Principles of Ship Stability

M
GM
G BM

KM
GK B

DISPLACEMENT
K
CL

By:
Ahmed Swidan
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
STABILITY - THE TENDENCY OF A SHIP TO
ROTATE ONE WAY OR THE OTHER (TO RIGHT
ITSELF OR OVERTURN)

INITIAL STABILITY - THE STABILITY OF A

SHIP IN THE RANGE FROM 0° TO 7°/10°

OVERALL STABILITY - A GENERAL MEASURE OF

A SHIP'S ABILITY TO RESIST CAPSIZING IN A GIVEN
CONDITION OF LOADING
DYNAMIC STABILITY - THE WORK DONE IN
HEELING A SHIP TO A GIVEN ANGLE OF HEEL
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY

• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF

BUOYANCY

• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME

OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
G

00

DISPLACEMENT
G

04

DISPLACEMENT
G

09

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

16

DISPLACEMENT
G
B

20

DISPLACEMENT
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF
BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME
OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
• A BODY IMMERSED (OR FLOATING) IN
WATER WILL BE BUOYED UP BY A FORCE
EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER
DISPLACED.
FORCE: A PUSH OR A PULL. IT TENDS TO
PRODUCE MOTION OR A CHANGE
IN MOTION.

TONS, Kg, ETC.

PARALLEL FORCES MAY BE COMBINED INTO

ONE FORCE EQUAL TO THE SUM OF ALL
FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND
SO LOCATED TO PRODUCE THE SAME EFFECT.
5T
5T 15T
5T
WEIGHT: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.
DIRECTION TOWARD CENTER OF EARTH
TONS, Kg, etc

MOMENT: THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO

PRODUCE ROTATION ABOUT AN AXIS

d
a F

MOMENT = F x d
VOLUME - NUMBER OF CUBIC UNITS
IN AN OBJECT
UNITS: CUBIC Meter
V=LxBxD
V = 30 m x 20 m x 6 mV
= 3600 m3

6m
SPECIFIC VOLUME - VOLUME PER UNIT
WEIGHT
UNITS: CUBIC meter PER TON

SP. VOL

WT = VOLUME
SP. VOL
V = 3600 m3

6m
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Metacenter

Gravity

Buoyancy

K eel
CL
 WATERLINE RESERVE BUOYANCY

THE CENTER OF
BUOYANCY
B1
B
RESERVE BUOYANCY, FREEBOARD,
DRAFT AND DEPTH OF HULL

RESERVE BUOYANCY
WATERLINE

B
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

WL

BB BBB
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
 G1

G
THE CENTER OF KG1
KGo
GRAVITY

G
1 G
KGo
KG1
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
• POINT AT WHICH ALL WEIGHTS COULD BE
CONCENTRATED.

• CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A SYSTEM OF

WEIGHTS IS FOUND BY TAKING MOMENTS
ABOUT AN ASSUMED CENTER OF
GRAVITY, MOMENTS ARE SUMMED AND
DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE
SYSTEM.
 MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

 G1

KG1
KGo
 MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

• G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL

 G1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

KG1
KGo
 MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

• G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT

REMOVAL

• G MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF A

WEIGHT SHIFT
G G2
METACENTER
THE
METACENTER
M

B
B1 B2

M20
M45
M
M70
B

B20 B70
B45
METACENTER

BBBBBBB
METACENTER

B SHIFTS
 o o
0 -7/10

CL
 M20

B B20
 M20
M45
M

B20 B45
 M20
M45
M
M70
B

B20 B70
B45
 M45 M20
B M70
CL

M
M90
B20
B90
B45
B70
 MOVEMENTS OF THE
METACENTER
THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE POSITIONS
IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN THE SHIP'S
DISPLACEMENT CHANGES

THE METACENTER MOVES IAW THESE TWO

RULES:
1. WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN.
2. WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.
M1
M
M
M1
M
M
M1 M
M1
G
G
G
G
G
B1 B
B
B
B
B
 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN
STABILITY

M
GM
G BM

KM
KG B

K
CL
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
 M M
G

CL

THE STABILITY
TRIANGLE G Z
 MMMM
M

G
GG
G Z

B BB
B BB1B1B1 1

K KK
KK

CL
Sin q = opp / hyp M
Where:
opposite = GZ
hypotenuse = GM

Sin q = GZ / GM
GZ = GM x Sin q

G Z
Growth of GZ a GM
M

G1
G

CL
 M

AS GM DECREASES
RIGHTING ARM
ALSO DECREASES

G1 Z1

G Z
 M
INITIAL
STABILITY
G

0 - 7°

CL
 M

OVERALL
STABILITY
G Z

B B1

RM = GZ x Wf
CL
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
 M

G Z THE THREE CONDITIONS

B1
OF STABILITY
POSITIVE

G M

B
B1

G
NEUTRAL
M

B
B1

NEGATIVE
POSITIVE STABILITY

CL
POSITIVE STABILITY

G Z

B
B1

K
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

CL
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

B
B1

K
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

CL
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

B
B1

K
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
 RIGHTING ARM CURVE
RIGHTING ARMS (m)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 m GZ = 2.0 m GZ = 1 m
 ANGLE OF
MAXIMUM RIGHTING MAXIMUM

RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

ARM RIGHTING
ARM
MAXIMUM
RANGE OF
STABILITY

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 FT GZ = 2.0 FT GZ = 1 FT
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
SUMMARY
 STABILITY
• THE TENDENCY OF A SHIP TO ROTATE
ONE WAY OR THE OTHER
(TO RIGHT ITSELF OR OVERTURN)
THE THREE CONDITIONS
OF STABILITY
M

G B1
Z
G M
G
POSITIVE B B1
M
NEUTRAL B B1

NEGATIVE