.
F1L11/a = F2L21/a
Where the subscripts 1 and 2 can refer to any set of load life conditions. Letting F1 and
L1correlate with the catalog load rating and rating life, and F2andL2 correlate with desired load
and life for applications, we can express the above equation as: Where the unit of FR and LD
are revolution, and the subscript R and D stands for rated and desired, accordingly, any
life L in revolutions can be expressed as:
L = 60l*n
50
Where l is in hours and n is in rpm, and 60min/hr is appropriate conversion factor. Equating the
above last two equations,
FR(60lRnR)1/a = FD(60lDnD)1/a
Where, FR = catalog rating, KN,
nD = desired speed, rpm
nR = rating speed, rpm
lR = rating life, hr
FD = desired radial load, Ibf or KN lD = 4000hr to 8000 hr, desired life for
(recommended bearing life for agricultural applications) but for our design purpose we took
8000hrs.
Solving the above equation for FR, and nothing that it is simply an alternate notation for
the catalog load rating C10, we obtain expiration for a catalog rating as a function of
the desired load, desired life, desired speed and catalog rating life.
60𝑙𝐷 𝑛𝐷 1/𝑎
C10 = FR = FD( )
60𝑙𝑅 𝑛𝑅
XD = LD/LR as a dimensionless multiple of rating life.
The catalog load rating is often referred to as a basic dynamic load rating, or sometimes
just basic load rating, if the manufacturer ,s rating life is 106revolutions.
L10 = LR = lRnR60 = 106, is the most commonly used rating life.
Then, we are checking for bore diameter by using the formula above catalog load rating.
For peeler
FD = 1120N, desired radial load on the shaft,
nD = 1035.15rpm, desired shaft speed,
lD = 4000hr to 8000 hr. , desired life for (recommended bearing life for agricultural
applications) but for our design purpose we took 8000hrs.
51
1 1
60𝑙 𝑛 𝑎 60∗8000∗1035 3
C10 = FR = FD( 60𝑙𝐷𝑛𝐷) = 1120 ( ) = 8.852KN is much less
𝑅 𝑅 106
than 25.5 KN, so our bearing selection is safe.
For miller
FD = 801.15N desired radial load on the shaft,
nD = 1673.71rpmdesired shaft speed,
lD = 8000hrs,
lRnR60 = 106
1
60𝑙𝐷 𝑛𝐷 1 60∗1673.71∗8000 3
C10 = FR = FD( 60𝑙 ) =
𝑎 801.15 ( ) = 7.80𝐾𝑁 is much less than
𝑅 𝑛𝑅 106
25.5KN, so our bearing selection is also safe. [10]
4.2.8 Design of Key

A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley or a
gear to connect these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always
inserted parallel to the axis of the shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are subjected
to Considerable crushing and shearing stresses. Keys are used on shafts to secure rotating
elements, such as gears, pulleys, or other wheels. Keys are used to enable the transmission of
torque from the shaft to the shaft-supported element. There are many types of keys. But parallel
sunk keys maybe of rectangular or square section uniform in width and thickness throughout. It
may be noted that a parallel key is a taper less and is used where the pulley, gear or other mating
piece is required to slide along the shaft. In this design project we have about 49 mm face width
of pulley Used to transmit power from a motor and about 25 mm width face is used
support and transmitted power at the milling and peeling.
Design of Key for Motor pulley
For our design we use square sunk type keys. It is the only difference between a
rectangular sunk key and a square sunk key is that its width and thickness are equal.
Then, the width, thickness and the length of the key if determined as follows:
52
w = t =d/4
Motor Shaft d = 22mm. Now, to determine the values of width and thickness;
w = t = d/4 = 22/4 = 5.5mm
The width and thickness of the key is equivalent to 5.5mm and the length of the key lk is
equivalent to the width of a pulley which is equal to 40mm.
Strength of Sunk Key For motor Pulley
To design the key, the force acting on the key must be considered using torque and its
Geometrical dimension. Torque acting on the shaft can be determined as follow.
P = 2πNT/60
Where, p= transmitted power from the motor shaft, 3kw
N= rotational speed at the motor, 2900rpm T= torque produces at the motor speed, Nm
Fig: 13 key ways resection
Note
1.We take output rotational speed or minimum rotational speed to improve or determine
maximum torque and maximum crushing stress.
2. We take the power acting on the shaft is equals with input power. Since, the torque applies on
the key is equivalent to the torque applies on the shaft motor. To determine this torque uses
the power transmitted from the motor and its rotational speed.
60P 60∗3𝐾𝑤
Then T = 2πN1 = 2𝜋∗2900𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 9.88𝑁𝑚
53
T 9.88𝑁𝑚
F= = = 898.2N
r 0.011𝑚
Since Tshaft = Tkey
F*R = lk*w*τ*R
F = lk*w*τ
Where, τ=shear of the key
lk = length of the key
w= width of the key
F= tangential force acting on the key
Now, rearrange the equation and equate the shear stress of the key.
𝐹 898.2𝑁
τ= = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝑙𝑘 ∗𝑤 0.04∗0.0055
Considering crushing of the key, the tangential crushing force acting at the circumference of the
shaft,
F= Area resisting crushing × Crushing stress = l*t/2 *σc
∴Torque transmitted by the shaft,
T= F *d/2 = lk*t/2*σc*d/2
2∗898.2𝑁
σcr = 2*F/lk*t = 0.0055∗0.04 = 8.166𝐌𝐏𝐚 which is very small than the strength of selected
material. Therefore, our design is safe.
54
Design of key for both shelling and milling shaft.
Design of key for milling shaft
Material selection for key: mild steel which is easily available with 𝜎𝑦 = 250𝑀𝑝𝑎, dsh=38mm
Where dsh is diameter of shaft k with t= w= dsh/4 =9.5mm and assume safety factor of key=2.5
According to maximum shear stress theory (See Art. 5.10), the maximum shear stress for the
shaft,
σ𝑦𝑡
τmax = 2∗𝑆𝐹 = 50MPa maximum shear of shaft and key is equal, because, they made up
of the same material.
We know that the maximum torque transmitted by the shaft and key,
𝜋∗τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗𝑑 3 𝜋∗50𝑀𝑃𝑎∗0.0383
T= = = 538.7Nm
16 16
2∗𝑇𝑘𝑒𝑦 2∗538.7Nm
L= = = 𝟓𝟖𝐦𝐦
τ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗𝑑∗𝑤 50MPa∗0.038∗0.0095
Design check for milling Shaft key
Considering failure of key due shearing, torque transmitted by shaft.
Material: mild steel with 𝜎𝑦=250Mpa
P= 1.791Kw and N= 1673.07rpm,
Factor of safety = 2.5
Diameter of shaft, d= 38mm
Length of key, Lk = 58mm
Width of key, w= 9.5mm
Thickness of key, t= 9.5mm
Assume torque of shaft and key is the same since; they are made of the same material
60P 60∗1.791𝐾𝑤
Then, Tsh =Tkey = 2π∗N = 2∗𝜋∗1673.07𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝐍𝐦
55
σ𝑦 250
σ𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑆𝐹
= 2.5
= 100MPa
Allowable shear equals to 0.5σ𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 50MPa
Now, to check for shearing strength of the key,
𝑇𝑘𝑒𝑦 10.22𝑁𝑚
Tkey = l*w*𝜏key*r, 𝜏key= 𝐿 = = 0.9762MPa
𝑘𝑒𝑦 ∗𝑤∗𝑟 0.058∗0.0095∗0.019
Therefore, the designed shear stress is much less than the allowable shear stress of the
material of key; which is safe in this case.
Check for crushing Strength failure of key
σcr = 320MPa where, σcris crushing strength of mild steel material of key
Then, to find the design crushing strength of key we use
Tkey= σcrd*l*t/2*d/2 Where, Lkey= length of key, t = thickness of key
d = diameter of shaft
σcrd= crushing strength of the design

4∗𝑇𝑘𝑒𝑦 4∗10.22𝑁𝑚
σcrd = 𝐿 = 0.058∗0.0095∗0.038 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝑘𝑒𝑦 ∗𝑡∗𝑑
This is very smaller than the crushing strength of the material of mild steel. Therefore, the design
is safe for crushing and as well as shearing stress. But for our design purpose the smaller length
of key must be selected for appropriate mating of key with shaft. Because, length of key might
be less than face width of the pulley for good mating parts with good life expectancy of shaft and
key.
Design check for peeler shaft key
Psh = 0.895Kw
N3 = 1035.71rpm
Where; P = design power for shelling machine
56
N3 = speed required for shelling machine
Now, torque transmitted can be as follow.
60∗𝑃𝑠ℎ
Tkey =Tshaft = = 75.87Nm
2𝜋∗𝑁3
Therefore, the shear strength of key can be calculated as below.
𝑇𝑘𝑒𝑦 75.87𝑁𝑚
𝜏key= 𝐿𝑘𝑒𝑦∗𝑤∗𝑟 = 0.058∗0.0095∗0.019
= 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝐌𝐏𝐚
Considering crushing strength Failure
Crushing strength for mild steel = 320Mpa
From torque, shear stress is going to be calculated.
4𝑇𝑘𝑒𝑦
σcrd= 4Tkey/l*t*d = 𝐿𝑘𝑒𝑦 ∗𝑡∗𝑑
=
4∗75.87𝑁𝑚
0.058∗0.038∗0.0095
= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝐌𝐏𝐚[Reference 14]
4.2.9 Design of Barrel

Barrel is used to cover the feed screw and milled roasted shelled peanut in its internal wall,
due to feed screw rotating at the designed speed of rotation. During milling and making a peanut
Butter the force or pressure is acting into the wall of barrel. This pressure is called intensity of
internal pressure. We consider the barrel as a pressure vessel and determined the thickness.
If the selected thickness is less . than or equal with our selection from the geometrical analysis is
best if not we taking the greater value or equal thickness with calculated one.
Fig:14 Cross sectional of shell
57
According to lames equation, the thickness of a barrel sheet (cylinder shell) is determined by;
𝜎𝑡+𝑃
t =r(√ -1)
𝜎𝑡−𝑃
where τ =shear stress of a barrel
ri = internal radius of a selected material
𝜎t = allowable stress of selected material
P = internal pressure on the sheet
We assumed that the internal pressure acting on the shell is equivalent to 14N/mm2 and
the allowable stress of the selected material for the barrel is 241N/mm2.
ri = 49/2 =24.5mm
Hence, the thickness of a barrel is
𝜎𝑡+𝑃 241+14
t = r(√ -1) = 24.5(√241−14 -1) = 1.5mm
𝜎𝑡−𝑃
This thickness is thin. This indicates that the internal pressure acting on the shell is small
comparing to the selected material. Therefore, there are different sizes of thickness. Hence, for
our design purpose we selected (took), t=2mm. Now, using the selected thickness we determined
the maximum tension (hoop stress or circumferential stress). The cylindrical barrel will be
subjected to failure is considered as;
𝐹 𝑃𝑟𝑖
σh = = where σh = hoop stress or circumferential stress
𝑡𝑙 𝑡
t = thickness of the barrel = 2mm
P = intensity of the internal pressure =14N/mm2
l = length of cylinder wall
ri = internal radius of a cylinder barrel = 24.5mm
58
𝑃𝑟𝑖 14∗24.5
Therefore the hoop stress σh = = = 171.5N/mm2
𝑡 2
Therefore, the selected thickness for cylindrical barrel is safe because, the calculated thickness is
less than geometrical or selected thickness dimension, the internal pressure is less than the hoop
stress so it withstands for failure of the cylinder and the maximum working stress is less than the
allowable strength of the barrel material this shows the design is safe. [10]
4.2.10 Selection of Bolt and Nut
4.2.10.1 Bolt, Nuts and Washers

Bolts, nuts, and washers allow users to connect two different surfaces, making a stronger
connection overall. These tools are used to join two or more items together, while washers help -
keep the connection tight and secure.
Fig: 15 Bolt geometry parameter
Before purchasing bolts and nuts, find out if washers are also necessary to get the job done.
When choosing bolts, nuts, and washer product or items, shoppers have a wide variety of
components to choose from. Now describe one by one type.
The reason to select a bolt is to know the pre load acting on the bolt, the torque and
also determine the resist load from the used number of bolts and both size specification.
Bolt Design to fastening frame and bearing
For our design purpose nominal major diameter and course - pitch a belt is (M12)
 Nominal major diameter of bolt and nut =M12
59
 pitch p=1.75
 Tensile stress area At =84.3mm2
 Minor diameter area Ar =76.3mm2
 The above value of data used develop from table have been obtained from ASNI B1.1-
1974 and B18.3.1-1978, using basic profile for metric M;[9]
Fig : 16 Basic profile for metric M
Where d = major diameter
dr = minor diameter
dp = pitch diameter
P = pitch
√3
H= *p = 1.5mm
2
The minor diameter we found from the equation
Dr = d-1.226869*p = 12-1.226869*1.75mm = 9.85mm
60
The pitch diameter is determined from;
Dp = d-0.649519*p = 12- 0.649519*1.75= 10.86mm
The mean pitch diameter and the minor diameter were used to compose the tension-stress area.
Fig: 17 bolt size determination
Where, d = fastening diameter
P = pitch t = washer thickness
H = nut thickness Lt = thread length
L = total length
The bolt size is diameter from the fasting size; it’s threaded and unthreads length and
washer size. The total length of the bolt is the sum of the fasting thickness, washer thickness,
nut face and allowance of the bolt. At sine of loss the washer has an internal diameter of 12.5
mm. An outer diameter of 20mm and a thickness of 2mm
L=20mm+2mm+6.85mm+5mm =33.85mm say 35mm
The length of the thread bolt is;
Lt=2d+6mm, for L<125 and d<48mm
61
But, d= 12mm, our selected major diameter of the bolt.
Hence Lt=2*12mm+6mm =28mm
The length of useful unthreaded portion expressed by
Ld =L-LT =35-28= 7mm
The grip length of bolt is;
Lg = thickness of for fastening body +washer thickness.
Lg = 20mm+2mm=22mm
Area of unthreaded portion expressed by;
2
Ad = πd4 =
π(0.012)2
4
= 113mm2
Now we selected the mark type of bolt.
 Property class or head mark =5.8

 Size range of bolt =M5-M24
 Minimum proof strength =380mpa
 Minimum tensile strength=520rpm
 Minimum yield strength=420mpa
 Material type = medium carbon.
Now, express the pre load;
Fi = 0.75Fp, for non-permanent result fasteners.
Fp = At*Sp
Where, Fi = per load, Fp = proof load
Let us take the gray cast iron metal for our bolt design.
 Material=gray cast iron
62
 Elasticity =100Gpa
 Modulus=14.5mpsi
 A=0.77871
 B=0.61616 [9]
Bolt condition, the torque factor taken for non-plated, black finish. k=0.3. Let us take the factor
load or safety factor for bolt=2; Hence the minimum proof load expressed by;
Fp=84.3mm2*380mpa = 32.04KN
The pre load expressed by;
Fi 0.75∗32.04KN
σi = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝐌𝐏𝐚
Ai 84.3mm2
The torque necessary to achieve the per load is;
T= K*Fi*d, Where, T = torque
K = torque factor
d- Major diameter of bolt
Hence, T = 0.3*0.75*32.04KN*12 = 86.51KNm
To determine the stiffness constant;
𝑘𝑏
C = 𝑘 +𝑘
𝑏 𝑚
AdAtE
But, kb = A l + A l
dt td
From the above give parameter and calculation;
Ad = 113mm2
At = 84.3mm2 E=100Gpa lt =35mm ld. =12mm
AdAtE 84.3∗113∗100𝐺𝑃𝑎
kb = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝒎
Ad lt + At ld 113∗35+84.3∗12
63
km= E*d*Aexp(Bd/l) = 100GPa*12*0.77871*exp (0.61616*12/22) = 1103.25*103N/mm
𝑘𝑏 192∗103
C=𝑘 = 192∗103 +1103.25∗103 = 0.148
𝑏 +𝑘𝑚
Now expressed the initial load on the bolt;
Fi
Po = is the external load that would cause joint separation.
1−c,
24KN
PO = 1−0.148 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝐊𝐍
The safety factor at initial as taken before, n=2, hence, the load acting on the bolt express from;
po
no = is load factor against joint separation.
p,
Rearrange the equation we get;

po
P= external load
n0,
28.17KN
𝑃= = 14.08KN To determine the number of bolts required to fasting one side column
2
a base use the following equation.
C∗n∗P
N = SpAt−Fi
Hence, substitute all value in to this equation
0.148∗2∗14.08KN
N = = 0.518bolts we say 2
380∗84.3mm2−24∗103 N
To fasting the bearing house with the frame needs 2 bolts, these resist and fasting very wall.
Note, we select the bolt and nut for fasting of barrel cylinder and the bearing house together; the
cover of the flange and the cylinder barrel and also to fasting the motor and the frame[10].
64
4.2.11 Analysis of flow peeling and milling peanut machine

4.2.11.1 Capacity analysis for milling peanut
Hence the mass flow rate a peanut butter is determined by:
ṁ=ρ*AC*v
Where, ṁ = the mass flow rate of shelled peanut Kg/s
𝜌 = average bulk density of shelled peanut Kg/m3(641kg/m3) [13]
V = velocity of rotating screw
Since the density of shelled peanut is equal with:641 kg/m3, for shelled peanut, for shelled
peanut are the different average bulk density of unshelled and shelled peanut that are taken
from different experimental data we take 300 kg/m3and 641kg/m3 for unshelled and shelled
peanut respectively.
The velocity of screw feed is determined from rotational speed the major diameter of a screw.
𝑑1∗𝜔2 2𝜋𝑁2 2𝜋∗1673.07𝑟𝑝𝑚 0.048∗17.52

v= , ω2 = = = 17.52rad/s v = = 0.42m/s
2 60 60 2
The cross-sectional area of barrel is:

𝜋 𝜋
AC = 4 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 )2 = 4 (0.049 − 0.036)2 = 132.73𝑚𝑚2
The mass flow rate is expressed by:
ṁ=ρ*AC*v = 641*132.73*10-6*0.42m/s = 0.06335kg/sec
4.2.11.2 Capacity analysis for peeler

Hence the capacity of peeling machine to remove the roasted peanut skin is assumed before in
order to determine the shelling power of the machine which is 260 kg/hr.
4.2.12 Working principle

First the machine must assemble properly as written in assembly procedure. After assemble
the machine connect the wire of the motor to the electric power. Then turn on the motor and
when it runs the pulley on motor shaft rotates at rpm of 2900. The belts which connect the
pulley of motor and the pulley on the miller shaft and peeler shaft transfer the torque and power.
65
Therefore, both pulley on miller shaft and peeler shaft rotates at rpm of 1673.07 and
1035.71 respectively. Due to this reason both shaft run with the pulleys. Then the shelling peanut
can be added in the peeler hopper. The shelled peanut flows to the roller due to gravity and the
roller rotates by means of peeler shaft rotation. Then this roller crushes the shelling peanut with
the fixed curved sheet metal, after crushed the peanut falls into the inclined plate. As the mixture
of seed and shell falling down to the inclined plate the air current from the blower lifts the lighter
shell and carries it out through the shell outlet. The denser seed falls through the air stream into
the inclined plate to the miller hopper. This miller hopper is used to store and transfer the shelled
peanut or the kernel to the hallow screw.
In the hallow screw there is a miller shaft. This miller shaft rotates and the screw also
rotates since it is connected with the miller shaft. Therefore, this screw crushes, makes into
pieces and transfers the unshelled peanut to the grinder discs. These grinder discs are the one is
fixed and the other is rotates with the miller shaft. The gap between the grinders are very narrow,
because to discharge very fine butter. The crushed or pieces of the peanut transferred to the discs,
then the discs milled it changes to butter.
66
CHAPTER FIVE
COST ANALYSIS
The cost estimation of peanut peeler and butter making machine.
Table 8; cost analysis of the machine
No. Part name Dimension Quantity Unit price(in Total birr
birr)
1. Motor(3Kw) 1 5500 5500
2. Mild steel sheet 2m*2m*2mm 1350 1350
metal
3. Bearing 4 250 1000
4. Transmission 3 200 600
power(belt)
5. Frame/support U- channel 1050 1050
metal
Length(3m)
6. Fasteners(nut, bolt) M10 3 15 45
M30 23 24 552
7. Circular rod for 2 550/half m
shaft stainless up to
35mm diameter
8. Stainless steel 2m*2mm*2m 9000 9000
sheet metal
9. Aluminum material 4 400 1600
for manufacture of
pulley
10. Grinder(stainless 3 700 2100
steel)
11. Roller 1 450 450
12. Blower(in 1 300 300
power=6W,V=110-
240v,F=50HZ)
Total 23547
67
Direct labor cost

Table: 9 Direct cost analysis
No. operation unit dimension Payment/unit(birr) Total
payment(birr)
1. cutting per kg 5 birr per kg 400
2. drilling 2-3mm thick 5 birr per bore 300
3. bending 2-3mm thick 5 birr per kg 300
4. welding Per electrode 50birr/electrode 1,200
5. Grinding Per hour 30birr per hour 100
6. painting and Painting and 500
finishing finishing
Total operation 2800Birr
cost
Total cost = raw materials and standard cost + direct labor cost
= 23547+2800Birr = 26347Birr
68
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this thesis project, our work is design of an electric motor operated peanut, peeler, removal
and butter maker machine. To design this machine, we took the average length of unshelled
peanut is 13.2375 x 10-3m, the length of shelled peanut is 13.1375 x 10-3m. We have required
power to peel the skin of peanut, the power to mill and the power to blow. The required power is
0.895Kw, 1.791Kw and 6.77W respectively. The total power is 2.81377KW. Depending on this
power; the standard motor has selected which the power is 3Kw electric motor. In designing
pulley and belt; the diameter of pulley is 75mm and its rpm is equals to the motor shaft which is
2900rpm. The miller pulley 130mm in diameter and its rotation is 1673.07 rpm. The velocity of
the belt which connects the motor and the miller shaft is 9.38m/s and the total length of the belt
is L = 1.523m. The maximum tension on the belt is 374N. The peeler pulley is 210mm in
diameter and its rotation is 1035.71rpm. The velocity of the belt which connects the miller and
the peeler pulley is 9.38m/s and the total length L = 1.8368m. The maximum tension is equals
with the miller 374N.
In designing the hopper for the unshelled peanut store for the peeler. The unshelled hopper is
larger than the shelled hopper in storing capacity. The stress in the p. This stress much less
compared to the selected material strength. Also the stress in the mi. In both hoppers the stress is
very less than the material strength. This shows that the design is safe.
In designing shaft, there are three main factors that influence shaft design. Those are bending
(During milling of a peanut, the acting of tension a belt and bearing support tension), torsion
from the drive unit and deflection. Maximum bending moment, Mb=69.6Nm, endurance limit;
Se=178.9Mpa then we check the design by Modified Good Man Relation; we have a safety
factor of; n=1.52. This is a factor of shaft material for our design purpose. Therefore, the
selected shaft diameter can withstand the applied load on it. The same discussion we take for the
miller shaft. The factor of safety for miller peanut machine was calculated. As a result, factor of
safety for miller or grinder machine = 2.23. This means, the design is safety for the selected
purpose. Design of key, the reason to design key for motor shaft is to determine the length(l);
40mm, width(w); 5.5mm, and thickness(t); 5.5mm of key and to check design of key for
shearing; 4.083Mpa and crushing;8.166Mpa and for Sheller width(w);9.5mm) and
69
thickness(t);9.5mm, check for shearing; 75.78Mpa and crushing; 77.4Mpa. Those values are
less than the crushing strength of the selected material (mild steel). Therefore, our design for
key is safe. We take the discussion for miller shaft key. Designing feed screw; the reason to
design the feed screw is to determine the force and the stress acting on it. First we determine the
numbers of the thread = 27. Then the pitch diameter is 40mm. The torque acting on the screw is
10.2Nm; the force acting on it is 485.4N and the shear Stress is 241.3KPa.
Designing Barrel, it is used to cover the feed screw and milled roasted shelled peanut in
its internal wall, due to feed screw rotating at the designed speed of rotation. The hoop stress on
the barrel is 171.5Mpa. When it compared to the selected material it is less. This shows as the
design is safe. The flow rate of a skin removal of a roasted peanut and the milled and make a
peanut butter (i.e. capacity of a peanut peeler and to make butter) inside the barrel is equivalent
to the geometry of a screw and the rotational speed of a screw or roller. Therefore, the discharge
of the miller butter is 0.03346kg/sec and the peeler machine discharge is 260kg/hr. Designing of
column, a machine parts subjected to an axial compressive force is called a strut. The failure of a
column a short column as well as long column is failed due to Column slenderness and length
greatly influences a column’s ability to carry load. Therefore, the columns are short column. The
crippling stress on it is 240.1Mpa. This crippling stress compares to the selected material
strength is very less. Therefore, the design is safe. During selection of bearing we select the
appropriate bearing life for this purpose and we use the desired value FD = 1120.4N is desired
radial load on the shaft, ND = 1035.5rpm is desired shaft speed, lD = 4000hr to 8000 hr,
desired life for (recommended bearing life for agricultural applications) but for our design
purpose we took 8000hrs and L10 = LR = lRnR60 = 106, is the most commonly used rating
life. Then we check the catalog load rating for peeler the bearing; 8.852KN is much less than
25.5 KN, so our bearing selection is safe. The total cost is the sum of the raw materials cost, the
direct labor cost. Therefore, the total cost or the machine
70
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDETION
7.1 Conclusion
In this thesis project we presented the analytical analysis method of design and
manufacturing process of an electric motor operated peanut peeler, removal and butter maker
machine. The method developed in this thesis project work can be used to analysis crushing
force in peanut peeler roller components, the power used to crush and mill the peanut, and to
design different parts of the machine. Therefore, from this design we modify the current
machine and this machine has many outcomes better than the current machine. Generally,
from this thesis work the following conclusion can be figure out.
 From locally available material, peanut peeler, peanut cover removal (fan) and miller
machine with manufacturing processes are being produced.
 This project enables community after the machine will be manufactured; to prepare butter
from peanut easily and with low cost from appropriate materials that have been selected
for each part of the machine as their working conditions.
 We have determined the pressure required for the fan or blower to separate and suck the
hull from the kernel and we select the appropriate fan according to our power calculated
from the design consideration.
 The safety factor of the rotating shafts are; 1.52 and 2.23 as we have checked by
Goodman relation. From this, we can conclude the selected diameter of shaft is safe and
the design is effective for cost. It keeps us free from high expenditure.
 From the design, the calculated stress and the selected materials have been checked
whether the design is safe or not. According to the calculated analyses, the design is
safe.
 The operation of this machine is easy and continuous. That means, this machine operates
shelling, milling and cover removing without operator interference.
 The 2D and 3D drawings of the machine parts and assemble drawing of the machine
have done by using Solid work.
71
 Generally, the peanut peeler, cover removal and grinder with its manufacturing
processes are intended to be designed. Because this machine can solve the problem of
society by enabling people to prepare butter from locally available peanut easily.
7.2 Recommendations
In this thesis design and manufacturing process of peanut peeler, removal and butter
maker machine have been done to be applied. So this machine is restricted to specified
situations. However, this project can be extended to other situations as listed below.
 Other can use numerical method design and use for finite element method by
using ANSYS software and compare with ours. This optimizes the design value
and accuracy of the machine to show the working principle if it is done by
advanced software.
 Peanut roaster and butter packer can be design additionally which used to roast
the shelled peanut to peel and after the butter made to pack the
butter automatically, respectively.
 By increasing the motor power, the discharge butter can be increase
72
DETAILED DRAWING
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
REFERENCE
1. http://ecaa.gov.et/home/products/oil-crop/groundnut/
2. Ikechukwu Celestine Ugwuoke, Olawale James Okegbile, Ibukun Blessing
Ikechukwu, “Design and Fabrication of Groundnut Shelling and Separating
Machine”, International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Mina, Niger State, Volume 3
Issue 4 (April 2014), Nigeria
3. Akintade, A.M. Bratte, A.G., “Development and Performance Evaluation of a
Roasted Groundnut (Arches hypogea) Blanching Machine”, Journal of
Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, Department of Engineering
Services, Ondo State Ministry of Agriculture, Akure, Vol. 2 Issue 3 (March – 2015)
Nigeri
4. Ashish S. Raghtate & Dr. C. C. Handa, “Design and Fabrication of Groundnut
Sheller Machine”, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &
Technology| Volume 1 | Issue 7, Department of Mechanical Engineering KDK College
of Engineering, Nagpur, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Maharashtra, December 2014,
India
5. Ajao K.R, Ajimotokan H.A, Olaomi J. and H.F Akande, “Development and
Performance Evaluation of a Groundnut Oil Expelling Machine”, New York Science
Journal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515,
Ilorin, 2009, Nigeria
6. University of Khartoum, Faculty of engineering Mechanical department Agricultural and
biological department Design and manufacture of peanut shelling machine Prepared by:
Khabbab Omer Mahmoud
7. Mechanics and strength of material fourth Edition
8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/axial-fan-design
www.wittan.de/en/pro/products/axial-flow-fans
9. Shirley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edition
10. A Textbook of machine Design by R.S. KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA
11. Basics of Fluid mechanics (Genick Bar-Meir,PHD.D. 2729 West Jarvis Ave Chicago
83
12. Machine design data book
13. Ww.mpd-inc.com/bulk-density
84

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DESIGN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICALLY OPERATED PEANUT SHELLER, MILLER

AND BUTTER MAKING MACHINE

…………………………………… signature …………………. date……………

F Axial Force Produce by the Screw to Discharge or Feed the Peanut

Dm Mean or Pitch Diameter of the Screw

Tr Applied Torque In To The Screw

Dc Minor (Core) Diameter of Screw

Ri Internal Radius of a Selected Material

𝜎T Allowable Stress of Selected Material

𝜎H Hoop Stress or Circumferential Stress

P Intensity of the Internal Pressure

Table 1; properties of selected materials………………………………………………9

Table 3; Relation between equivalent length and actual length………………………20

Table 4 Values of crushing stress and Rankin’s constant …………………………….22

Table 5 Dimension of standard v-belts according to IS 2494-1974………………….24

Table 6: Rubber coefficient of friction……………………………………………….27

Table: 8cost analysis of the machine ………………………………………………...67

List of Figures Pages

Figure:1 Miller disc………………………………………………………………………10

Fig: 2 Rotary cutter………………………………………………………………………10

Fig: 3 Sheller hopper…………………………………………………………………….14

Fig :4 One is fixed and other is free column……………………………………………...20

Fig:5 V – groove pulley and V- belt…………………………………………………........25

Fig: 6 Motor pulley and driven pulley……………………………………………………26

Fig: 7 Miller pulley……………………………………………………………………….29

Fig: 8 Feed screw…………………………………………………………………………34

Fig: 9 Front view of shelling shaft………………………………………………………..38

Fig: 10 FBD of peeler shaft……………………………………………………………….40

Fig: 11 Front view of miller shaft…………………………………………………………44

Fig: 13 key ways resection……………………………………………………………53

Fig:14 Cross sectional of shell………………………………………………………..57

Fig: 15 Bolt geometry parameter……………………………………………………...59

Fig: 16 Basic profile for metric M…………………………………………………….60

Fig: 17 bolt size determination…………………………………………………………61

Table of Contents Pages

4.4.7 Selection of bearing ................................................................................................................... 47

1.1 Problem statement

1.2 Objectives of the project

1.2.2 Specific objectives

1.3 Scope of the project

1.4 Research Methodology

1.5 Significance of the project

1.6 Organization of the thesis

Ikechukwu Celestine Ugwuoke, Olawale James Okegbile, Ibukun Blessing Ikechukwu

Akintade, A.M., Bratte, A.G. (March – 2015): A roasted groundnut blanching

Ashish S. Raghtate& Dr. C. C.Handa (December 2014): Sheller consisting of feed

3.2 Material selection for each component

No. Name of components Material selected Yield Tensile Strength(MPa)

3.2.1. The miller Disc

Figure:1 Miller disc

3.2.2 Sieve and Cutter

Fig: 2 Rotary cutter

Table: 2 Specification of motor

Motor type YC112m-2

4.1 Design consideration

4.2 Component design

Where Ps = Power required to shelling machine

Wi =The work index of shelling peanut (9-14Kwhr/tone)

FC = shelling capacity kg/hr., Assume the capacity = 260kg/hr.

L2 = L1 -2*x where x is thickness of the hull = 0.1mm

L1 = average length of unshelled peanut in mm = 13.2375mm

L2 = average length of shelled peanut in mm = 13.0375mm

Power required to grinding or milling machine (Pg)

Pg = 2Ps = 2895.34W = 1.791KW

Vrc1 = (L-2t) wh/2

Vrc2 = (l- 2t)h/2w

Vtr = Vtr2 = ½(210 - t) h/2*w

AC = 86420 + ½(210201) +210201

AS = 2(wh) =2420420 mm2 = 0.3528m2

munsh =mt =ρunsh VT = 575kg/m30.04182m3 = 25kg

A = Lb - (L-2t) (b-2t) = 500300-290490 = 3975mm2

I = LH3-tb/12 = 5004003 – 52953/12 = 66304.25mm4